저자는 언어 편집을위한 유익한 토론을위한 교수 마우리 치오 MASI 미스 키아라 Allegretti에게 감사의 말씀을 전합니다. 저자의 연구는 반도 히오바니 Ricercatori 2010 (Ministero 델라 경례 GR-2010-2312573)에 의해 지원됩니다.

주 : 수신 한 화학 물질이 사용된다. 선형 RGD 구입되지만 FMOC 표준 고체상 펩타이드 합성 16, 19에 의해 제조 될 수있다. 용제는 분석 등급의이다. 투석 차단 동일 3,500 다 승 M과 멤브레인의 사용을 요구한다. 합성 된 화합물 1 400 메가 헤르츠 분광기하여 클로로포름에 기록 H NMR 스펙트럼 (CDCl3 중) 또는 용매와 같은 산화 중수소 (D 2 O)을 특징으로하고, 화학적 이동은 백만 분의 δ 값으로보고된다. 또한, 하이드로 겔을 KBr 펠렛 기술을 이용하여 FT-IR 분석을 실시하고 그 물리적 특성은 37 ° C에서 반전 된 테스트 튜브를 사용하여 평가 겔화 과정을 포함한다. 4 Azidobutanoyl 1. 합성 염화 1 <ol><li> 디클로로 메탄 10 ㎖ 및 디메틸 포름 아미드 0.5 ㎖에 azidobutanoic -4- 카복실산 (3.90 mmol)을 500 mg의 녹인다. </li><li> 0 ° C에서 상기 용액을 냉각빙욕을 사용. </li><li> 교반하면서, 반응계를 서서히 적가 디클로로 메탄 5 ㎖에 옥 살릴 클로라이드 (5.85 mmol)을 505 μl를 첨가하고. </li><li> 빙욕을 사용하여 0 ℃에서 1 시간 후, 실온으로 복귀. </li><li> 회전식 증발기에서 감압하에 용매를 제거 하였다. </li><li> CDCl3 중 16 샘플을 용해시키고, 1 H-NMR 분광법에 의해 얻어진 생성물을 특성화. </li></ol> 파생 RGD-아 지드 2의 2. 합성 <ol><li> 1 M NaOH를 1 ml의 RGD 50 밀리그램 (0.145 밀리몰)을 녹인다. </li><li> 테트라 히드로 푸란 2 ㎖에 1 (0.16 밀리몰)에 24 mg의 녹인다. </li><li> 빙욕을 사용하여 0 ℃에서 적가 한 용액에 RGD 용액 모두를 추가한다. </li><li> 실온으로 돌아가서 밤새 교반. </li><li> 1 M 염산 1 ㎖를 추가합니다. </li><li> 회전식 증발기에서 감압하에 용매를 제거 하였다. </li><li> OBT를 특성화ained 1 H-NMR 분광법으로 제품, D 2 O (16)에 시료를 용해. </li></ol> 3. PAA 알킨 수정 (3) <ol><li> 증류수 15 ml의에서 PAA 용액 (2.8 mmol)의 W / W 35 % 200 mg을 녹이고. </li><li> propargylamine 하이드로 클로라이드 (0.20 mmol)을 15.4 mg을 추가합니다. </li><li> 1 v / V를 아세토 니트릴 : 1의 14 ml의 1- 히드 록시 벤조 트리아 졸 수화물 42.8 mg의 (의 HOBt, 0.28 밀리몰)을 녹이고 50 ℃로 가열하여 증류수 솔루션을. </li><li> 실온에서 PAA 수용액으로의 HOBt 용액 전부를 추가한다. </li><li> 반응 혼합물에 ethyldimethylaminopropylcarbodiimide 53.6 mg의 (EDC, 0.28 밀리몰)을 추가한다. </li><li> 5.5로 pH를 조정하고, 실온에서 밤새 반응 시스템을 교반하고 1 M 염산을 사용한다. </li><li> 솔루션을 투석. 증류수 2 L의 염화 나트륨 11.2 g을 용해하고 염산 W / W 37 % 0.2를 가하여. 3.5 kDa의 컷오프의 승 M의 멤브레인을 사용하여 상기 용액을 투석. </li><li> PERFO3 일 동안 RM 투석. 염산 w / w 37 %, 0.2 mL를 함유 갓 준비한 증류수 2 L 매일 투석액을 변경한다. </li><li> -80 ° C에서 최종 솔루션을 저장합니다. 제조사의 프로토콜에 따른 동결 건조기로 동결 건조. </li><li> D 2 O (16)의 샘플을 용해시키고, 1 H-NMR 분광법으로 기능화 중합체 특성화. </li></ol> PAA-RGD 4. 합성 고분자 (4) <ol><li> PAA 78 mg을 증류수 10ml에 알킨 3 (1.083 밀리몰)을 수정 녹인다. </li><li> 테트라 히드로 푸란 5 ㎖에 RGD 지드 유도체 2 (0.0722 mmol)를 25 mg의 녹인다. </li><li> 고분자 용액에 RGD 솔루션을 모두 추가합니다. </li><li> 요오드화 구리 (0.0116 mmol) 및 아스 코르 빈산 나트륨 2.2 mg의 (0.0111 mmol)을 2.2 mg을 추가합니다. </li><li> 교반하면서 60 ℃에서 생성 된 혼합물을 밤새 환류시켰다. </li><li> 25 ℃로 혼합물을 냉각. </li><li> Dialyz솔루션을 전자. 증류수 2 L의 염화 나트륨 11.2 g을 용해하고 염산 W / W 37 % 0.2를 가하여. 3.5 kDa의 컷오프의 승 M의 멤브레인을 사용하여 상기 용액을 투석. </li><li> 사흘 동안 투석을 수행합니다. 염산 w / w 37 %, 0.2 mL를 함유 갓 준비한 증류수 2 L 매일 투석액을 변경한다. </li><li> -80 ° C에서 최종 솔루션을 저장합니다. 제조사의 프로토콜에 따른 동결 건조기로 동결 건조. </li><li> D 2 O (16)의 샘플을 용해시키고, 1 H-NMR 분광법에 의해 얻어진 생성물을 특성화. </li></ol> 5. RGD-작용 하이드로 젤 합성 <ol><li> PBS를 준비. 증류수 50 ml의 PBS 염 645 mg을 용해. </li><li> 실온에서, 카보 머, 40 mg의 PBS (단계 5.1)의 용액에 9 관능 4 PAA 10 ㎎을 혼합 완전히 용해 (30 분)까지. </li><li> 솔루션에 PEG 400 mg을 추가하고 45 분 동안 교반 유지. </li><li> 교반을 중지하고 시스템이 30 분 동안 정착 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 7.4으로 산도를 조정 1 N 수산화 나트륨을 사용합니다. </li><li> 얻어진 혼합물을 5 ml에, 아가로 오스 분말 25 mg을 추가합니다. </li><li> 일반적으로 30 초와 1 분 사이의 시간 동안, 끓는까지 500 W에서 마이크로파 방사선 시스템을 조사하고, 전자 기적으로 80 ° C까지 가열한다. </li><li> 온도가 50 ° C로 감소 될 때까지 상온에 노출 된 혼합물을두고 1의 용액을 수득하기 위해, PBS (단계 5.1) 5 mL를 추가 한 체적 비율. </li><li> 1.1 cm의 직경 (12) 멀티 웰 플레이트 포함 강철 실린더를 준비합니다. </li><li> 용액으로부터 500 ㎕를 분취 액을 가지고 각각의 강철 실린더에 배치합니다. </li><li> 시스템을 완전히 겔화 될 때까지 45 분 동안 휴식을 남겨주세요. </li><li> 하이드로 겔을 얻기 위해 스테인리스 집게를 사용하여 실린더를 제거한다. </li></ol> 치료 도구 6.로드 (의약품 또는 세포) <ol><li> 일을 반복5.1-5.7 주당 순이익. </li><li> 1 부피 비율 (이미 졸 상태로) 혼합물을 37 ℃에 도달 할 때, 1에서 최종 시스템을 얻기 위해, 원하는 약액 또는 세포 배양을 포함하는 용액 5 mL를 추가한다. </li><li> 반복 물리적 겔 내에서 포획 biocompounds와 고분자 네트워크를 얻을 수 5.9-5.12 단계를 반복합니다. </li></ol> 7. 하이드로 겔 특성 <ol><li> FT-IR 분석 <ol><li> 젤 형성 후, 24 시간 동안 증류수 250 mL를 상기 synthetized 하이드로 하나 소크. </li><li> 하이드로 겔이 침수되는 수성 용지를 제거하고 동결 건조 액체 N 2. </li><li> 을 KBr 펠릿 법에 따른 하이드로 겔 샘플을 라미네이트. <ol><li> 마노의 박격포로 KBr을 가득 주걱을 추가합니다. 하이드로 겔 샘플을 소량 취하고을 KBr 분말과 혼합합니다 (KBr을 양 또는 주걱의 선단을 덮도록 충분한 약 0.1 %). </li><li> 분말이 미세하고 균일 한 때까지 혼합물을 갈기. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 적외선 펠렛을 형성을 KBr 펠렛 키트를 사용한다. 수동 실험실 프레스를 사용하여 분말을 누릅니다 : 10t의 압력 용량의 3 분 후 5t 동일한 압력 용량에서 3 분. </li><li> 모양으로 균일하고 투명한 최종 펠렛을 얻기 위해 압력을 해제합니다. 적외선 샘플 홀더에 펠렛을 삽입하고 스펙트럼 (16)를 실행합니다. </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 겔화 연구 <ol><li> PBS 900 μL와 2 ML의 microcentrifuge 관을 채우고 37 ° C 평형. </li><li> 하이드로 겔을 형성하고 37 ℃에서 부화 제조 된 고분자 용액 100 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 튜브를 전환하고 겔이 1, 2, 5, 10 및 20 분에서 관찰 흐르면. 겔은 겔화 시간으로 흐르지 않는 시간을 기록한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors state no conflict of interest and they have not received any payment in preparation of this manuscript.

The PAA post-polymerization modification with alkyne moieties and the RGD functionalization with the azide group guarantee the formation of a stable bond between the polymer and the peptide. Indeed, triazole serves as a rigid linking unit among the carbon atoms, attached to the 1,4 positions of the 1,2,3-triazole ring and it cannot be cleaved hydrolytically or otherwise. In addition, triazole is extremely difficult to oxidize and reduce, unlike other cyclic structures such as benzenoids and related aromatic heterocycles<...

하이드로 겔은 천연 또는 합성, 및 독특한 입체 구조 특징 친수성 가교 중합체에 의해 형성되는 삼차원 네트워크이다. 이 장치는 약물 전달, 조직 공학, 유전자 사업자와 스마트 센서 1, 2의 생물 의학 분야에서 점점 더 매력적이다. 실제로, 높은 수분 함량뿐만 아니라 유동 학적 및 기계적 특성들에게 연조직 미세 환경을 모방 수용성 사이토킨 또는 성장 인자의 전달을 위해 그들에게 효과적인 도구를 만들기에 적합한 후보를 만든다. 가장 유망한 사용 중 하나는 세포 및 생물 활성 화합물을 담지 주사 생체 같다. 생체 외 및 생체 내 실험 3,4에서 관찰 하이드로 겔은 잡고 정확하게 생리 관련 방식으로 줄기 세포 규제 신호를 제공함으로써 세포 생존 및 제어 줄기 세포 운명을 향상시킬 수 있습니다. 이것의 주요 장점은 가능성신체를 통해 모든 마이그레이션 및 대상 목표 (5)를 잃고, 순환 토런트로 지역과 extravasates 잎 세포의 양을 최소화 (현장에서) 접종의 영역 내 주입 된 세포를 유지합니다. 삼차원 네트워크 하이드로 겔의 안정성은 고분자 사슬 6 간의 공유 결합 또는 응집력에 의해 형성의 가교 부위에 기인한다. 이 프레임 워크에서는 직교 선택적 화학 고분자 사슬에 적용이 하이드로 겔 공연 (7)을 개선 할 수있는 다목적 도구입니다. 실제로, 적절한 화학기를 갖는 중합체의 변형은 세포 생존 및 조직 형성에서의 사용을 향상시키기 위해 적절한 화학적, 물리적 및 기계적 성질을 제공하도록 도울 수있다. 동일한 방식으로, 기술 중 RGD 펩티드의 사용은 세포 부착 및 생존율의 개선을 허용 겔 매트릭스 내에 세포 성장 인자를로드한다. RGD는 구성된 트리 펩티드이다지금까지 아르기닌, 글리신, 아스파르트 산, 가장 효과적인 인해 종종 하나 이상의 세포 부착 수용체를 처리 할 수있는 능력 및 세포 정박 동작 생존 8,9에 생물학적 충격 트리 펩티드를 사용. 본 연구에서는 RGD-작용 하이드로 겔의 합성은 친절 세포 미세 환경에 대한 충분한 생화학 적 특성을 특징으로 네트워크를 설계하는 목적으로 연구되고있다. 하이드로 젤 합성 마이크로파 방사선의 사용은 부반응을 최소화하고, 종래의 열 공정 (10)에 비해 짧은 시간에 높은 반응 속도 및 수율을 얻을 수있는 간단한 방법을 제공한다. 이 방법은 중합체의 상호 작용 및 반응 시스템 (11) 내의 유기 용매의 부재에 의한 정제 단계 및 수율 멸균 하이드로 겔을 필요로하지 않는다. 따라서, 어떤 모드 때문에 고분자 네트워크에 연결 RGD의 높은 비율을 보장합니다ifications 겔 형성에 관련된 고분자 화학 그룹으로 요구된다. 카르복실기, PAA와 카보 머, 하이드 록실 그룹, PEG에서 아가 로스에서 중축 합 반응을 통해 하이드로 겔 입체 구조를 야기. 언급 된 중합체는 척수 손상 수리먼트 (12) 하이드로 겔의 합성에 사용된다. 이러한 장치는 이전에보고 된 생체 적합성뿐만 아니라 많은 생체 조직들 및 요변 특성에 유사한 기계적 물리 화학적 특성을 보여, 13, 14 일. 또한, 그들은 주입의 영역에서, 현장에서 현지화 된 상태로 유지됩니다. 이 연구에서, PAA의 카르복실기 알킨 잔기 (도 1)를 수정하고 RGD 지드 화합물 구조 (CH 2) N으로 준비된 화합물과 트리 펩티드 단기 -NH (2)의 반응을 이용한 합성 - N 3 (&lt;강한&gt; 그림 2). 그 후, 수정 된 PAA는 CuAAC 클릭 반응 15-17 (그림 3)를 통해 RGD-아 지드 유도체와 반응한다. 구리 (I) 촉매를 사용하여 반응 속도 및 선택성 둘 다의 주요 개선 리드. CuAAC 반응은 유기 합성에서 폭넓게 중합체 과학 분야에서 사용된다. 이는 작용기 고효율 및 높은 내성을 결합하고, 유기 용매의 사용에 의해 영향을받지 않는다. 높은 선택성, 빠른 반응 시간 및 간단한 정제 과정은 원하는 부분 (18)을 이식 성 중합체, 블록 공중 합체 또는 사슬의 획득을 허용한다. 이 클릭 전략은 가능한 최종 생화학 응용 프로그램에 따라 물리 화학적 특성을 사용자 정의 할 수 중합 후 폴리머를 수정할 수 있습니다. CuAAC 실험 조건은 쉽게 (구리의 산화가 최소한으로 발생할 수있는 반면, 반응이 물에 민감하다) 재현, 그리고 자연이다졸 형성된 제품의 안정성을 보장한다. 구리 금속의 사용으로 인해 세포에 대한 잠재적 인 독성 효과 및 생물학적 미세 환경에서 중요한 점으로 간주 될 수 있지만, 투석 촉매 잔기의 완전한 제거를 허용하도록 정제 방법으로 사용된다. 마지막으로, PAA는 RGD 세포 또는 약물 담체로서 이러한 시스템의 잠재적 기능을 확인하기 위해 조사되는 하이드로 겔의 합성 (도 4) 및 생성 된 네트워크의 물리 화학적 특성에 사용되는 변성. <img alt="그림 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig1.jpg" /> 그림 1 : PAA는 알킨의 합성을 수정 알킨 그룹과 PAA의 작용의 방식을,. &quot;N&quot;은 카르복실기가 propargylamine와 반응에 단량체를 나타냅니다. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오</a>이 그림의 더 큰 버전. <img alt="그림 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig2.jpg" /> 그림 2 :.. RGD-아 지드 합성 RGD-아 지드 유도체의 합성 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig3.jpg" /> 그림 3 : 반응을 클릭 제도 RGD-아 지드 유도체 및 알킨-PAA 사이 클릭 반응의.. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a> <img alt="그림 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig4.jpg" /> 그림 4 : 히드로 겔 SYNThesis. RGD 작용 하이드로 겔 합성 절차. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/54445/54445fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">이 그림의 더 큰 버전을 보려면 여기를 클릭하십시오.</a>

<table><tbody><tr><td>Poly(acrylic acid) solution average M&lt;sub&gt;w&lt;/sub&gt; ~100,000, 35 wt% in H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>523925</td><td>CAS 9003-01-4</td></tr><tr><td>Poly(ethylene glycol) 2,000</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>84797</td><td>CAS 25322-68-3</td></tr><tr><td>Carbomeer 974P</td><td>Fagron</td><td>1387083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen Corp.</td><td>16500-500</td><td>UltraPure Agarose</td></tr><tr><td>RGD peptide</td><td>abcam</td><td>ab142698</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-azidobutanoic acid</td><td>Aurum Pharmatech</td><td>Z-2421</td><td>&amp;nbsp;CAS 54447-68-6</td></tr><tr><td>Oxalyl chloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>O8801</td><td>CAS 79-37-8</td></tr><tr><td>Propargylamine hydrochloride 95%</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P50919</td><td>CAS 15430-52-1</td></tr><tr><td>Copper(I) iodide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>3140</td><td>CAS 7681-65-4</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium ascorbate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Y0000039</td><td>CAS 134-03-2</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate buffered saline</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P4417</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis Membrane</td><td>Spectrum Laboratories, Inc.</td><td>132725</td><td>Spectra/Por 3 Dialysis Membrane&amp;nbsp; Standard RC Tubing&lt;br /&gt;MWCO: 3.5 kD</td></tr></tbody></table>

the synthesis of rgd-functionalized hydrogels as a tool for therapeutic applications

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and functionalize polymer chains with compounds that are able to improve biocompatibility, mechanical properties, or cell viability allows the design of novel materials to meet new challenges in the biomedical field. With the polymer functionalization strategies, click chemistry is a powerful tool to improve cell-compatibility and drug delivery properties of polymeric devices. Similarly, the fundamental need of biomedicine to use sterile tools to avoid potential adverse-side effects, such as toxicity or contamination of the biological environment, gives rise to increasing interest in the microwave-assisted strategy.
The combination of click chemistry and the microwave-assisted method is suitable to produce biocompatible hydrogels with desired functionalities and improved performances in biomedical applications. This work aims to synthesize RGD-functionalized hydrogels. RGD (arginylglycylaspartic acid) is a tripeptide that can mimic cell adhesion proteins and bind to cell-surface receptors, creating a hospitable microenvironment for cells within the 3D polymeric network of the hydrogels. RGD functionalization occurs through Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. Some PAA carboxyl groups are modified with an alkyne moiety, whereas RGD is functionalized with azido acid as the terminal residue of the peptide sequence. Finally, both products are used in a copper catalyzed click reaction to permanently link the peptide to PAA. This modified polymer is used with carbomer, agarose and polyethylene glycol (PEG) to synthesize a hydrogel matrix. The 3D structure is formed due to an esterification reaction involving carboxyl groups from PAA and carbomer and hydroxyl groups from agarose and PEG through microwave-assisted polycondensation. The efficiency of the gelation mechanism ensures a high degree of RGD functionalization. In addition, the procedure to load therapeutic compounds or biological tools within this functionalized network is very simple and reproducible.

n은 카르복실기, 아민과 반응 단량체 라벨도 1에 나타내었다 같이 PAA의 알킨 유도체를 효율적으로, 폴리 아크릴산 및 propargylamine에서 합성된다. 제품의 아이덴티티는 1 H-NMR 분광법으로 확인 하였다. (5) 삼중 결합 변성 PAA의 1H-NMR 스펙트럼을 나타낸다. <img alt="그림 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/54445/544...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications at JoVE.com

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated.

치료 응용 프로그램을위한 도구로 RGD-작용 히드로 겔의 합성

The use of polymers as biomaterials has provided significant advantages in therapeutic applications. In particular, the possibility to modify and ...

the-synthesis-rgd-functionalized-hydrogels-as-tool-for-therapeutic

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Bioengineering

11.1K 조회수.  Politecnico di Milano. We present a protocol for the synthesis of RGD-functionalized hydrogels as devices for cell and drug delivery. The procedure involves copper catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) between alkyne-modified polyacrylic acid (PAA) and a RGD-azide derivative. The hydrogels are formed using microwave-assisted polycondensation and their physicochemical properties are investigated. 

비디오: The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young&#8217;s modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g.&#160;primary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (;H-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.

Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Polyethylene glycol and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation

This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient method to methacrylate poly(ethylene glycol), enabling chain polymerizations and hydrogel synthesis. It will demonstrate how to similarly introduce methacrylamide functionalities into peptides, detail common analytical methods to assess functionalization efficiency, provide suggestions for troubleshooting and advanced modifications, and demonstrate typical hydrogel characterization techniques.

전자 레인지를 이용한 폴리의 기능화 (에틸렌 글리콜) 및 체인 중합 및 하이드로 겔 형성에있는 사용을위한 온 수지 펩티드

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large ...

연구

화학

Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field of 3D templates is rising due to the potential resemblance of those materials to the natural extracellular matrix. Protein-based hydrogels are particularly promising because they can easily be functionalized and can achieve defined structures with adjustable physicochemical properties. However, the production of macroporous 3D templates for cell culture applications using natural materials is often limited by their weaker mechanical properties compared to those of synthetic materials. Here, different methods were evaluated to produce macroporous bovine serum albumin (BSA)-based hydrogel systems, with adjustable pore sizes in the range of 10 to 70 &#181;m in radius. Furthermore, a method to generate channels in this protein-based material that are several hundred microns long was established. The different methods to produce pores, as well as the influence of pore size on material properties such as swelling ratio, pH, temperature stability, and enzymatic degradation behavior, were analyzed. Pore sizes were investigated in the native, swollen state of the hydrogels using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The feasibility for cell culture applications was evaluated using a cell-adhesive RGD peptide modification of the protein system and two model cell lines: human breast cancer cells (A549) and adenocarcinomic human alveolar basal epithelial cells (MCF7).

Different methods to manipulate three-dimensional architecture in protein-based hydrogels are evaluated here with respect to material properties. The macroporous networks are functionalized with a cell-adhesive peptide, and their feasibility in cell culture is evaluated using two different model cell lines.

셀 문화 응용 프로그램에 대 한 단백질 기반 Hydrogels 아키텍처의 쉬운 조작

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field ...

생화학

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact bioprinting1-4 (extrusion, dip pen and soft lithography), contactless bioprinting5-7 (laser forward transfer, ink-jet deposition) and laser based techniques such as two photon photopolymerization8. It can be used for many applications such as tissue engineering9-13, biosensor microfabrication14-16 and as a tool to answer basic biological questions such as influences of co-culturing of different cell types17. Unlike common photolithographic or soft-lithographic methods, extrusion bioprinting has the advantage that it does not require a separate mask or stamp. Using CAD software, the design of the structure can quickly be changed and adjusted according to the requirements of the operator. This makes bioprinting more flexible than lithography-based approaches.
Here we demonstrate the printing of a sacrificial mold to create a multi-material 3D structure using an array of pillars within a hydrogel as an example. These pillars could represent hollow structures for a vascular network or the tubes within a nerve guide conduit. The material chosen for the sacrificial mold was poloxamer 407, a thermoresponsive polymer with excellent printing properties which is liquid at 4 &deg;C and a solid above its gelation temperature ~20 &deg;C for 24.5% w/v solutions18. This property allows the poloxamer-based sacrificial mold to be eluted on demand and has advantages over the slow dissolution of a solid material especially for narrow geometries. Poloxamer was printed on microscope glass slides to create the sacrificial mold. Agarose was pipetted into the mold and cooled until gelation. After elution of the poloxamer in ice cold water, the voids in the agarose mold were filled with alginate methacrylate spiked with FITC labeled fibrinogen. The filled voids were then cross-linked with UV and the construct was imaged with an epi-fluorescence microscope.

A bioprinter was used to create patterned hydrogels based on a sacrificial mold. The poloxamer mold was backfilled with a second hydrogel and then eluted, leaving voids which were filled with a third hydrogel. This method uses fast elution and good printability of poloxamer to generate complex architectures from biopolymers.

모방의 창조 3D 세포 배양을위한 두 구성 요소 히드로 겔에 대한 Thermoresponsive 역 금형 인쇄

Bioprinting is an emerging technology that has its origins in the rapid prototyping industry. The different printing processes can be divided into contact ...

면역학 및 감염병학

Light-mediated Formation and Patterning of Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In particular, light-mediated click reactions, such as photoinitiated thiol&#8722;ene and thiol&#8722;yne reactions, afford spatiotemporal control over material properties and allow the design of systems with a high degree of user-directed property control. Fabrication and modification of hydrogel-based biomaterials using the precision afforded by light and the versatility offered by these thiol&#8722;X photoclick chemistries are of growing interest, particularly for the culture of cells within well-defined, biomimetic microenvironments. Here, we describe methods for the photoencapsulation of cells and subsequent photopatterning of biochemical cues within hydrogel matrices using versatile and modular building blocks polymerized by a thiol&#8722;ene photoclick reaction. Specifically, an approach is presented for constructing hydrogels from allyloxycarbonyl (Alloc)-functionalized peptide crosslinks and pendant peptide moieties and thiol-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) that rapidly polymerize in the presence of lithium acylphosphinate photoinitiator and cytocompatible doses of long wavelength ultraviolet (UV) light. Facile techniques to visualize photopatterning and quantify the concentration of peptides added are described. Additionally, methods are established for encapsulating cells, specifically human mesenchymal stem cells, and determining their viability and activity. While the formation and initial patterning of thiol-alloc hydrogels are shown here, these techniques broadly may be applied to a number of other light and radical-initiated material systems (e.g., thiol-norbornene, thiol-acrylate) to generate patterned substrates.

We describe a sequential process for light-mediated formation and subsequent biochemical patterning of synthetic hydrogel matrices for three-dimensional cell culture applications. The construction and modification of hydrogels with cytocompatible photoclick chemistry is demonstrated. Additionally, facile techniques to quantify and observe patterns and determine cell viability within these hydrogels are presented.

세포 배양 응용 프로그램에 대한 히드로 겔의 빛 매개 형성 및 패터닝

Click chemistries have been investigated for use in numerous biomaterials applications, including drug delivery, tissue engineering, and cell culture. In ...

생체공학

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), their ultimate clinical use has been hampered by the lack of biologically-relevant degradation observed for most smart materials. This is particularly true for temperature-responsive hydrogels, which are almost uniformly based on polymers that are functionally non-degradable (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)). As such, to effectively translate the potential of thermoresponsive hydrogels to the challenges of remote-controlled or metabolism-regulated drug delivery, cell scaffolds with tunable cell-material interactions, theranostic materials with the potential for both imaging and drug delivery, and other such applications, a method is required to render the hydrogels (if not fully degradable) at least capable of renal clearance following the required lifetime of the material. To that end, this protocol describes the preparation of hydrolytically-degradable hydrazone-crosslinked hydrogels on multiple length scales based on the reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized PNIPAM or POEGMA oligomers with molecular weights below the renal filtration limit. Specifically, methods to fabricate degradable thermoresponsive bulk hydrogels (using a double barrel syringe technique), hydrogel particles (on both the microscale through the use of a microfluidics platform facilitating simultaneous mixing and emulsification of the precursor polymers and the nanoscale through the use of a thermally-driven self-assembly and cross-linking method), and hydrogel nanofibers (using a reactive electrospinning strategy) are described. In each case, hydrogels with temperature-responsive properties similar to those achieved via conventional free radical cross-linking processes can be achieved, but the hydrazone cross-linked network can be degraded over time to re-form the oligomeric precursor polymers and enable clearance. As such, we anticipate these methods (which may be generically applied to any synthetic water-soluble polymer, not just smart materials) will enable easier translation of synthetic smart materials to clinical applications.

Protocols are described for the fabrication of degradable thermoresponsive hydrogels based on hydrazone cross-linking of polymeric oligomers on the bulk scale, microscale, and nanoscale, the latter for preparation of both gel nanoparticles and nanofibers.

자기 조립, 분해 Thermoresponsive Hydrogels 반응 압출, 마이크로, 통해 여러 길이 가늠 자에를 조작 하 고 전기

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), ...

Patterning Bioactive Proteins or Peptides on Hydrogel Using Photochemistry for Biological Applications

There are many biological stimuli that can influence cell behavior and stem cell differentiation. General cell culture approaches rely on soluble factors within the medium to control cell behavior. However, soluble additions cannot mimic certain signaling motifs, such as matrix-bound growth factors, cell-cell signaling, and spatial biochemical cues, which are common influences on cells. Furthermore, biophysical properties of the matrix, such as substrate stiffness, play important roles in cell fate, which is not easily manipulated using conventional cell culturing practices. In this method, we describe a straightforward protocol to provide patterned bioactive proteins on synthetic polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels using photochemistry. This platform allows for the independent control of substrate stiffness and spatial biochemical cues. These hydrogels can achieve a large range of physiologically relevant stiffness values. Additionally, the surfaces of these hydrogels can be photopatterned with bioactive peptides or proteins via thiol-ene click chemistry reactions. These methods have been optimized to retain protein function after surface immobilization. This is a versatile protocol that can be applied to any protein or peptide of interest to create a variety of patterns. Finally, cells seeded onto the surfaces of these bioactive hydrogels can be monitored over time as they respond to spatially specific signals.

In this method, we use photopolymerization and click chemistry techniques to create protein or peptide patterns on the surface of polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogels, providing immobilized bioactive signals for the study of cellular responses in vitro.

생리 활성 단백질 또는 펩 티 드 히드로 광화학을 사용 하 여 생물 학적 응용에 대 한에 패턴화

There are many biological stimuli that can influence cell behavior and stem cell differentiation. General cell culture approaches rely on soluble factors ...

Ultrathin Porated Elastic Hydrogels As a Biomimetic Basement Membrane for Dual Cell Culture

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies of endothelial-epithelial bilayers have traditionally relied on permeable support models that enable bilayer culture, but permeable supports are limited in their ability to replicate the diversity of human basement membranes. In contrast, hydrogel models that require chemical synthesis are highly tunable and allow for modifications of both the material stiffness and the biochemical composition via incorporation of biomimetic peptides or proteins. However, traditional hydrogel models are limited in functionality because they lack pores for cell-cell contacts and functional in vitro migration studies. Additionally, due to the thickness of traditional hydrogels, incorporation of pores that span the entire thickness of hydrogels has been challenging. In the present study, we use poly-(ethylene-glycol) (PEG) hydrogels and a novel zinc oxide templating method to address the previous shortcomings of biomimetic hydrogels. As a result, we present an ultrathin, basement membrane-like hydrogel that permits the culture of confluent cellular bilayers on a customizable scaffold with variable pore architectures, mechanical properties, and biochemical composition.

Current bilayer culture models do not allow for functional in vitro studies that mimic in vivo microenvironments. Using polyethylene glycol and a zinc oxide templating method, this protocol describes the development of an ultrathin biomimetic basement membrane with tunable stiffness, porosity, and biochemical composition that closely mimics in vivo extracellular matrices.

듀얼에 대 한 생체 모방 지하실 멤브레인으로 ultrathin Porated 탄성 Hydrogels 세포 배양

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies ...

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are composed of two components: hydrophobically modified cellulose as the network polymer and self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles that act as non-covalent cross linkers through dynamic, multivalent interactions. These methods describe both the formation of these self-assembled nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation as well as the formulation and mixing of the two components to form hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. The use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology to characterize the quality of the synthesized materials is also detailed. Finally, the utility of these hydrogels for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery is demonstrated through in vitro experiments to characterize&#160;drug release, thermal stability, and cell settling and viability. Due to its biocompatibility, injectability, and mild gel formation conditions, this hydrogel system is a readily tunable platform suitable for a range of biomedical applications.

This protocol describes the synthesis and formulation of injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel biomaterials. Applications of these materials for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery are demonstrated.

세포 및 약물 전달 응용 을 위한 주사용 수급 분자 고분자 고분자 나노 입자 하이드로겔

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are ...

Fragmenting Bulk Hydrogels and Processing into Granular Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

Granular hydrogels are jammed assemblies of hydrogel microparticles (i.e., &#34;microgels&#34;). In the field of biomaterials, granular hydrogels have many advantageous properties, including injectability, microscale porosity, and tunability by mixing multiple microgel populations. Methods to fabricate microgels often rely on water-in-oil emulsions (e.g., microfluidics, batch emulsions, electrospraying) or photolithography, which may present high demands in terms of resources and costs, and may not be compatible with many hydrogels. This work details simple yet highly effective methods to fabricate microgels using extrusion fragmentation and to process them into granular hydrogels useful for biomedical applications (e.g., 3D printing inks). First, bulk hydrogels (using photocrosslinkable hyaluronic acid (HA) as an example) are extruded through a series of needles with sequentially smaller diameters to form fragmented microgels. This microgel fabrication technique is rapid, low-cost, and highly scalable. Methods to jam microgels into granular hydrogels by centrifugation and vacuum-driven filtration are described, with optional post-crosslinking for hydrogel stabilization. Lastly, granular hydrogels fabricated from fragmented microgels are demonstrated as extrusion printing inks. While the examples described herein use photocrosslinkable HA for 3D printing, the methods are easily adaptable for a wide variety of hydrogel types and biomedical applications.

This work describes straightforward, adaptable, and low-cost methods to fabricate microgels with extrusion fragmentation, process the microgels into injectable granular hydrogels, and apply the granular hydrogels as extrusion printing inks for biomedical applications.

대량 하이드로젤을 단편화하고 생물 의학 응용 분야를 위한 입상 하이드로젤로 처리

Granular hydrogels are jammed assemblies of hydrogel microparticles (i.e., &#34;microgels&#34;). In the field of biomaterials, granular hydrogels have ...

Synthesis of Strong Adhesive Hydrogel, Gelatin O-Nitrosobenzaldehyde

Adhesive materials have become popular biomaterials in the field of biomedical and tissue engineering. In our previous work, we presented a new material - gelatin o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (gelatin-NB) - which is mainly used for tissue regeneration and has been validated in animal models of corneal injury and inflammatory bowel disease. This is a novel hydrogel formed by modifying biological gelatin with o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (NB). Gelatin-NB was synthesized by activating the carboxyl group of NB-COOH and reacting with gelatin through 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The obtained compound was purified to generate the final product, which can be stably stored for at least 18 months. NB has a strong adhesion to -NH2 on the tissue, which can form many C = N bonds, thus increasing the adhesion of gelatin-NB to the tissue interface. The preparation process comprises steps for the synthesis of the NB-COOH group, modification of the group, synthesis of gelatin-NB, and purification of the compound. The goal is to describe the specific synthesis process of gelatin-NB in detail and to demonstrate the application of gelatin-NB to damage repair. Moreover, the protocol is presented to further strengthen and expand the nature of the material produced by the scientific community for more applicable scenarios.

The protocol presented here shows the synthesis of a strong adhesive hydrogel gelatin o-nitrosobenzaldehyde (gelatin-NB). Gelatin-NB has rapid and efficient tissue adhesion ability, which can form a strong physical barrier to protect wound surfaces, so it is expected to be applied to the field of injury repair biotechnology.

강력한 접착력 하이드로겔, 젤라틴 O-니트로소벤즈알데히드의 합성

Adhesive materials have become popular biomaterials in the field of biomedical and tissue engineering. In our previous work, we presented a new material - ...