세인트 레지스 모 호크 환경 부문, Welaka 국립 물고기 부화장, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 연구 단위, 서던 일리노이 대학, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 동북아 수산 센터, 스털링 캐비어, 캘리포니아 - 데이비스 대학, 개리슨 댐 국립 생선 특별 감사 이 프로젝트에 철갑 상어를 공급 그들의 도움을 부화장, 곰 블러 프 국립 물고기 부화장, 미국 야생 동물 서비스 파나마 시티 수산 자원 사무실.이 문서에서는 USGS 대호 과학 센터의 공헌 2013 년.

중요 참고 : 인해 미국에서 철갑 상어의 모든 종의 보호 상태, 취득 물고기가 실험실 절차에 앞서 얻었다 처리 할 수​​있게한다. 모든 표본으로 인해 자연적인 원인에 부검을 게시 부화장 소스로부터 획득 및 표준 절차에 따라 처리 하였다. 1. 표본 준비 <ol><li> 어떤 절개는 철갑 상어 옆에 시체와 가장 가까운 1mm로 꼬리의 끝 부분에 주둥이에서 총 길이를 측정하기 위해 측정하는 테이프를 사용하여 배치하기 전에. (그림 1A) </li><li> 가장 가까운 1g을 칭량 규모에 철갑 상어의 시체를 달아. 외부 태그 나 마크와 레코드의 시체를 평가합니다. </li></ol> 2. 이석 추출 <ol><li> 몸 (그림 1B)에서 머리를 분리하기 위해 몸을 통해 두개골의베이스와 첫 번째 지느러미 방패 꼴의 뼈 조각 사이에 큰 필렛 나이프와 수직 절개를합니다. 머리, TU를 제거한 후머리 RN 그래서 입 (그림 1C)를 직면하고있다. </li><li> 두개골 (그림 1D)의 복부 측면을 따라 잘라 필렛 나이프를 사용하여 부드러운 입의 조직과 아가미를 제거합니다. 완전히 머리 (그림 1E)를 양분하는 두개골의 바닥에 주둥이의 끝에서 전기 뼈 톱으로 절개를합니다. 뇌 캐비티 (그림 2A)을 노출 손으로 두 부분을 분리합니다. </li><li> 제거하고 뇌 캐비티 (그림 2B) 내에서 반원의 운하를 볼 수있는 집게로 뇌 물질 (빨간색 상자 왼쪽) (빨간색 상자 오른쪽)을 폐기합니다. </li><li> 집게 (그림 2C)와 뇌 캐비티에서 반원형 운하 연골을 제거합니다. 조심스럽게 집게의 끝 반원형 운하 연골에 구멍 (그림 2D)를 이석을 제거합니다. 반원형 운하 연골에서 집게로 이석 (연골 내부 하드 뼈 구조)를 제거합니다 (그림 2E) </stro&gt; NG. </li><li> 두개골의 나머지 절반에서 이석을 제거하는 2.4 - 반복 2.3 단계를 반복합니다. </li><li> 어떤 연골을 제거하기 위해 5 초 동안 92 %의 에탄올의 이석을 찍어. 오픈 25 ML의 섬광 유리 병에 배치 이석은 24 시간 동안 건조합니다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Auer, N. A., LeBreton, G. T. O., Beamish, F. W. H., McKinley, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conservation.">Conservation.</a> Sturgeons and Paddlefish of North America. 27, 252-276 (2004).</li><li>Campana, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy,+precision+and+quality+control+in+age+determination,+including+a+review+of+the+use+and+abuse+of+age+validation+methods).">Accuracy, precision and quality control in age determination, including a review of the use and abuse of age validation methods).</a> Journal of Fish Biology. 59, 197-242 (2001).</li><li>Bruch, R. M., Campana, S. E., Davis-Foust, S. L., Hansen, M. J., Janssen, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lake+Sturgeon+age+validation+using+bomb+radiocarbon+and+known-age+fish.">Lake Sturgeon age validation using bomb radiocarbon and known-age fish.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 138, 361-372 (2009).</li><li>Baremore, I. E., Rosati, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+validated,+minimally+deleterious+method+for+ageing+sturgeon.">A validated, minimally deleterious method for ageing sturgeon.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 112, 274-282 (2014).</li><li>Stevensen, J. T., Secor, D. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age+determination+and+growth+of+Hudson+River+Atlantic+sturgeon,+Acipenser+oxyrhynchus.">Age determination and growth of Hudson River Atlantic sturgeon, Acipenser oxyrhynchus.</a> Fishery Bulletin. 97, 153-166 (1999).</li><li>Brennan, J. S., Cailliet, G. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+age-determination+techniques+for+white+sturgeon+in+California.">Comparative age-determination techniques for white sturgeon in California.</a> Transactions of the American Fishery Society. 118, 296-310 (1989).</li><li>Rossiter, A., Noakes, D. L. G., Beamish, F. W. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+age+estimation+for+the+lake+sturgeon.">Validation of age estimation for the lake sturgeon.</a> Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 124, 777-781 (1995).</li><li>Chalupnicki, M. A., Dittman, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=North+American+Sturgeon+Otolith+Morphology.">North American Sturgeon Otolith Morphology.</a> Copeia. , 260-266 (2016).</li><li>Secor, D. H., Dean, J. M., Laban, E. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for otolith removal and preparation for microstructural examination. , (1991).</li></ol>

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

철갑 상어의 시체에서 이석을 추출하는 다른 방법의 개요를 설명하고있다. 특별한주의가 해부하는 동안 이석에 전혀 해를 끼치 없도록 균일하게 두개골을 양분하기 위해 두개골의 중간 선에 횡 절개 배치에 필요한 것이 중요합니다. 절개 완전히 두개골을 이등분 깊이만큼없는 경우, 이석의 위치가 분명하게 보이는 곳은 뇌 캐비티를 노출하는 것은 매우 어려울 것이다. 경험을 통해, 전체 기술은 ...

전 세계적으로 철갑 상어 (Acipenseridae) 인구 인한 서식지 감소, 인구 조각을 포함 영향에 한 세기 이상 동안 감소하고, 많은 인구가 주 및 연방 법률 1, 2에 의해 보호되도록 남획되고있다. 미국과 전 세계에 걸쳐 관리 기관은 복원 및 복구 1 목표 종으로 철갑 상어를 확인했다. 대부분의 철갑 상어 인구의 인구 특성 (성장, 모집, 다이어트는) 더 기본적인 생물학 및 생명의 역사 특성 (1)을 이해하기 위해 연구되고있다. 대부분의 철갑 상어 개체군의 보호 상태로 인해, 연령 평가는 개인에게 어떤 희생이나 피해는 보증하지 않습니다 작은 위협 인구 어렵다. 나이 추정 및 성장 분석의 목적을 위해 뼈 구조의 추출은 스터 에이지를 결정 핀 선 부분의 일반적인 기술 3 국지적 이용했다에 실용적인 치명적 방법이되었다, 그러나 기술의 검증은 제한되어 있으며, 나이가 나이 개인 (&gt; 15 년)에서 해독하기가 매우 어려울 수있다 4. 걸프 철갑 상어 (인 Acipenser oxyrinchus의 desoti) 5, 대서양 철갑 상어 (A. 오. oxyrinchus) 6, 화이트 철갑 상어 (A.의 transmontanus) 7, 호수 철갑 상어의 나이를 확인하는 자신의 사용을위한 철갑 상어의 여러 뼈 구조의 사용을 평가 연구원 8 첫 번째 한계 가슴 지느러미 광선이 가장 정확한 연령을 제공하지만, 더 큰 개인에게 해로운 일이 침략 절차를 종결 결론을 내렸다 (A.이 fluvescens). 현재 성공 (9)의 매우 높은 속도와 북아메리카 철갑 종 구별 이석 형상 측정을 사용하는 현상이있다. 두개골의 기지 등쪽 횡 절개 이석을 제거하는 공정에 대한 세부 사항은 공통 이석 여분 인ction 방법은 문헌에 걸쳐 발견하고 명확하게 Secor 등의 알에 의해 설명. (1991) 10. 그러나이 방법은 작고 섬세하고 휴식하는 경향 이석 매우 두꺼운 두개골이 철갑 상어에 구현하기가 어렵다. 문헌의 추가 검토가 철갑 상어의 이석 제거 프로세스의 다른 상세한 방법을 보여줍니다. 본 논문의 목적은 세부 사항에 복부 측면에서 뇌 캐비티를 입력하여 철갑 상어에서 이석을 추출하는 다른 방법이었다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="573">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Measuring Board</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Metric meter stick is preferred</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Weighing scale</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Filleting Knife</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sample vials</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>25 ml scintillation vials work well</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

alternative method of removing otoliths from sturgeon

어렵고 많은 시간이 소요 될 수 있습니다 매우 두꺼운 두개골이 물고기의 이석 (귀 뼈)을 추출. 제대로 수행되지 경우 이석이 손상 될 수 있습니다 손이나 전기 톱으로 두개골의 상단에 가로 세로 절개를 만드는 일반적인 방법. 철갑 상어 (Acipenseridae)는 매우 크고 두꺼운 두개골이 특히 한 가족입니다. 이석을 노출 물고기의 복부 측면으로부터 뇌 공동을 입력하는 새로운 실험 방법은하기 문헌에서 찾을 이석 다른 추출 방법보다 쉬웠다. 문헌 평가 방법 필드 설​​계된 신속 물고기 대량 처리를 더 효율적으로된다. 시간이 가압되지 않고, 각각의 시료로부터 성공적으로 추출이 중요한 경우에는,이 새로운 기술은 실험실 환경에 더 적합하도록 설계되었다. 발견하고이 기​​술을 사용하여 제거 이석의 성공은 매우 높고 (S)을 손상하지 않는다어떤 방식으로 tructure. 이 대안 기술은 이석을 추출하는 다른 유사한 물고기 종에 적용 할 수있다.

전세계 철갑 상어의 성인 크기는 매우 다양하지만 이석의 위치가 일치한다. 날카로운 필렛 나이프의 사용은 용이도 1d에 도시 된 구강 연조직을 제거하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 전기 뼈 톱 그림 1E의 뇌 구멍을 노출하는 횡 절개를 선호 도구입니다. 그러나, 두개골의 정중선을 이등분하는 관심 그렇지 이석이 과정에서 분쇄 할 수있다 필요하다. 이 프?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon at JoVE.com

Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses.

철갑 상어에서 이석 제거의 다른 방법

Extracting the otoliths (ear bones) from fish that have very thick skulls can be difficult and very time consuming. The common practice of making a ...

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8.4K 조회수.  Great Lakes Science Center. The goal of the protocol is to show an effective method to extract the otoliths from sturgeon carcasses. 

비디오: Alternative Method of Removing Otoliths from Sturgeon

Detection of Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens from Individual Filth Flies

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a particular foodborne illness outbreak has been challenging. This is because insects are not being aseptically collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations and because there is not a standardized method to detect foodborne bacteria from individual insects. To take a step towards solving this problem, we adapted a protocol from a commercially available PCR-based system that detects foodborne pathogens from food and environmental samples, to detect foodborne pathogens from individual flies.Using this standardized protocol, we surveyed 100 wild-caught flies for the presence of Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes and demonstrated that it was possible to detect and further isolate these pathogens from the body surface and the alimentary canal of a single fly. Twenty-two percent of the alimentary canals and 8% of the body surfaces from collected wild flies were positive for at least one of the three foodborne pathogens. The prevalence of Cronobacter spp. on either body part of the flies was statistically higher (19%) than the prevalence of S. enterica (7%) and L.monocytogenes (4%). No false positives were observed when detecting S. enterica and L. monocytogenes using this PCR-based system because pure bacterial cultures were obtained from all PCR-positive results. However, pure Cronobacter colonies were not obtained from about 50% of PCR-positive samples, suggesting that the PCR-based detection system for this pathogen cross-reacts with other Enterobacteriaceae present among the highly complex microbiota carried by wild flies. The standardized protocol presented here will allow laboratories to detect bacterial foodborne pathogens from aseptically collected insects, thereby giving public health officials another line of evidence to find out how the food was contaminated when performing foodborne outbreak investigations.

A PCR-based protocol was adapted to detect Cronobacter spp., Salmonella enterica, and Listeria monocytogenes from body surfaces and alimentary canals of individual wild-caught flies. The goal of this protocol is to detect and isolate bacterial pathogens from individual insects collected as part of an environmental sampling program during foodborne outbreak investigations.

There is unanimous consensus that insects are important vectors of foodborne pathogens. However, linking insects as vectors of the pathogen causing a ...

연구

환경과학

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

농업과 도시 유출수의 지표수 독성과 관련된 오염 물질 제거를위한 식물 처리 시스템

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in the Earth&#39;s atmosphere, a central process in meteorology, hydrology, and for the climate system. But because specific extraction and characterization of these compounds have been lacking for decades, very little is known on their identity, properties, mode of action and origins, thus preventing the full understanding of cloud formation and its potential links with the Earth&#39;s ecosystems.
In this paper we present recently developed methods for 1) the targeted extraction of all the surfactants from atmospheric aerosol samples and for the determination of 2) their absolute concentrations in the aerosol phase and 3) their static surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC). These methods have been validated with 9 references surfactants, including anionic, cationic and non-ionic ones. Examples of results are presented for surfactants found in fine aerosol particles (diameter &#60;1 &#956;m) collected at a coastal site in Croatia and suggestions for future improvements and other characterizations than those presented are discussed.

Methods are presented for the targeted extraction of surfactants present in atmospheric aerosols and the determination of their absolute concentrations and surface tension curves in water, including their Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC).

대기 에어로졸의 추출 및 계면 활성제의 특성

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

Metal Corrosion and the Efficiency of Corrosion Inhibitors in Less Conductive Media

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, prevent them and minimize the damages associated with them. One of the most important characteristics of corrosion processes is the corrosion rate. The measurement of corrosion rates is often very difficult or even impossible especially in less conductive, non-aqueous environments such as biofuels. Here, we present five different methods for the determination of corrosion rates and the efficiency of anti-corrosion protection in biofuels: (i) a static test, (ii) a dynamic test, (iii) a static test with a reflux cooler and electrochemical measurements (iv) in a two-electrode arrangement and (v) in a three-electrode arrangement. The static test is advantageous due to its low demands on material and instrumental equipment. The dynamic test allows for the testing of corrosion rates of metallic materials at more severe conditions. The static test with a reflux cooler allows for the testing in environments with higher viscosity (e.g., engine oils) at higher temperatures in the presence of oxidation or an inert atmosphere. The electrochemical measurements provide a more comprehensive view on corrosion processes. The presented cell geometries and arrangements (the two-electrode and three-electrode systems) make it possible to perform measurements in biofuel environments without base electrolytes that could have a negative impact on the results and load them with measurement errors. The presented methods make it possible to study the corrosion aggressiveness of an environment, the corrosion resistance of metallic materials, and the efficiency of corrosion inhibitors with representative and reproducible results. The results obtained using these methods can help to understand corrosion processes in more detail to minimize the damages caused by corrosion.

The testing of processes associated with material corrosion can often be difficult especially in non-aqueous environments. Here, we present different methods for short-term and long-term testing of corrosion behavior of non-aqueous environments such as biofuels, especially those containing bioethanol.

금속 부식 및 보다 적게 전도성 매체에서 부식 억제제의 효율성

Material corrosion can be a limiting factor for different materials in many applications. Thus, it is necessary to better understand corrosion processes, ...

Detection of Viruses from Bioaerosols Using Anion Exchange Resin

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid impingement-based air sampling devices for efficacious concentration of negatively-charged viruses from bioaerosols. Thus, the resin serves as an additional concentration step in the bioaerosol sampling workflow. Nucleic acid extraction of the viral particles is then performed directly from the anion exchange resin, with the resulting sample suitable for molecular analyses. Further, this protocol describes a custom-built bioaerosol chamber capable of generating virus-laden bioaerosols under a variety of environmental conditions and allowing for continuous monitoring of environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, wind speed, and aerosol mass concentration. The main advantage of using this protocol is increased sensitivity of viral detection, as assessed via direct comparison to an unmodified conventional liquid impinger. Other advantages include the potential to concentrate diverse negatively-charged viruses, the low cost of anion exchange resin (~$0.14 per sample), and ease of use. Disadvantages include the inability of this protocol to assess infectivity of resin-adsorbed viral particles, and potentially the need for the optimization of the liquid sampling buffer used within the impinger.

An anion exchange resin-based method, adapted to liquid impingement-based bioaerosol sampling of viruses is demonstrated. When coupled with downstream molecular detection, the method allows for facile and sensitive detection of viruses from bioaerosols.

Bioaerosols 음이온 교환 수 지를 사용 하 여 바이러스의 검출

This protocol demonstrates a customized bioaerosol sampling method for viruses. In this system, anion exchange resin is coupled with liquid ...

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many countries around the world. Severe yield losses are caused by direct feeding, and even more importantly, also by the transmission of more than 100 harmful plant pathogenic viruses. As for other invasive pests, increased international trade facilitates the dispersal of B. tabaci to areas beyond its native range. Inspections of plant import products at points of entry such as seaports and airports are, therefore, seen as an important prevention measure. However, this last line of defense against pest invasions is only effective if rapid identification methods for suspicious insect specimens are readily available. Because the morphological differentiation between the regulated B. tabaci and close relatives without quarantine status is difficult for non-taxonomists, a rapid molecular identification assay based on the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology has been developed. This publication reports the detailed protocol of the novel assay describing rapid DNA extraction, set-up of the LAMP reaction, as well as interpretation of its read-out, which allows identifying B. tabaci specimens within one hour. Compared to existing protocols for the detection of specific B. tabaci biotypes, the developed method targets the whole B. tabaci species complex in one assay. Moreover the assay is designed to be applied on-site by plant health inspectors with minimal laboratory training directly at points of entry. Thorough validation performed under laboratory and on-site conditions demonstrates that the reported LAMP assay is a rapid and reliable identification tool, improving the management of B. tabaci.

A Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification LAMP Assay for Rapid Identification of Bemisia tabaci

This paper reports the protocol for a rapid identification assay for Bemisia tabaci based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) technology. The protocol requires minimal laboratory training and can, therefore, be implemented on-site at points of entry for plant imports such as seaports and airports.

루프-중재 등온 증폭 (램프) 분석 결과 Bemisia tabaci 의 빠른 식별

The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is an invasive pest of considerable importance, affecting the production of vegetable and ornamental crops in many ...

Sample Preparation Method of Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope for the Appendages of Woodboring Beetle

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of the woodboring beetle, Chlorophorus caragana Xie &#38; Wang (2012), for both types of electron microscopy. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sample preparation protocol was based on sample chemical fixation, dehydration in a series of ethanol baths, drying, and sputter-coating. By adding Tween 20 (Polyoxyethylene sorbitan laurate) to the fixative and the wash solution, the insect body surface of woodboring beetle was washed more cleanly in SEM. This study&#39;s transmission electron microscopy (TEM) sample preparation involved a series of steps including fixation, ethanol dehydration, embedding in resin, positioning using fluorescence microscopy, sectioning, and staining. Fixative with Tween 20 enabled penetrate the insect body wall of woodboring beetle more easily than it would had been without Tween 20, and subsequently better fixed tissues and organs in the body, thus yielded clear transmission electron microscope observations of insect sensilla ultrastructures. The next step of this preparation was determining the positions of insect sensilla in the sample embedded in the resin block by using fluorescence microscopy to increase the precision of target sensilla positioning. This improved slicing accuracy.

In order to observe ultrastructure of insect sensilla, scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM, respectively) sample preparation protocol were presented in the study. Tween 20 was added into the fixative to avoid sample deformation in SEM. Fluorescence microscopy was helpful for improving slicing accuracy in TEM.

목공 딱정벌레의 부속물을 위한 주사 및 투과 전자 현미경의 시료 제조 방법

This report described sample preparation methods that scanning and transmission electron microscope observations, demonstrated by preparing appendages of ...

Cortisol Extraction from Sturgeon Fin and Jawbone Matrices

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) and quantify any differences in fin cortisol levels among three main sturgeon species. Fins were harvested from 19 sacrificed sturgeons including seven beluga (Huso huso), seven Siberian (Acipenser baerii), and five sevruga (A. stellatus). The sturgeons were raised in Iranian farms for 2 years (2017-2018), and cortisol extraction analysis was conducted in South Korea (January-February 2019). Jawbones from five H. huso were also used for cortisol extraction. Data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) procedure in the SAS environment. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 14.15 and 7.70, respectively. Briefly, the cortisol extraction technique involved washing the samples (300 &#177; 10 mg) with 3 mL of solvent (ultrapure water and isopropanol) twice, rotation at 80&#160;rpm for 2.5 min, air-drying the washed samples at room temperature (22-28 &#176;C) for 7 days, further drying the samples using a bead beater at 50 Hz for 32 min and grinding them into powder, applying 1.5 mL methanol to the dried powder (75 &#177; 5 mg), and slow rotation (40 rpm) for 18 h at room temperature with continuous mixing. Following extraction, samples were centrifuged (9,500 x g for 10 min), and 1 mL supernatant was transferred into a new microcentrifuge tube (1.5 mL), incubated at 38 &#176;C to evaporate the methanol, and analyzed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). No differences were observed in fin cortisol levels among species or in fin and jawbone cortisol levels between washing solvents. The results of this study demonstrate that the sturgeon jawbone matrix is a promising alternative stress indicator to solid matrices.

In this study, we present a protocol for cortisol extraction from the fin and jawbone of sturgeon species. Fin and jawbone cortisol levels were further examined by comparing two washing solvents followed by ELISA assays. This study piloted the feasibility of jawbone cortisol as a novel stress indicator.

철갑상어 지느러미와 턱뼈 매트릭스에서 코티솔 추출

The aims of this study were to develop a technique for the extraction of cortisol from sturgeon fins using two washing solvents (water and isopropanol) ...

A Method for Quantifying Foliage-Dwelling Arthropods

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density requires a method with high detection probability and a known sampling area. While most described methods provide a qualitative or semi-quantitative estimate adequate for describing species presence, richness, and diversity, few provide an adequately consistent detection probability and known or consistent sampling areas to provide an index or estimate with adequate precision to detect differences in abundance across environmental, spatial, or temporal variables. We describe how to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate and quantify them. As we demonstrate, this method can be used at a landscape scale to quantify leaf-dwelling arthropods with adequate precision to test for and describe how spatial, temporal, environmental, and ecological variables influence arthropod richness and abundance. This method allowed us to detect differences in density, richness, and diversity of leaf-dwelling arthropods among 5 genera of trees commonly found in southeastern deciduous forests.

We describe how to quantify leaf dwelling arthropods by sealing the leaves and end of branches in a bag, clipping and freezing the bagged material, and rinsing the previously frozen material in water to separate arthropods from the substrate for quantification.

단풍 주거 절지동물을 정량화하는 방법

Terrestrial arthropods play an important role in our environment. Quantifying arthropods in a way that allows for a precise index or estimates of density ...

Electrostatic Method to Remove Particulate Organic Matter from Soil

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of roots and plant material from soil can result in highly variable carbon measurements. Methods to remove the plant material are often limited to the largest, most visible plant materials. In this manuscript we describe how electrostatic attraction can be used to remove plant material from a soil sample. An electrostatically charged surface passed close to dry soil naturally attracts both undecomposed and partially decomposed plant particles, along with a small quantity of mineral and aggregated soil. The soil sample is spread in a thin layer on a flat surface or a soil sieve. A plastic or glass Petri dish is electrostatically charged by rubbing with polystyrene foam or nylon or cotton cloth. The charged dish is passed repeatedly over the soil. The dish is then brushed clean and recharged. Re-spreading the soil and repeating the procedure eventually results in a diminishing yield of particulates. The process removes about 1 to 5% of the soil sample, and about 2 to 3 times that proportion in organic carbon. Like other particulate removal methods, the endpoint is arbitrary and not all free particulates are removed. The process takes approximately 5 min and does not require a chemical process as do density flotation methods. Electrostatic attraction consistently removes material with higher than average C concentration and C:N ratio, and much of the material can be visually identified as plant or faunal material under a microscope.

Removing recently deposited and incompletely decomposed plant material from soil samples reduces the influence of temporary seasonal inputs on soil organic carbon measurements. Attraction to an electrostatically charged surface can be used to quickly remove a substantial amount of particulate organic matter.

토양에서 미립자 유기물을 제거하는 정전기 방법

Estimations of soil organic carbon are dependent on soil processing methods including removal of undecomposed plant material. Inadequate separation of ...