이 작품은 학과 생명 공학, 면역학, 뉴델리의 국립 연구소에 인도 정부에서에서 받은 코어 그랜트에 의해 지원 되었다. 박사 Bhattacharjee의 현재 주소는 사단의 위장, 간장 학과 및 영양, 아동 병원 로스 앤젤레스.

이 프로토콜에서 제시 하는 절차는 면역학, 뉴델리의 국립 연구소의 기관 동물 윤리 위원회에 의해 승인 되었습니다. 승인의 직렬 참조 번호는 IAEC #319/13.
참고: 일반 외과 절차20 및 설치류 수술21에 대 한 특정 프로토콜에 우수한 자원 있습니다. 그는 처음으로 동물 수술을 하 고,이 좋습니다 광범위 하 게 연습을 인형에 수술 동물에 작동 하기 전에.
1입니다. 준비
<ol><li>실험, 계속 하기 전에 멸 균 인산 염 버퍼 식 염 수 (PBS) 또는 염 분 준비.</li>
	<li>가 위, 톱니 모양의 집게, 집게를 조직, 면, 면봉, 나일론 스레드, 그리고 다른 마이크로 바늘 홀더 수술 키트를 조립 한다. 압력솥 수술 키트입니다. 특별 한 주의 경우는 면역 손상 끄 덕 취해야 한다. SCID 마우스 프로토콜에 포함 됩니다.</li>
	<li>수술의 끝에 준비에서 완전 한 실험 절차를 수행, 생물 안전에서 캐비닛 클래스 I.</li>
	<li>무게는 끄 덕 임. 수술 하기 전에 오래 된 6-8 주간의 SCID 마우스. 14-18 g 사이 무게 쥐가이 연구에 사용 됩니다.</li>
	<li>헤어 트리머 마우스의 상단 중앙과 증 복 부 영역을 면도. 머리 잘린된 머리카락을 완전히 제거 하려면 주걱으로 크림 지역에 걸쳐 균등 하 게 제거를 적용 합니다. 2-5 분 후 젖은 메 마른 목화의 조각의 도움으로 부드럽게 머리카락을 제거 합니다.</li>
	<li>Isoflurane 챔버에 마우스를 놓고 산소 실린더의 밸브를 잠금 해제 합니다. 4 L/min의 속도로 산소 흐름 및 마 취 유도를 4%에서 isoflurane 증발을 유지 합니다.<ol>
<li>마우스는 부드러운 발가락 곤란 하 여 제대로 anesthetized 되었습니다 확인 하십시오.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>장소는 biosafety 내부 수술 보드 장. 마우스의 복 부 부분 직면 하 고 마우스의 앞쪽 부분 isoflurane 및 산소 공급 장치에 연결 하는 코 콘 내부 배치는 그런 동물 수술 보드에 놓습니다.</li>
	<li>2%, isoflurane 증발을 감소 하 고 수술을 통해 그것을 유지.</li>
	<li>마우스의 피부를 소독 하 고 절 어 70% 에탄올 소독 면으로 닦아 하 여 소독.</li>
</ol>2. 수술
<ol><li>
부분 Hepatectomy
	<ol>
<li>칼 과정을 바로 운영가 위의 도움으로는 흉 곽에 평행한 수직, 흉 골 바로 아래 피부에 약 1 ㎝의 가로 절 개를 확인 합니다.</li>
		<li>부드럽게 집게 또는 피부와 복 부 근육 층 사이 구별을 무 균 moistened 면 팁 베인된 지역 주변 복 부 근육 층으로 연결 된 피부를 구분 합니다. 건조를 피하기 위해 메 마른 면 팁을 사용 하 여 PBS를 가진 피부 영역을 만끽해 보세요.</li>
		<li>바로 아래에 칼 복 층 가로 절 개를 하 여 원활 하 게 왼쪽된 엽의 영역을 노출. 폭로 하 고 들어 간 좌 엽 두 moistened 면 팁을 사용 합니다.</li>
		<li>컷의 복 부 측에 면화 팁 중 하나를 배치 하 고 격 막에 다른 면 팁을 배치. 부드럽게 팁, 횡 경 막 쪽으로 배치를 누르고 들어 간 좌 엽에 다른 팁으로 슬라이딩 밀어 줄.</li>
		<li>슬립 해제 왼쪽된 엽 통해 루프와 나일론 스레드를 마이크로 포 셉 또는 면 팁의 도움으로 고 hilum 가까이 왼쪽된 엽의 기지를 향해 루프. 부드럽게 왼쪽된 엽의 기지에 나일론 스레드 루프 아래로 밀어.</li>
		<li>미세 바늘 홀더 및 마이크로 집게를 사용 하 여 왼쪽된 엽 위에 나일론 스레드의 두 끝을 묶어. 다른 쪽에 두 개의 추가 노트를 확인 합니다.</li>
		<li>가 위의 도움으로 묶인된 엽 개 해 부. 스레드 가까이 매우 잘라 하지 마십시오. 경우에 절차는 5 분 이상 지속, 계속 복 막 구멍 및 장기 액체 손실로 인해 건조를 피하기 위해 무 균 PBS와 촉촉한.</li>
		<li>연속 봉합을 사용 하 여 4-0 다 봉합 복을 바느질. 그 후, 최대한 빨리 불연속 봉합 하 여 피부를 닫습니다.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
세포 이식 참고: GFP 표현 hepatocytes 유전자 변형 GFP 마우스에서 고립 되었다 (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30 Scha/J),이 외에 의해 설명 된 절차에 따라. 22 와 쉔 외. 23 hepatocyte 같은 셀 (NeoHep) 인간의 기원 monocytes24 에서 분화의 이식도 사용 되었다. 그러나, 다른 소스에서 파생 된 세포 프로토콜에도 사용할 수 있습니다.<ol>
<li>약 50 µ L의 Iscove의 수정 Dulbecco의 매체 (IMDM), 0.2 백만 가능한 셀을 일시 중단 하 고 1 mL 인슐린 주사기 30 G 바늘 출장에서 발음. 얼음에 그것을 배치 하 여 주사기 차가운 유지.</li>
		<li>왼쪽된 측면 부분에 수술을 수행 하는 사람을 향해 직면 하는 방식으로 마우스를 놓습니다. 비장 영역을 식별 하 고 transversely 노출 비장을 복 층을 통해 짧은 절 개 뒤 증 지역 근처 피부를 해 부.</li>
		<li>부드럽게 비장 들어올린 두 PBS의 도움으로 구멍 밖에 서 면 팁을 습 하 게 잡고.</li>
		<li>한 손에 두 면 팁으로 신중 하 게 비장을 누른 주사기의 바늘을 비장에 정확 하 게 수직 배치 합니다. 부드럽게 비장을 관통 하 고 바늘을 밀어 안으로 매우 느리게; 바늘 2 m m 보다 더 받아야 하지.</li>
		<li>비장 세포를 주입 하 천천히 주사기의 피스톤을 아래로 밀어. 이식 후 주사기의 바늘을 안정적으로 유지 하 고 천천히 출혈 방지 하려면 비장 또는 셀의 손실에서 그것을 제거 합니다.</li>
		<li>면 팁으로 복 막 구멍으로 비장을 배치 후 연속 4-0 다 봉합으로 봉합 하 여 복 층을 닫습니다. 바느질 같은 봉합으로 불연속으로 피부. 닫는 피부;에 대 한 상처 클립을 사용 하지 마십시오 대신, 4-0 봉합 하 여 그것을 닫습니다. 상처 클립 마우스의 자연 스러운 움직임을 제한 하 고 종종 클립 느슨하게 되 고 신속 하 게 밖으로 나와.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 수술 치료
<ol><li>피부를 닫은 후 주변을 요오드 솔루션 (betadine) 살 균 면 팁을 사용 하 여 두 봉합 사이트 닦아냅니다.</li>
	<li>600 mg/kg 몸 무게 (일반적으로 염 분/마우스의 100 µ L에서 12 mg cefotaxime) intraperitoneally cefotaxime 항생제의 복용량을 주사 1 mL 주사기를 사용 하 여.</li>
	<li>진통 Meloxicam의 매일 복용량으로 줄 1 mg/kg 몸 무게 (일반적으로 12 µ g Meloxicam의 식 염 수/마우스 100 µ L에서) 동물에 intraperitoneally, 수술 후 최대 3 일 동안.</li>
	<li>수술의 완료 후 isoflurane 가스의 흐름을 중지 하 고 개별적으로 통풍이 장에 다시 마우스를 놓습니다.</li>
</ol>4. euthanization 및 Characterizations
<ol><li>실험적인 종점 (1 일 및 10 일 후 수술) 후 기관 동물 윤리 지침에 따라 마우스를 안락사.</li>
	<li>말기 출혈 눈 터미널 총 puncturing 동물에 의해 혈액을 수집 합니다.</li>
	<li>혈액에서 혈 청을 분리.</li>
</ol>

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(64), (2012).</li><li>Bhattacharjee, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autologous+NeoHep+Derived+from+Chronic+Hepatitis+B+Virus+Patients'+Blood+Monocytes+by+Upregulation+of+c-MET+Signaling.">Autologous NeoHep Derived from Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Patients' Blood Monocytes by Upregulation of c-MET Signaling.</a> Stem Cells Transl. Med. 6 (1), 174-186 (2017).</li><li>Hori, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+sure+methodology+for+massive+hepatectomy+in+the+mouse.">Simple and sure methodology for massive hepatectomy in the mouse.</a> Ann. Gastroenterol. 24 (4), 307-318 (2011).</li><li>Hori, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+reproducible+hepatectomy+in+the+mouse+using+the+clip+technique.">Simple and reproducible hepatectomy in the mouse using the clip technique.</a> World J. Gastroenterol. 18 (22), 2767-2774 (2012).</li><li>Vidal, I., Richert, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+nude+mouse+as+model+for+liver+deficiency+study+and+treatment+xenotransplantation.">The nude mouse as model for liver deficiency study and treatment xenotransplantation.</a> Int. J. Hepatol. , 1400147 (2012).</li><li>Mitchell, C., Willenbring, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reproducible+and+well-tolerated+method+for+2/3+partial+hepatectomy+in+mice.">A reproducible and well-tolerated method for 2/3 partial hepatectomy in mice.</a> Nat. Protoc. 3 (7), 1167-1170 (2008).</li><li>Ahmed, S. U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+subcutaneous+and+intrahepatic+human+hepatocellular+carcinoma+xenografts+in+immunodeficient+mice.">Generation of subcutaneous and intrahepatic human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts in immunodeficient mice.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (79), e50544 (2013).</li><li>Krikri, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laparoscopic+vs.+open+abdominal+surgery+in+male+pigs:+marked+differences+in+cortisol+and+catecholamine+response+depending+on+the+size+of+surgical+incision.">Laparoscopic vs. open abdominal surgery in male pigs: marked differences in cortisol and catecholamine response depending on the size of surgical incision.</a> Hormones (Athens). 12 (2), 283-291 (2013).</li></ol>

저자는 공개 없다.

부분 hepatectomy 조사 간 재생에 대 한 설립된 기술 이며 과도 한 hepatectomy AHF 모델을 모방 하기 위해 보고. AHF의 동물 모델 중 특히 쥐, 설치류는 가장 연구 모델입니다. 최대 70 %hepatectomy 쥐에서 간 상해 모델을 얻기 위해 좋은 생존 율25,26보고 되었습니다. 그러나 누드 및 다른 immunodeficient 마우스, 70 %hepatectomy 치명적으로 알려졌다 고 동물27</su...

현재, hepatocyte 이식 데 심한 간 장애 환자 치료에 대 한 전체 장기 이식의 대 안으로 제시 된다. 그것은 전체 장기 이식1환자 다리 수 믿 었 다. Allogenic hepatocytes2뿐만 아니라 xenogenic hepatocytes3 및 줄기 세포4 에서 파생 된 hepatocytes는 또한 되 고 조사 동물 모델에서. 이 컨텍스트, 추적 및 engraftment 받는 사람에서 이식된 세포의 잠재력 급성 간장 장애 (AHF)에 따라 셀 치료에 대 한 중요 한 기준입니다.
조사 hepatocytes 또는 hepatocyte 같은 셀5의 이식, AHF 수술6 또는 약리학7 절차, 뒤에 세포 이식 동물 모델에서 만들어집니다. 약리학 적인 시 약, 많은 hepatotoxins d galactosamine8, 아 세트 아미노 펜9, 사염화 탄소10, thioacetamide11, Concanavalin A12, lipopolysaccharide13 AHF 동물 모델을 , 등., 사용 되었습니다. 이 목록에서 모든 시 약 AHF, 독특한 기능 집합이 생성 하지만 불행히도 아무 단일 시 약 인간의 AHF 모방. 또한, hepatotoxins에 의해 유도 된 AHF는 시간이 오래 걸립니다, 만성 스트레스는 동물을 박 았, 그리고 재현성 결과 얻기 어렵다.
다른 한편으로, 부분 hepatectomy (PHx)의 수술은 기술 종속, 고 재현성 결과 필요한 능력 개발 후 얻을 쉽습니다. 혼자 외 과적으로 AHF을 유도, 간 70% 이상의 절제가 필요; 그러나, 70 %hepatectomy 여전히 engraftment의 확산을 공부 하 고 이용 될 수 있다 보다는 더 적은 셀 간 손상14동안 그들의 치료 용량을 분석 하기 위한 간 이식. Hepatocytes의 이식 복15, 꼬리 정 맥16,17간 정 맥 또는 비장18통해 수행된 게시물 hepatectomy 되었습니다. 현재, 간 정 맥 주입 및 hepatocytes의 intrasplenic 이식으로 재현 하기 쉬운 기본 절차입니다.
이 문서에 우리는 30% 부분 hepatectomy 끄 덕에 대 한 절차를 설명 했습니다. SCID (끄 덕 임. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) 마우스의 왼쪽된 엽 excised입니다. 그것은 이식의 0.2 백만 GFP 표현 마우스 (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J) hepatocytes 인간의 기원 NeoHep19 비장에 옵니다. 이 절차에에서 이식된 세포의 engraftment 이끌어 낸다. 이 절차는 최소한 침략 적 및 최소한 고통 스러운 기술.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Gas Anesthesia System</td><td>Ugo Basile; Italy</td><td>211000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighing machine</td><td>Goldtech ; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Biological safety cabinet ( Class I)</td><td>Kartos international;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Hair Trimmer</td><td>Panasonic ;&amp;nbsp; Japan&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ER-GY10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight operating scissor with sharp /sharp blades</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps with Serrations</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Micro needle holders&amp;nbsp; straight &amp;amp; curved&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mercian ;&amp;nbsp; England&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BS-13-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml insulin syringe with 30G *5/16 needles&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dispo Van; India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with 26 G * 1/2 needle</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>REF 303060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon Threads&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mighty ; India</td><td></td><td>(1-0) Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>MERSUTURES 4-0 Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture</td><td>Ethicon, Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, India</td><td>NW 5047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRUGUT 76 cm 4-0 absorbable surgical suture</td><td>Sutures India Pvt. Ltd; India</td><td>SN 5048</td><td>Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture Catgut Chromic</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Buds</td><td>Pure Swabs Pvt Ltd ;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Tape</td><td>3M India ; India</td><td>1530-1</td><td>Micropore Surgical Tape</td></tr><tr><td>Microtome</td><td>Histo-Line Laboratories, Italy</td><td>MRS3500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shandon Cryotome E Cryostat</td><td>Thermo Electron Corporation ; US</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss ; Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LSM 510 META</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright Field Microscope</td><td>Olympus, Japan</td><td>LX51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automated analyser</td><td>Tulip, Alto Santracruz, India</td><td>Screen Maaster 3000</td><td>Biochemical analyser for liver functional test</td></tr><tr><td>Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD FACSverse</td><td>Assesment of presence of cells post transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Veet hair removal cream&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Reckitt Benckiser , India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FORANE</td><td>Abbott ; US</td><td></td><td>isoflurane USP 99.9%&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Taxim</td><td>AlKem ; India</td><td></td><td>cefotaxime sodium injection</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone-Iodine solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Win-Medicare;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Betadine</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>GRM 3660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iscove&#039;s Modified Dulbecco&#039;s Medium (IMDM)</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>12200-036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek</td><td>Sakura; US</td><td>25608-930</td><td>O.C.T compound</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>MB 097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Albumin goat Polyclonal</td><td>Thermo Scientific,Pierce, US</td><td>PA126081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-connexin 32/GJB1 Polyclonal</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab64609-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>antiGFP rabbit polyclonal&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Santa Cruz biotechnology; US</td><td>SC 8334</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-goat</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 chicken anti rabbit</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A21442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti rabbit IgG HRP</td><td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>65-6120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Ki67 antibody</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab15580</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antigen Unmasking Solution, Citric acid base</td><td>Vector laboratories, US</td><td>H-3300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Diamond antifade mountant</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>P36966</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGOT (ASAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGPT (ALAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (DEA)</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#039;s</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>MHS16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>HT110132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPX Mountant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>6522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Melonex (Pain Killer)</td><td>Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd; India</td><td></td><td>Meloxicam injection&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DAB enhanced liquid substrate system tetrahydrochloride</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>D3939</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice

부분 hepatectomy 간 재생 및 다양 한 병 적인 조건에서 세포 기반 치료제의 효과 공부 하는 다양 하 고 재현할 수 방법입니다. 또한 부분 hepatectomy에 간 쪽으로 가속 neovascularization 및 셀에 의해 증가 engraftment와 이식된 세포의 증식 촉진 한다. 여기, 우리 immunodeficient 끄 덕을 결합 하 여 비만 아닌 당뇨병/심한의 비장에 30 %hepatectomy 이식 세포의 수행에 대 한 간단한 프로토콜을 설명 합니다. SCID (끄 덕 임. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) 마우스.
이 절차에서는 두 개의 작은 절 개 만들어집니다. 첫 번째 절 개 노출 하 고, 간 좌 엽을 resect 하는 것입니다 그리고 또 다른 작은 절 개 비장 세포의 intrasplenic 이식에 대 한 폭로 이루어집니다. 이 절차는 어떤 전문된 외과 기술이 필요 하지 않습니다 그리고 그것은 5-7 분 더 적은 스트레스와 고통, 빠른 복구, 및 더 나은 생존에에서 완료 될 수 있다. 우리 마우스 (유전자 변형 C57BL/6-Tg (UBC-GFP) 30Scha/J), 뿐만 아니라 부분적으로 hepatectomized 끄 덕에에서 인간의 기원 (NeoHep)의 세포 처럼 hepatocyte 표현 녹색 형광 단백질 (GFP)에서 절연 hepatocytes의 이식 설명 했다. SCID 쥐입니다.

30% 부분 hepatectomy 후 hepatocyte 확산: 간 30 %hepatectomy 후 남은 hepatocytes의 확산 immunohistochemical (IHC) 세포 확산 표식 기-67에 대 한 얼룩에 의해 시험 되었다. 하루 게시물 hepatectomy 쥐 했다 안락사, 나머지 간 엽 excised 했다, 및 파라핀 섹션 가져온. 섹션은 뒤에 양 고추냉이 과산화 효소 (HRP) 활용 된 이차 항 체와 라벨 기-67 항 체와 스테인드 했다. 디 아미노 Benzidine (한 덩어리)으로 사용 되었?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

우리는 끄 덕의 부분 hepatectomy (PHx) 및 비장을 통해 세포 이식 수행을 위한 프로토콜을 설명 했습니다. SCID (끄 덕 임. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) 쥐. 이 프로토콜에서 절 개 노출 하 고 셀의 intrasplenic 이식에 대 한 또 다른 절 개에 의해 따라 간 좌 엽 resect 이루어집니다.

끄 덕 임에서 부분 Hepatectomy 후 Hepatocytes의 intrasplenic 이식 SCID 마우스

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological ...

intrasplenic-transplantation-hepatocytes-after-partial-hepatectomy

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K 조회수.  National Institute of Immunology. 우리는 끄 덕의 부분 hepatectomy (PHx) 및 비장을 통해 세포 이식 수행을 위한 프로토콜을 설명 했습니다. SCID (끄 덕 임. CB17-Prkdcscid/J) 쥐. 이 프로토콜에서 절 개 노출 하 고 셀의 intrasplenic 이식에 대 한 또 다른 절 개에 의해 따라 간 좌 엽 resect 이루어집니다.

비디오: Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. To develop an ideal animal model recapitulating human HCC, immunocompetent male C57BL/6J mice first receive a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis, then receive histologically-normal oncogenic hepatocytes from young male SV40 T antigen (TAg)-transgenic mice (MTD2) by intra-splenic (ISPL) inoculation. Androgen generated in recipient male mice at puberty initiates TAg expression under control of a liver-specific promoter. As a result, the transferred hepatocytes become cancer cells and form tumor masses in the setting of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This novel model mimics human HCC initiation and progression in the context of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and reflects the most typical features of human HCC including immune dysfunction.

Here, we describe the development of a clinically relevant murine model of liver cancer recapitulating the typical immune features of hepatocellular cancer (HCC).

간 염증과 섬유증의 설정에서 발생하는 간세포암의 종양 성 간세포 유도 직교 마우스 모델

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded ...

연구

암 연구학

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

면역 결핍 마우스의 피하 및 간내 인간의 간세포 암 이종 이식의 생성

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

의학

Partial Lobular Hepatectomy: A Surgical Model for Morphologic Liver Regeneration

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy results in hepatocyte hypertrophy with some replication in remaining lobes with restoration of metabolic activity, but with permanent loss of the injured lobe&#39;s morphology and architecture. Here, we detail a new surgical method in the neonate that leaves a physiologic environment conducive to regeneration. This model involves amputation of the left lobe apex and a subsequent conservative management regimen, and lacks the necessity for ligation of major liver vessels or chemical injury, leaving a physiologic environment where regeneration may occur. We extend this protocol to amputations on juvenile (P7-14) mice, during which the injured liver transitions from organ regeneration to compensatory growth by hypertrophy. The presented, brief 30 min protocol provides a framework to study the mechanisms of regeneration, its age-associated decline in mammals, and the characterization of putative hepatic stem or progenitors.

Here, we present a new method for partial resection of the left hepatic lobe in neonatal (day 0) mice. This new protocol is suitable for studying acute liver injury and injury response in the neonatal setting.

부분 Lobular Hepatectomy: Morphologic 간 재생에 대 한 수술 모델

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult ...

발생학

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

가족성 콜레스테롤 혈 증 인간의 간 공상 마우스 모델을 사용 하 여 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with functional human hepatocytes, could serve as a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology, drug metabolism, and other preclinical applications. One of the key factors required for successful transplantation of human hepatocytes into mice is the elimination of the endogenous hepatocytes to prevent competition with the human cells and provide a suitable space and microenvironment for promoting human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To date, two major liver injury mouse models utilizing fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) mice have been established. However, Fah mice are used mainly with mature hepatocytes and the application of the uPA model is limited by decreased breeding. To overcome these limitations, Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice were used for in vivo differentiation of immature human hepatocytes and humanized liver generation. Human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) successfully repopulated the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that had developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure following diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment. This model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice will have functional applications in studies involving drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions and will promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.

Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.

인간 간 줄기 세포를 이용한 인간형 마우스 간 세대

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of their morbidity. The liver immunopathology caused by HIV-1 remains elusive. Small xenograft animal models with human hepatocytes and human immune system can recapitulate the human biology of the disease&#39;s pathogenesis. Herein, a protocol is described to establish a dual humanized mouse model through human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplantation, to study liver immunopathology as observed in HIV-infected patients. To achieve dual reconstitution, male TK-NOG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg(Alb-TK)7-2/ShiJic) mice are intraperitoneally injected with ganciclovir (GCV) doses to eliminate mouse transgenic liver cells, and with treosulfan for nonmyeloablative conditioning, both of which facilitate human hepatocyte (HEP) engraftment and human immune system (HIS) development. Human albumin (ALB) levels are evaluated for liver engraftment, and the presence of human immune cells in blood detected by flow cytometry confirms the establishment of human immune system. The model developed using the protocol described here resembles multiple components of liver damage from HIV-1 infection. Its establishment could prove to be essential for studies of hepatitis virus co-infection and for the evaluation of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs.

This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.

HIV 관련 간 병인을 위한 이중 인간화 TK-NOG 마우스 모델 구축

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...

면역학 및 감염병학

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone splenectomy regardless of precipitating causes are prone to develop an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and experience increased risks of deep venous thrombosis and malignancies. Recently, epidemiological studies indicated that splenectomy might be associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that physiological functions of the spleen have not yet been fully recognized. Here, we introduce a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, which not only can be utilized to study the function and behavioral activity of splenic immune cell subsets in different biologic processes, but also can be a powerful tool to test the therapeutic potential of spleen transplantation in certain diseases. The main surgical steps of this model include donor spleen harvest, the removal of recipient native spleen, and spleen graft revascularization. Using congenic mouse strains (e.g., mice with CD45.1/CD45.2 backgrounds), we observed that after syngeneic transplantation, both donor-derived splenic lymphocytes and myeloid cells migrated out of the graft as early as post-operative day 1, concomitant with the influx of multiple types of recipient cells, thus generating a unique chimera. &#160;Despite relatively challenging techniques, this procedure can be performed with &#62;90% success rate. This model allows tracking the fate, longevity, and function of splenocytes during steady state and in a disease setting following a spleen transplantation, thereby offering a great opportunity to discover the distinct role for spleen-derived immune cells in different disease processes.

This protocol details the surgical steps of a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, a technically challenging model that can serve as a powerful tool in studying the fate and longevity of spleen cells, the mechanisms of distinct spleen cell populations in disease progression, and transplant immunity.

비장 세포 생물학 및 이식 면역을 연구 하기 위한 혈관 화 된 이종 화제 비장 이식의 마우스 모델

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone ...

Minimizing Post-Infusion Portal Vein Bleeding during Intrahepatic Islet Transplantation in Mice

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the kidney capsule in most rodent preclinical islet transplantation studies. This model is commonly used because murine intrahepatic islet transplantation is technically challenging, and a high percentage of mice could die from surgical complications, especially bleeding from the injection site post-transplantation. In this study, two procedures that can minimize the incidence of post-infusion portal vein bleeding are demonstrated. The first method applies an absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge to the injection site, and the second method involves penetrating the islet injection needle through the fat tissue first and then into the portal vein by using the fat tissue as a physical barrier to stop bleeding. Both methods could effectively prevent bleeding-induced mouse death. The whole liver section showing islet distribution and evidence of islet thrombosis post-transplantation, a typical feature for intrahepatic islet transplantation, were presented. These improved protocols refine the intrahepatic islet transplantation procedures and may help laboratories set up the procedure to study islet survival and function in pre-clinical settings.

Here we present refined surgical procedures on successfully performing intraportal islet transplantation, a clinically relevant but technically challenging surgical procedure, in mice.

마우스에서 간내 섬 이식 중 주입 후 포털 정맥 출혈 최소화

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the ...

Isolation of Regenerating Hepatocytes after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream single-cell applications is challenging. A marked accumulation of lipids within regenerating hepatocytes is observed during the first 2 days of normal liver regeneration in mice. This so-called transient regeneration-associated steatosis (TRAS) is temporary but partially overlaps the major proliferative phase. Density-gradient purification is the backbone of most existing protocols for the isolation of primary hepatocytes. As gradient purification relies on the density and size of cells, it separates non-steatotic from steatotic hepatocyte populations. Therefore, fatty hepatocytes often are lost, yielding non-representative hepatocyte fractions. 
The presented protocol describes an easy and reliable method for the in vivo isolation of regenerating hepatocytes regardless of their lipid content. Hepatocytes from male C57BL/6 mice are isolated 24-48 h after hepatectomy by a classic two-step collagenase perfusion approach. A standard peristaltic pump drives the warmed solutions via the catheterized inferior vena cava into the remnant, using a retrograde perfusion technique with outflow through the portal vein. Hepatocytes are dissociated by collagenase for their release from the Glisson's capsule. After washing and careful centrifugation, the hepatocytes can be used for any downstream analyses. In conclusion, this paper describes a straightforward and reproducible technique for the isolation of a representative population of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice. The method may also aid the study of fatty liver disease.

Lipid-laden hepatocytes are inherent to liver regeneration but are usually lost upon density-gradient centrifugation. Here, we present an optimized cell isolation protocol that retains steatotic hepatocytes, yielding representative populations of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice.

생쥐의 부분 간 절제술 후 재생 간세포의 분리

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream ...

마우스의 간 이식 및 동종이식 개통성 분석

Successful Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Mice Utilizing Microcomputed Tomography Angiography

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality images to be obtained of micro-vasculature and are high-fidelity tools in the field of organ transplantation. In this model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice, microCT affords the opportunity to evaluate allograft anastomosis in real time and has the added benefit of not having to sacrifice study animals. The choice of contrast, as well as image acquisition settings, create a high-definition image, which gives researchers invaluable information. This allows for evaluation of the technical aspects of the procedure as well as potentially evaluating different therapeutics over an extended duration of time. In this protocol, we detail an OLT model in mice in a stepwise fashion and finally describe a microCT protocol that can give high-quality images, which aid researchers in in-depth analysis of solid organ transplantation. We provide a step-by-step guide for liver transplantation in a mouse, as well as briefly discuss a protocol for evaluating the patency of the graft through microCT angiography.

저자 스포트라이트: 쥐 모델에서 MicroCT 혈관 조영술을 통한 이식 연구 강화 

In this protocol, we discuss the implementation of a model of successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice. Additionally, adjuvants to further analyze allograft patency after successful OLT in a mouse are discussed as well, specifically utilizing microcomputed tomography (microCT) scans.

Microcomputed Tomography 혈관 조영술을 활용한 마우스의 성공적인 Orthotopic 간 이식

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality ...