Name: a protocol for the production of gliadin-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating
Uploaded: 2016-07-08T14:00:00.000+00:00
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전문가 기술 지원 씨 제이슨 아드 킨스에게 감사드립니다.

1. 탈지 상업 글 리아 딘 <ol><li> 눈금 실린더 아세톤 150 ㎖를 측정하고 250 mL의 삼각 플라스크에 붓는다. <ol><li> RT에서 자석 교반기 스핀 막대로 교반하면서 상업적 글 리아 딘 분말 30g을 추가한다. 알루미늄 호일로 플라스크의 입구를 밀봉하고, 후드에서 O / N 감동을 계속. </li></ol></li><li> 필터 종이와 솔루션을 여과. <ol><li> 신선한 아세톤 (약 50 ㎖)로 여과 액을 씻으십시오. 10 분은 아세톤 배출 할 수 있도록 방치하자. </li><li> 이러한 세포 배양 사각 접시로 큰 접시 아래 여과지와 함께 여과 전송. 잔류 아세톤의 증발 속도를 느리게하는 큰 필터 종이 전체 접시를 커버. </li><li> 여과 액은 후드 O의 /의 N 완전히 건조하도록 허용합니다. 실온에서 밀폐 용기에 탈지 글 리아 딘을 저장합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 정제 된 글 리아 딘 2. 준비 <ol><li> WA 150㎖의 측정눈금 실린더 터와 1,000 ㎖의 삼각 플라스크에 붓는다. <ol><li> 엉망 실린더와 무수 에탄올 350 ml의 측정과 동일한 1,000 ㎖의 삼각 플라스크에 붓는다. 더 버블이 혼합 용액으로부터 발생되지 않을 때까지 스핀 바 - (1,000 RPM 800) 격렬하게 교반 하였다. </li></ol></li><li> 교반하면서, 탈지 상업 글 리아 딘 분말 20g을 추가합니다. 중간에 공기가 들어 덩어리의 형성을 피하기 위해 한번에 소량으로 글 리아 딘을 추가한다. O / N 교반에 보관하십시오. </li><li> 1,000 ml의 혼란 실린더에 전체 솔루션을 전송합니다. 이틀 동안 서 보자. 이 시간 동안, 불순물들은 상기 실린더의 바닥에 침전 될 것이다. </li><li> 피펫으로 회전 증발기에 뜨는을 전송하고, 가능한 한 상층 액에서 에탄올을 제거합니다. 에탄올의 비율이 감소함에 따라, 글 리아 딘 집계과 솔루션에 표시됩니다. </li><li> 메탄올 회전 / 침지하여 솔루션을 포함 글 리아 딘 집계를 고정/ 드라이 아이스 혼합물 및 동결 건조 진공 -70 ° C에서. 동결 건조하기 전에, 전체 솔루션은 액체없이 고정되어 있는지 확인합니다. 주 : 동결 건조 된 글 리아 딘이 다공성 고체를 형성 할 것이다. </li><li> 박격포와 유 봉 동결 건조 글 리아 딘을 분쇄하고, 고급 전원 (&lt;0.5 mm)를 얻기 위해 커피 분쇄기로 분쇄. 실온에서 밀폐 용기 및 저장에 제품을 전송합니다. </li></ol> 글 리아 딘과 ECA 3. 중합 반응 <ol><li> 무게 밸런스, 용기의 섬광 유리 병을 (부피가 약 20 ml의 경우) 놓습니다. scitillation 유리 병에 3.2 g 증류수 및 6.8 g 무수 에탄올을 추가합니다. </li><li> 유리 병에 자기 스핀 바 (20 × 3mm)를 넣어 자석 교반기로의 섬광 유리 병을 이동하고 적극적으로 저어 - 공기 거품이 에탄올 혼합물로부터 생성되지 않을 때까지 (800 1,000 RPM을). </li><li> 교반하면서 유리 병에 4 N 염산 40 μl를 추가합니다. STI는 동안 유리 병에 글 리아 딘 20mg을 추가<html> rring와 글 리아 딘의 분말을 완전히 에탄올의 혼합물에 용해 될 때까지 교반을 계속. </li><li> 1,000 rpm으로 - 교반 속도가 여전히 800 동안 ECA 100 ㎕ - 확인한 후 글 리아 딘 솔루션은 육안에 분명하다, 천천히 (80)를 추가합니다. <ol><li> 500 rpm으로 교반 속도를 낮추고, 그리고 1 시간 동안 계속 교반 하였다. 반응이 진행됨에 따라, 중합 반응이 진행 중임을 나타내는 탁도를 관찰한다. </li></ol></li><li> 반응이 종료되면, 원심 분리 튜브에 용액을 전송하고, 상기 튜브의 무게 균형. 20 분 동안 10,000 × g으로의 반응 생성물을 원심 분리기. 이 기간 동안, 측면 제품 침전물과 나노 입자는 supernantant에 남아 있습니다. 부산물의 주요 성분은 PACA 단독 중합체이다. </li><li> 원심 분리 후, 섬광 유리 병 (또는 밀폐 용기)에 피펫으로 제조 된 나노 입자 현탁액 (뜨는)를 전송하고 실온에서 보관합니다. </li></ol>제품의 제목 &quot;&gt; 4. 특성 <ol><li> 20 ㎖ 섬광 유리 병에 3.2 g의 물과 6.8 g 무수 에탄올을 혼합하여 68 중량 % 에탄올 10 g을 준비하고 더 거품이 혼합 용액에서 생성되지 않을 때까지 저어. <ol><li> 교반하면서 혼합 용액에 4 N 염산 40 μl를 추가합니다. 교반하면서 제조 된 에탄올 용액에 나노 입자 현탁액의 50 μl를 추가합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 상기 제조 된 샘플 용액을 사용하여 동적 광산란 (DLS)을 가진 나노 입자의 크기를 측정하고, 제조자의 지시에 따른다. 주 : 최종 제품의 크기가 작은 200nm 이하이어야한다. 이 200nm보다 큰 경우, 제품이 장기간 안정적 일 수 없다. 채용 된 ECA 신선한하지 않을 경우 더 큰 나노 입자가 생성된다. </li></ol> 제품 5. 시험 <ol><li> 그러한 손 거울 유리판을 준비한다. 비누 물 유리 기판의 표면을 세척 할 것. 아르 자형흐르는 물과 유리 기판의 표면 INSE. 세척 된 표면을 건조하거나 다음 단계 건조하지 않고 사용합니다. </li><li> 유리판의 일부에 3.6에서 수득 한 나노 입자 현탁액)을 스프레이하고, 즉시 흐르는 물 표면을 씻어 낸다. </li><li> 유리판의 표면에 순수를 분무. 코팅되지 않은 표면이 분명하다 동안 코팅 (나노 입자 현탁액을 분무) 표면 유지 물 층을 준수하십시오. </li></ol>

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	<li>Vauthier, C., Dubernet, C., Fattal, E., Pinto-Alphandary, H., Couvreur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates)+as+biodegradable+materials+for+biomedical+applications.">Poly(alkylcyanoacrylates) as biodegradable materials for biomedical applications.</a> Adv. Drug Deliver. Rev. 55, 519-548 (2003).</li><li>Wieser, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+of+gluten+proteins.">Chemistry of gluten proteins.</a> Food Microbiol. 24, 115-119 (2007).</li><li>Bietz, J. A., Wall, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identity+of+high+molecular+weight+gliadin+and+ethanol+soluble+glutenin+subunits+of+wheat:+Relation+to+gluten+structure.">Identity of high molecular weight gliadin and ethanol soluble glutenin subunits of wheat: Relation to gluten structure.</a> Cereal Chem. 57, 415-421 (1980).</li><li>Kim, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+composites+by+using+gliadin+as+a+bonding+material.">Production of composites by using gliadin as a bonding material.</a> J. Cereal Sci. 54, 168-172 (2011).</li><li>Kim, S., Kim, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+gliadin-poly(ethyl+cyanoacrylate)+nanoparticles+for+hydrophilic+coating.">Production of gliadin-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating.</a> J. Nanopart. Res. 16, 1-10 (2014).</li><li>Behan, N., Birkinshaw, C., Clarke, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly+n-butyl+cyanoacrylate+nanoparticles:+a+mechanistic+study+of+polymerisation+and+particle+formation.">Poly n-butyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles: a mechanistic study of polymerisation and particle formation.</a> Biomaterials. 22, 1335-1344 (2001).</li><li>Nicolas, J., Couvreur, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synthesis+of+poly(alkyl+cyanoacrylate)-based+colloidal+nanomedicines.">Synthesis of poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)-based colloidal nanomedicines.</a> Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 1, 111-127 (2009).</li><li>Kim, S., Evans, K., Biswas, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Production+of+BSA-poly(ethyl+cyanoacrylate)+nanoparticles+as+a+coating+material+that+improves+wetting+property.">Production of BSA-poly(ethyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles as a coating material that improves wetting property.</a> Colloid Surface. B. 107, 68-75 (2013).</li><li>Lander, L. M., Siewierski, L. M., Brittain, W. J., Vogler, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+systematic+comparison+of+contact+angle+methods.">A systematic comparison of contact angle methods.</a> Langmuir. 9, 2237-2239 (1993).</li><li>Davies, J., Nunnerley, C. S., Brisley, A. C., Edwards, J. C., Finlayson, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+Dynamic+Contact+Angle+Profile+Analysis+in+Studying+the+Kinetics+of+Protein+Removal+from+Steel+Glass,+Polytetrafluoroethylene,+Polypropylene,+Ethylenepropylene+Rubber,+and+Silicone+Surfaces.">Use of Dynamic Contact Angle Profile Analysis in Studying the Kinetics of Protein Removal from Steel Glass, Polytetrafluoroethylene, Polypropylene, Ethylenepropylene Rubber, and Silicone Surfaces.</a> J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 182, 437-443 (1996).</li><li>Giolando, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nano-crystals+of+titanium+dioxide+in+aluminum+oxide:+A+transparent+self-cleaning+coating+applicable+to+solar+energy.">Nano-crystals of titanium dioxide in aluminum oxide: A transparent self-cleaning coating applicable to solar energy.</a> Sol. Energy. 97, 195-199 (2013).</li></ol>

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There are several critical steps in the production of the nanoparticle suspension. If the purified gliadin contains impurities, the reaction with ECA will produce side products. Although these unwanted products can be removed from the reaction medium during the centrifugation stage, it lowers the yield of the major product. If the gliadin solution prepared during experimental step 2.3) does not show clear separation between supernatant and precipitate after two days, the solution needs to stand for longer time. Using fre...

The goal of this article is to show the protocol for the preparation of nanoparticle suspension that modifies the wetting property of materials by a simple spray. The presented nanoparticle suspension is made from alkyl cyanoacrylate1 and a cereal protein, gliadin2,3. During the manufacturing process, protein aggregates are formed in aqueous ethanol4. Subsequent reaction with monomer (alkyl cyanoacrylate) produces the nanoparticle that is comprised of a protein core surrounded by linear polymer chains [poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)]5.
Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)s are biodegradable and have been used for the production of nanoparticles via emulsion polymerization6. This reaction is spontaneously initiated by the hydroxyl groups dissociated from water or by other nucleophilic groups in the reaction medium7. In the case of the reaction presented in this article, the amine groups on the surface of protein aggregates initiate the polymerization reaction of alkyl cyanoacrylate monomers5,8. As a result of this reaction, nanoparticles are formed in the reaction medium. The core of the nanoparticle is protein aggregates and the outer layer is poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) chains. The prepared nanoparticle has a strong affinity on most materials (more precisely, any material which PACA can adsorb to) and adheres onto their surface to form a thin coating on a nanometer scale. A simple spray coating instantly turns the surface of the materials hydrophilic.
Gliadin is one of the main fractions of gluten, which is in the endosperms of wheat. Gliadins are mainly monomeric proteins with molecular weights around 28,000 - 55,000. Non-covalent bonds such as hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and hydrophobic bonds are responsible for the aggregation of gliadins2. Although gliadin is chosen as a reactant in this article, many other proteins can also be used for the same purpose. However, the reaction condition needs to be modified accordingly because the condition for inducing aggregation is dependent on the type of protein to be employed8. Compared with other proteins, gliadin is more readily available, purification is simple, and production cost is low. Although ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) is chosen as a monomer for the presented reaction, other alkyl cyanoacrylates can also be used for the same reaction. The reason for choosing ECA is that it is readily available at low cost.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Ethyl cyanoacrylate (ECA) monomer</td><td>K&amp;amp;R International (Laguna Niguel, CA)</td><td>I-1605</td><td>Any pure ECA can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Gliadin</td><td>MGP Ingredients, Inc (Atchison, KS)</td><td>Gift from the company</td><td>Gliadin can be purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (cat #: G3375-25G). Instead of gliadin, any commercial&amp;nbsp; gluten can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>HCl</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Methanol</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol (100%)</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any reagent grade chemical can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Filter paper</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any grade filter paper larger than 10 cm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture square dish</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any dish larger than 20 x 20 cm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Coffee grinder</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any coffee grinder can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any rotary evaporator can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Freeze Dryer</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any freeze dryer that can reach -70 &amp;deg;C can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any centrifuge that can apply 1,000 x g can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Magnetic stirrer</td><td>Any</td><td></td><td>Any magnetic stirrer that can turn spin bar to 1,000 rpm can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)</td><td>Brookhaven Instruments Corporation</td><td>NanoBrook Omni Zeta Potential Analyzer</td><td>DLS from any company can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)</td><td>Carl Zeiss Inc.</td><td></td><td>Any SEM can be used.</td></tr><tr><td>Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA)</td><td>Thermo Cahn Instruments</td><td></td><td>Any DCA can be used.</td></tr></tbody></table>

a protocol for the production of gliadin-cyanoacrylate nanoparticles for hydrophilic coating

이 문서는 간단한 스프레이 코팅함으로써 친수성으로 소수성 표면을 변경 단백질 계 나노 입자의 생산을위한 프로토콜을 제공한다. 이러한 나노 입자는 곡류 단백질 (글 리아 딘) 분자의 표면 상에 알킬, 시아 노 아크릴 레이트의 중합 반응에 의해 제조된다. 시아 노 아크릴 레이트는 알킬기가 물질의 표면에인가 될 때 즉각적으로 RT에서 중합 단량체이다. 그 중합 반응은 수분을 포함하는 표면에 약 염기성 또는 구핵 종의 미량으로 개시된다. 중합 후에 니트릴 기는 폴리 (알킬 시아 노 아크릴 레이트)의 중추이기 때문에, 중합 된 알킬 시아 노 아크릴 레이트는 오브젝트 물질과 강한 친 화성을 나타낸다. 그들은 시아 노 아크릴 레이트의 중합을 개시 할 수 아민 그룹을 포함하기 때문에 단백질이 중합 개시제로서 작동합니다. 응집 된 단백질은 개시제로서 사용되는 경우, 단백질 응집물은 소수성 둘러싸여폴리 (알킬 시아 노 아크릴 레이트) 알킬, 시아 노 아크릴 레이트의 중합 반응 후의 체인. 실험 조건을 제어함으로써, 나노 미터 범위의 입자가 제조된다. 생성 된 나노 입자를 용이하게 유리, 금속, 플라스틱, 목재, 피혁, 직물을 포함하여 대부분의 재료의 표면에 흡착. 재료의 표면이 생성 된 나노 입자 현탁액을 분무하고, 물로 세정하는 경우, 나노 입자의 미셀 구조의 형태를 변경하고, 친수성 ​​단백질은 공기에 노출된다. 그 결과, 나노 입자 표면에 코팅 된 친수성으로 변화시킨다.

나노 입자는 다양한 반응 조건으로 제조 할 수있다. 글 리아 딘 양식은 에탄올 함량 (5)의 넓은 범위에서 집계. 그러나, 응집체의 크기는 추가 층 (예., 중합 ECA)이이 집합에 추가되기 때문에 가능한 한 작게 할 필요가 있고,이 프로세스는 최종 크기가 더 크게된다. 입자의 최종 크기가 너무 크면, 입자가 불안정하고 쉽게 침전된다. 따라서, 68 % 에탄올 수용액?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating at JoVE.com

A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

친수성 코팅 글 리아 딘 - 시아 노 아크릴 레이트 나노 입자의 생산을위한 프로토콜

This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic by a simple spray ...

a-protocol-for-production-gliadin-cyanoacrylate-nanoparticles-for

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

6.9K 조회수.  USDA/ARS/NCAUR. This article presents a protocol for the production of protein-based nanoparticles that changes the hydrophobic surface to hydrophilic. The produced nanoparticle is an assembly of gliadin-cyanoacrylate diblock copolymers. Spray coating with the produced nanoparticle changes the surface of target material to a hydrophilic surface.

비디오: A Protocol for the Production of Gliadin-cyanoacrylate Nanoparticles for Hydrophilic Coating

Formulation of Diblock Polymeric Nanoparticles through Nanoprecipitation Technique

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale (nanoparticles). Nanoparticles can be engineered in a precise fashion where their size, composition and surface chemistry can be carefully controlled. This enables unprecedented freedom to modify some of the fundamental properties of their cargo, such as solubility, diffusivity, biodistribution, release characteristics and immunogenicity. Since their inception, nanoparticles have been utilized in many areas of science and medicine, including drug delivery, imaging, and cell biology1-4. However, it has not been fully utilized outside of "nanotechnology laboratories" due to perceived technical barrier. In this article, we describe a simple method to synthesize a polymer based nanoparticle platform that has a wide range of potential applications. 
The first step is to synthesize a diblock co-polymer that has both a hydrophobic domain and hydrophilic domain. Using PLGA and PEG as model polymers, we described a conjugation reaction using EDC/NHS chemistry5 (Fig 1). We also discuss the polymer purification process. The synthesized diblock co-polymer can self-assemble into nanoparticles in the nanoprecipitation process through hydrophobic-hydrophilic interactions.
The described polymer nanoparticle is very versatile. The hydrophobic core of the nanoparticle can be utilized to carry poorly soluble drugs for drug delivery experiments6. Furthermore, the nanoparticles can overcome the problem of toxic solvents for poorly soluble molecular biology reagents, such as wortmannin, which requires a solvent like DMSO. However, DMSO can be toxic to cells and interfere with the experiment. These poorly soluble drugs and reagents can be effectively delivered using polymer nanoparticles with minimal toxicity. Polymer nanoparticles can also be loaded with fluorescent dye and utilized for intracellular trafficking studies. Lastly, these polymer nanoparticles can be conjugated to targeting ligands through surface PEG. Such targeted nanoparticles can be utilized to label specific epitopes on or in cells7-10.

This article describes a nanoprecipitation method to synthesize polymer-based nanoparticles using diblock co-polymers. We will discuss the synthesis of diblock co-polymers, the nanoprecipitation technique, and potential applications.

Nanoprecipitation 기법을 통해 디블록 고분자 Nanoparticles의 제형

Nanotechnology is a relatively new branch of science that involves harnessing the unique properties of particles that are nanometers in scale ...

연구

생체공학

Preparation and Characterization of SDF-1&#945;-Chitosan-Dextran Sulfate Nanoparticles

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under appropriate conditions. The glycan nanoparticles are useful carriers for protein factors, which facilitate the in vivo delivery of the proteins and sustain their retention in the targeted tissue. The glycan polyelectrolyte complexes are also ideal for protein delivery, as the incorporation is carried out in aqueous solution, which reduces the likelihood of inactivation of the proteins. Proteins with a heparin-binding site adhere to dextran sulfate readily, and are, in turn, stabilized by the binding. These particles are also less inflammatory and toxic when delivered in vivo. In the protocol described below, SDF-1&#945; (Stromal cell-derived factor-1&#945;), a stem cell homing factor, is first mixed and incubated with dextran sulfate. Chitosan is added to the mixture to form polyelectrolyte complexes, followed by zinc sulfate to stabilize the complexes with zinc bridges. The resultant SDF-1&#945;-DS-CS particles are measured for size (diameter) and surface charge (zeta potential). The amount of the incorporated SDF-1&#945; is determined, followed by measurements of its in vitro release rate and its chemotactic activity in a particle-bound form.

The objective of this protocol is to incorporate SDF-1&#945;, a stem cell homing factor, into dextran sulfate-chitosan nanoparticles. The resultant particles are measured for their size and zeta potential, as well as the content, activity, and in vitro release rate of SDF-1&#945; from the nanoparticles.

SDF-1α-키토산 덱스 트란 황산 나노 입자의 제조 및 특성

Chitosan (CS) and dextran sulfate (DS) are charged polysaccharides (glycans), which form polyelectrolyte complex-based nanoparticles when mixed under ...

화학

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are encapsulated in polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PSPAA) shells and then used as monomers for their self-assembly. Spherical PSPAA micelles upon acid treatment are known to assemble into cylindrical micelles. Exploiting this tendency, the core-shell nanoparticles are induced to aggregate, coalesce, and then transform into long chains. When more than one type of nanoparticles are used, random and block &#8220;copolymers&#8221; of nanoparticles can be obtained. Detailed procedures are reported for the PSPAA encapsulation of nanoparticles, homo- and co-polymerization of the core-shell nanoparticles, separation and purification of the resulting nanoparticle chains. Transformations of single-line chains into double- and triple-line chains are also presented. The synergy between the polymer shell and the embedded nanoparticles leads to an unusual chain-growth polymerization mode, giving long nanoparticle chains that are distinct from the products of the traditional step-growth aggregation process.

Using Polystyrene-block-polyacrylic acid-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

We report protocols for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; various types of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles into long chains of &#8220;homo-&#8220; and &#8220;co-polymers&#8221;.

폴리스타이렌을 사용하여<em&gt; 블록</em&gt; 폴리 (아크릴산) 및 이들의 단독 중합체는 공중합 용 단량체로 피복 된 금속 나노 입자

We present a template-free method for &#8220;polymerizing&#8221; nanoparticles into long chains without side branches. A variety of nanoparticles are ...

High-throughput Synthesis of Carbohydrates and Functionalization of Polyanhydride Nanoparticles

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design efficacious vaccines carriers. Nanoparticle-based platforms can prolong the persistence of vaccine antigens, which could improve vaccine immunogenicity1. Several biodegradable polymers have been studied as vaccine delivery vehicles1; in particular, polyanhydride particles have demonstrated the ability to provide sustained release of stable protein antigens and to activate antigen presenting cells and modulate immune responses2-12.
The molecular design of these vaccine carriers needs to integrate the rational selection of polymer properties as well as the incorporation of appropriate targeting agents. High throughput automated fabrication of targeting ligands and functionalized particles is a powerful tool that will enhance the ability to study a wide range of properties and will lead to the design of reproducible vaccine delivery devices.
The addition of targeting ligands capable of being recognized by specific receptors on immune cells has been shown to modulate and tailor immune responses10,11,13 C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize carbohydrates present on the surface of pathogens. The stimulation of immune cells via CLRs allows for enhanced internalization of antigen and subsequent presentation for further T cell activation14,15. Therefore, carbohydrate molecules play an important role in the study of immune responses; however, the use of these biomolecules often suffers from the lack of availability of structurally well-defined and pure carbohydrates. An automation platform based on iterative solution-phase reactions can enable rapid and controlled synthesis of these synthetically challenging molecules using significantly lower building block quantities than traditional solid-phase methods16,17.
Herein we report a protocol for the automated solution-phase synthesis of oligosaccharides such as mannose-based targeting ligands with fluorous solid-phase extraction for intermediate purification. After development of automated methods to make the carbohydrate-based targeting agent, we describe methods for their attachment on the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles employing an automated robotic set up operated by LabVIEW as previously described10. Surface functionalization with carbohydrates has shown efficacy in targeting CLRs10,11 and increasing the throughput of the fabrication method to unearth the complexities associated with a multi-parametric system will be of great value (Figure 1a).

In this article, a high throughput method is presented for the synthesis of oligosaccharides and their attachment to the surface of polyanhydride nanoparticles for further use in targeting specific receptors on antigen presenting cells.

Polyanhydride의 Nanoparticles의 높은 처리량 탄수화물의 합성과 작용화

Transdisciplinary approaches involving areas such as material design, nanotechnology, chemistry, and immunology have to be utilized to rationally design ...

Preparation of Hydroxy-PAAm Hydrogels for Decoupling the Effects of Mechanotransduction Cues

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Eukaryotic cells constantly sense their local microenvironment through surface mechanosensors to transduce physical changes of ECM into biochemical signals, and integrate these signals to achieve specific changes in gene expression. Interestingly, physicochemical and mechanical parameters of the ECM can couple with each other to regulate cell fate. Therefore, a key to understanding mechanotransduction is to decouple the relative contribution of ECM cues on cellular functions.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol to rapidly and easily generate biologically relevant hydrogels for the independent tuning of mechanotransduction cues in vitro. We chemically modified polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAAm) to surmount their intrinsically non-adhesive properties by incorporating hydroxyl-functionalized acrylamide monomers during the polymerization. We obtained a novel PAAm hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, which permits immobilization of any desired nature of ECM proteins. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing allows to independently control the morphology of single-cells, the matrix stiffness, the nature and the density of ECM proteins. We provide a simple and rapid method that can be set up in every biology lab to study in vitro cell mechanotransduction processes. We validate this novel two-dimensional platform by conducting experiments on endothelial cells that demonstrate a mechanical coupling between ECM stiffness and the nucleus.

We present a new polyacrylamide hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, that allows a direct binding of ECM proteins with minimal cost or expertise. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing facilitates independent control of many cues of the natural cell microenvironment for studying cellular mechanostransduction.

mechanotransduction의 큐의 영향 디커플링에 대한 히드 록시 PAAm 히드로 겔의 제조

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their ...

Synthesis of Thermogelling Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer the clinical advantages of being implanted minimally invasively and easily forming space-filling solids in irregularly shaped defects. Injectable biomaterials have been widely investigated as scaffolds for tissue engineering. However, for the repair of certain load-bearing areas in the body, such as the intervertebral disc, scaffolds should possess adhesive properties. This will minimize the risk of dislocation during motion and ensure intimate contact with the surrounding tissue, providing adequate transmission of forces. Here, we describe the preparation and characterization of a scaffold composed of thermally sensitive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAM-g-CS) and alginate microparticles. The PNIPAAm-g-CS copolymer forms a viscous solution in water at RT, into which alginate particles are suspended to enhance adhesion. Above the lower critical solution temperature (LCST), around 30 &#176;C, the copolymer forms a solid gel around the microparticles. We have adapted standard biomaterials characterization procedures to take into account the reversible phase transition of PNIPAAm-g-CS. Results indicate that the incorporation of 50 or 75 mg/ml&#160;alginate particles into 5% (w/v) PNIPAAm-g-CS solutions quadruple the adhesive tensile strength of PNIPAAm-gCS alone (p&#60;0.05). The incorporation of alginate microparticles also significantly increases swelling capacity of PNIPAAm-g-CS (p&#60;0.05), helping to maintain a space-filling gel within tissue defects. Finally, results of the in vitro toxicology assay kit, 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) and Live/Dead viability assay indicate that the adhesive is capable of supporting the survival and proliferation of encapsulated Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 cells over 5 days.

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering

An injectable tissue engineering scaffold composed of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-graft-chondroitin sulfate (PNIPAAm-g-CS)-containing alginate microparticles was prepared. The adhesive strength, swelling properties and in vitro biocompatibility are analyzed in this study. The characterization techniques developed here may be applicable to other thermogelling systems.

조직 공학 알긴산 미세 입자와 Thermogelling 폴리 (N- 이소 프로필) -graft - 콘드로이틴 황산 복합 재료의 합성

Injectable biomaterials are defined as implantable materials that can be introduced into the body as a liquid and solidify in situ. Such materials offer ...

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), their ultimate clinical use has been hampered by the lack of biologically-relevant degradation observed for most smart materials. This is particularly true for temperature-responsive hydrogels, which are almost uniformly based on polymers that are functionally non-degradable (e.g., poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) or poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)). As such, to effectively translate the potential of thermoresponsive hydrogels to the challenges of remote-controlled or metabolism-regulated drug delivery, cell scaffolds with tunable cell-material interactions, theranostic materials with the potential for both imaging and drug delivery, and other such applications, a method is required to render the hydrogels (if not fully degradable) at least capable of renal clearance following the required lifetime of the material. To that end, this protocol describes the preparation of hydrolytically-degradable hydrazone-crosslinked hydrogels on multiple length scales based on the reaction between hydrazide and aldehyde-functionalized PNIPAM or POEGMA oligomers with molecular weights below the renal filtration limit. Specifically, methods to fabricate degradable thermoresponsive bulk hydrogels (using a double barrel syringe technique), hydrogel particles (on both the microscale through the use of a microfluidics platform facilitating simultaneous mixing and emulsification of the precursor polymers and the nanoscale through the use of a thermally-driven self-assembly and cross-linking method), and hydrogel nanofibers (using a reactive electrospinning strategy) are described. In each case, hydrogels with temperature-responsive properties similar to those achieved via conventional free radical cross-linking processes can be achieved, but the hydrazone cross-linked network can be degraded over time to re-form the oligomeric precursor polymers and enable clearance. As such, we anticipate these methods (which may be generically applied to any synthetic water-soluble polymer, not just smart materials) will enable easier translation of synthetic smart materials to clinical applications.

Protocols are described for the fabrication of degradable thermoresponsive hydrogels based on hydrazone cross-linking of polymeric oligomers on the bulk scale, microscale, and nanoscale, the latter for preparation of both gel nanoparticles and nanofibers.

자기 조립, 분해 Thermoresponsive Hydrogels 반응 압출, 마이크로, 통해 여러 길이 가늠 자에를 조작 하 고 전기

While various smart materials have been explored for a variety of biomedical applications (e.g., drug delivery, tissue engineering, bioimaging, etc.), ...

Synthesis of Stimuli-responsive Nanogels using Aqueous One-step Crosslinking and Co-nanopolymerization

Nanogels consisting of crosslinked-polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for the delivery of numerous chemical and biological therapeutics, owing to their versatile bottom-up synthesis and biocompatibility. While various methods have been employed for nanogel synthesis to date, very few have achieved it without the use of harsh organic solvents or high temperatures that can damage the integrity of the biological payload. In contrast, the methodology presented here accomplishes the synthesis of sub-100 nm sized, protein-loaded nanogels using mild reaction conditions. Here, we present a method for the non-covalent encapsulation of protein-based payloads within nano-gels that were synthesized using an aqueous-based, single-step, crosslinking copolymerization technique. In this technique, we initially electrostatically bind a protein-based payload to a cationic quaternary ammonium monomer and simultaneously cross-link and co-polymerize it using ammonium persulfate and N,N,N&#39;,N&#39;-tetramethylethylenediamine to form nanogels that entrap the protein payload. The size and polydispersity index of the nanogels is determined using dynamic light scattering (DLS), while the surface morphology is assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The mass of protein entrapped within nanogels is determined by calculating the encapsulation efficiency. Furthermore, the controlled-release ability of the nanogels via the gradual degradation of redox-responsive structural elements is also assessed in bioreduction assays. We provide examples of nanoparticle optimization data to demonstrate all caveats of nanogel synthesis and characterization using this technique. In general, uniformly sized nanogels were obtained with an average size of 57 nm and a polydispersity index value of 0.093. A high encapsulation efficiency of 76% was achieved. Furthermore, the nanogels exhibited controlled release of up to 86% of the encapsulated protein by gradual degradation of novel redox-responsive components in the presence of glutathione over 48 h.

Nanogels are an excellent and versatile nanoparticle platform for the delivery of biologics. Stimuli-responsive poly(ethylene) glycol-based polymeric nano-gels, capable of encapsulating protein-based payloads, were synthesized using a one-step cross-linking co-nanopolymerization strategy in aqueous conditions. The optimal fabrication and characterization of these novel nanoparticles are presented here.

Aqueous One-step Crosslinking 및 Co-nanopolymerization을 이용한 Stimuli-responsive Nanogel 합성

Nanogels consisting of crosslinked-polymeric nanoparticles have been developed for the delivery of numerous chemical and biological therapeutics, owing to ...

Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles

The formulation of a therapeutic compound into nanoparticles (NPs) can impart unique properties. For poorly water-soluble drugs, NP formulations can improve bioavailability and modify drug distribution within the body. For hydrophilic drugs like peptides or proteins, encapsulation within NPs can also provide protection from natural clearance mechanisms. There are few techniques for the production of polymeric NPs that are scalable. Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a process that uses engineered mixing geometries to produce NPs with narrow size distributions and tunable sizes between 30 and 400 nm. This protocol provides instructions on the laboratory-scale production of core-shell polymeric nanoparticles of a target size using FNP. The protocol can be implemented to encapsulate either hydrophilic or hydrophobic compounds with only minor modifications. The technique can be readily employed in the laboratory at milligram scale to screen formulations. Lead hits can directly be scaled up to gram- and kilogram-scale. As a continuous process, scale-up involves longer mixing process run time rather than translation to new process vessels. NPs produced by FNP are highly loaded with therapeutic, feature a dense stabilizing polymer brush, and have a size reproducibility of &#177; 6%.

Flash NanoPrecipitation (FNP) is a scalable approach to produce polymeric core-shell nanoparticles. Lab-scale formulations for the encapsulation of hydrophobic or hydrophilic therapeutics are described.

고분자 나노 입자에 소수 성 및 친수성 화합물의 캡슐화에 대 한 NanoPrecipitation 플래시

The formulation of a therapeutic compound into nanoparticles (NPs) can impart unique properties. For poorly water-soluble drugs, NP formulations can ...

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are composed of two components: hydrophobically modified cellulose as the network polymer and self-assembled core-shell nanoparticles that act as non-covalent cross linkers through dynamic, multivalent interactions. These methods describe both the formation of these self-assembled nanoparticles through nanoprecipitation as well as the formulation and mixing of the two components to form hydrogels with tunable mechanical properties. The use of dynamic light scattering (DLS) and rheology to characterize the quality of the synthesized materials is also detailed. Finally, the utility of these hydrogels for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery is demonstrated through in vitro experiments to characterize&#160;drug release, thermal stability, and cell settling and viability. Due to its biocompatibility, injectability, and mild gel formation conditions, this hydrogel system is a readily tunable platform suitable for a range of biomedical applications.

This protocol describes the synthesis and formulation of injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogel biomaterials. Applications of these materials for drug delivery, biopharmaceutical stabilization, and cell encapsulation and delivery are demonstrated.

세포 및 약물 전달 응용 을 위한 주사용 수급 분자 고분자 고분자 나노 입자 하이드로겔

These methods describe how to formulate injectable, supramolecular polymer-nanoparticle (PNP) hydrogels for&#160;use as biomaterials. PNP hydrogels are ...