저자는 DHMRI CLAS 동물 관리 직원의 강력한 지원을 인정하고 싶습니다, 시설 관리자 씨 다니엘 페랄타와 참석 수의사, 박사 Glicerio 이그나시오, DVM MRCVS.

모든 동물 절차 프로토콜 14-017 아래, 노스 캐롤라이나 연구 캠퍼스 (NCRC)에있는 데이비드 H. 머독 연구소 IACUC 승인하고, 당뇨병과 prediabetes / 인슐린 저항성 및 치료제의 효능의 비인간 영장류 모델의 특성을 개선하기 위해 인슐린 감수성 및 신진 대사 기능. 1. 동물 선택 및 학습 준비 <ol><li> 매달 음식 섭취 및 체중에 기초하여 레코드를 선택 다이어트 및 중량 안정 동물. 참고 : 자신의 음식 섭취가 안정 될 때까지 식욕에 최근 하락을 전시 한 동물을 특징으로 할 수 없습니다. <ol><li> 성숙한 동물 (&gt; 5-6 년), 본문 개월 연속 간의 가중치 먼저 원숭이 검사와 무게에 극적인 변화를 대사 상태를 변경 이외의 다른 원인을 배제하지 않고 10 % 이상 차이가 동물을 선택하지 마십시오. </li></ol></li><li> 포도당, 인슐린 및 C-pepti에 대한드 분석은 단백질 분해 효소 억제제 (아프로 티닌 및 DPP4I)와 K 2 EDTA 샘플 수집 튜브를 준비합니다. 참고 : DPP4I + 아프로 티닌 칵테일 프로테아제 억제의 폭 넓은 스펙트럼을 제공하는이 추가적인 분석 (글루카곤, GLP-1)에 요구한다. 추가적인 분석이 수집되지 않는 경우, 혈액 튜브 시료 채취의 일관성을 유지하기 위해 동일한 방법으로 제조한다. 이 방법에 대한 유효성이 확인되지 분석을위한 샘플은 제조업체의 권장 사항에 따라 개별적으로 수집되어야한다. <ol><li> DPP4I 10 ml의 아프로 티닌, 동결 건조하여 100 mg을 혼합하여 프로테아제 억제제 칵테일을 준비합니다. 수집 된 혈액의 모든 밀리리터 각 혈액 튜브에 아프로 티닌 + DPP4I 혼합물의 10 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 가능한 컬렉션 없더군요 각 튜브에 단백질 분해 효소 억제제 칵테일의 추가 10 μl를 추가합니다. 사용할 때까지 -20 ° C에서 처리 된 혈액 튜브를 저장합니다. procedu 동안 젖은 얼음에 튜브를 유지다시 4 ℃에서 스핀. </li><li> 표준 혈청 화학 분석을 기준으로 혈액 샘플을 수집하는 혈청 분리기 튜브를 사용한다. 전체 혈구 수 (CBC)의 경우, 프로테아제 억제제없이 표준 K 2 EDTA를 사용합니다. 혈액 샘플 후 나누어지는 플라즈마 및 혈청에 사용 크리오 바이알 (cryovial)는 스핀 다운되었습니다. </li><li> 동물 식별, 날짜, 절차, 평가시기 및 샘플 볼륨 적절하게 혈액 튜브와 크리오 바이알 (cryovial) 레이블. 적절한 분석을위한 플라즈마의 분석 (들)와 크리오 바이알 (cryovial) 레이블. </li></ol></li><li> 생리 식염수 250 ml의 가방에 ml의 헤파린 1,000 USP 단위의 0.15 ml를 주입하여 헤파린 식염수 세척을 준비합니다. 0.06 mg의 헤파린 / ㎖의 용액을 얻었다. 샘플 사이에 세척을위한 식염수 잠금 장치에이 용액 60 ml의 - (40)을 그립니다. 각각 주입 전후 덱 스트로스 주입 포트 플러싱 별도의 주사기 내로 추가 1 mL 및 5 mL를 그린다. </li></ol> 2.동물 진정 및 준비 <ol><li> 동물의 케이지에서 절차 전에 더 이상 14 시간, 그리고 이하 18 시간 음식을 제거합니다. 참고 : 동물 혈당 값의 모든 식후 변화를 방지하기 위해 절차를 금식하는 것이 중요하다. 또한 마취 동안 역류 및 위 내용물의 흡인을 피하기 위해주의한다. </li><li> 전신 마취로 근육 주어진 케타민과 IVGTT 절차의 기간 동안 진정 동물, 10 ㎎ / ㎏에서. 절차를 수행하는 동안, 필요에 따라 30 분, 또는 - (20)의 간격으로 - (10 ㎎ / ㎏ 5) 추가 케타민을 관리 할 수 ​​있습니다. <ol><li> 진정 동물을 달아. 가열 과정 테이블에 옆으로 누운 위치에 동물을 배치합니다. </li><li> 동물 마취의 안정적인 비행기에 확인하기 위해 임상 매개 변수마다 15 ~ 20 분을 모니터링합니다. 맥박 산소 측정기와 - (200 BPM 100) 및 SPO 2 (&gt; 92 %) 심장 박동을 측정합니다. (- 50 호흡 / 분 20) w 호흡을 측정<html> 스톱워치 i 번째, 시각적 또는 십오초 이상 손으로 호흡을 계산하고 네 곱하여. 측정 온도 (&gt; 97 ° F) 직장. 잇몸과 입술 (습기, 핑크) 주위 점막의 색을 모니터합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 이 정맥 사이트를 준비합니다. 카테터가 삽입됩니다 관심의 영역에서 머리를 손질하고, 교류 클로르헥시딘의 스크럽 70 % 알코올로 전체 지역을 소독하기 위해 머리 가위를 사용합니다. <ol><li> 좌우 두부 또는 복재 정맥의 영역에 하나의 도관을 배치하고 삼방 스톱 콕 (mg의 헤파린 / ㎖ 0.06) 헤파린 염수 플러시에 첨부. 이 샘플링 혈액 무승부 사이트입니다. </li><li> 다른 다리의 두 번째 카테터를 배치하거나 두부 또는 복재 정맥의 영역에서 팔과 포트를 연결합니다. 덱 스트로스 주입이 사이트를 사용합니다. 이전 포도당 주입에 캐 뉼러의 특허를 유지하기 위해, 작은 헤파린 생리 식염수 1 ml의 높이를 사용합니다. </li></ol></li></ol>e_title &quot;&gt; 3. IVGTT 절차 참고 : IVGTT 절차는 8 혈액 그리기 샘플링 시간 포인트 (표 1)로 구성되어 있습니다. <ol><li> 기준 샘플을 채취하고, 공복 혈당치를 측정하는 휴대용 혈당 측정기를 사용한다. 동물의 전반적인 상태를 평가하기 위하여 CBC 표준 화학 분석을 위해 혈청 시료뿐만 아니라 전체 혈액 샘플을 얻었다. 제조자의 지시 8,9 당 원숭이 사용하기 위해 검증 키트를 사용하여 기준 샘플로부터 포도당 및 인슐린 수준을 분석하기 위해 혈장 샘플을 수집한다. 참고 : 이전에 정맥의 죽은 공간에 잔류 혈액 또는 헤파린을 제거하기 위해 혈액 수집에 대한 모든 샘플을 복용 정맥에서 가져온 0.5 ML의 사전 무승부를하는 것이 중요합니다. </li><li> 기준 샘플을 획득 한 후, 덱 스트로스 주입 포트에 30 초 이상 50 % 덱스 트 로즈 (250 ㎎ / ㎏)의 투여 량을 주입. 주 : 고용량 모델 (500 ㎎ / ㎏)을 사용할 수있다비록 용량은 길이 비교를 위해 절차를 통해 고정한다. <ol><li> 포트에 남아있는 포도당이 없다는 것을 확인하기 위해 헤파린 생리 식염수 5 mL를 주입 포트를 세척합니다. 주입의 끝은 T0입니다. 주입에서 잔류 포도당 이후의 혈액 샘플을 오염시킬 수 있으므로 기술자, 장갑을 교체해야합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 제 사후 주입 샘플 시각은 T5 분 T7 최소, T10 분 T15 분 T20 분 뒤에 덱 스트로스 주입의 끝에서, T3의 분으로하고, 마지막 샘플 시점은 T30의 분이다. 기준 샘플 분석 혈당 및 인슐린 수준을 각각 평가시기로부터 플라즈마를 수집한다 (단계 3.1 참조). <ol><li> 시점 T3의 분에서 다시 혈당을 검사 휴대용 혈당 측정기를 사용한다. 참고 :베이스 라인에서의 혈당 측정기 측정 값과 T3는 포도당의 주입을 확인하기 만하다. 시점 T3의 분에서의 혈당치는 ~ 100 밀리그램 / DL 높은 CO되어야기준선 공복 혈당 수준 mpared. </li></ol></li></ol> 4. 동물 복구 및 샘플 처리 <ol><li> 캐 뉼러를 제거하고 시간 소수점 분 T30 후 지혈 용 카테터 사이트에 압력을 적용합니다. 이 의식을 회복하고 앉아 때까지 동물을 모니터링합니다. 동물 한 번 제공 피드는 완전히 회복된다. </li><li> 즉시 얼음에 K 2 EDTA 튜브에 각각 전체 혈액 샘플을 배치합니다. 컬렉션을 10 분 동안 4 ℃에서 3000 rpm으로 원심 분리한다. 분석 할 때까지 -80 ° C에서 크리오 바이알 (cryovial), 동결 및 저장소로 나누어지는 플라즈마 샘플. <ol><li> 표준 혈청 화학 분석을위한 혈청 튜브에 혈액이없는 이하에서 20 분 및 RT에서 3000 rpm으로 원심 분리 전에없이 30 분 동안 실온에서 방치시키고. 컬렉션의 48 시간 내에 분석 할 때까지 혈청 샘플을 고정. 참고로서까지 CBC 분석을 위해 수집 냉장 전혈 시료컬렉션의 24 시간 내에 사예드. </li></ol></li></ol> 5. 데이터 처리 <ol><li> 플라즈마 인슐린과 혈당 곡선을 설정 한 후,베이스 (16), (17) 상기 글루코스 값의 자연 로그의 기울기로부터 글루코오스 제거율 K를 결정한다. 참고 : 건강한 NHP는 건강한 동물은 종종 30 분 이내에 기준 혈당 값으로 돌아갑니다으로, 종종 더 큰 2보다 더 잘 1 위의 포도당 통관 율 K를 가질 것으로 예상 할 수있다. 인슐린 생산이 내려 바와 같이, 포도당 통관 율 K가 1 이하로 떨어지는, 더 크게 떨어질 것이다. </li><li> T30 (16) (17)를 통해 시간 - 포인트 사이의 각 선분의 곡선 아래의 영역을 나타내는 사다리꼴의 면적의 합계의 합계로서 전체로서 AUC를 계산한다. 참고 : 전통적으로, 절차의 처음 10 분 AUC가 acut이 고려된다절차의 마지막 20 분에서 AUC 후반 인슐린 반응 (LIR)로 간주되는 동안 인슐린 반응 예는 (공기) 포도당. 동물이 더 dysmetabolic 해짐에 따라, 인슐린 AUC는 인슐린 무감각 증가에 대한 보상을 반영 증가 할 것이다. 현성 당뇨병 동물 트랜지션 그러나, AUC는 AIR 의해 캡쳐 급성 인슐린 위상 종종 처음에는 감소한다. </li></ol>

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F., Wang, B., Wang, X., Du, F., Benzinou, M., Wang, Y. X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xylazine-induced+reduction+of+tissue+sensitivity+to+insulin+leads+to+acute+hyperglycemia+in+diabetic+and+normoglycemic+monkeys.">Xylazine-induced reduction of tissue sensitivity to insulin leads to acute hyperglycemia in diabetic and normoglycemic monkeys.</a> Anesthesiology. 13 (33), (2013).</li><li>Porte, D., Kahn, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=&#946;-cell+dysfunction+and+failure+in+type+2+diabetes+potential+mechanisms.">&#946;-cell dysfunction and failure in type 2 diabetes potential mechanisms.</a> Diabetes. 50, S160-S163 (2001).</li><li>DeFronzo, R. A., Tobin, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+anesthesia+protocols+for+intravenous+glucose+tolerance+testing+in+rhesus+monkeys.">Comparison of anesthesia protocols for intravenous glucose tolerance testing in rhesus monkeys.</a> J Med Primatol. 43, 162-168 (2014).</li><li>Kemnitz, J. W., Kraemer, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+glucoregulation+in+rhesus+monkeys+sedated+with+ketamine.">Assessment of glucoregulation in rhesus monkeys sedated with ketamine.</a> American Journal of Primatology. 3, 201-210 (1982).</li><li>Dutton, C. J., Parvin, C. A., Gronowski, A. 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저자는 대사 질환 분야에서 활약하는 계약 연구 기관 (크라운 바이오 사이언스)와 제휴하고 있습니다.

IVGTT은 상기 분석에서 공복 혈당 및 인슐린 수준이 달성된다. 체중 5, 12, 13에 기초하여 단일 덱 스트로스 주입 글루코스 자극 인슐린 분비의 능력을 평가하고, 그 동물의 능력을 평가하는 허용 인슐린을 해제하고베이스 라인쪽으로 높은 혈당 수준을 반환합니다. 이는 정상적인 글루코스와 인슐린 수준, 건강 관리, 정상 혈당와 dysmetabolic 혈증 동물 또는 고혈당, 인슐린 저항성 당뇨병 동물?...

IVGTT 일상적 다른 대사 상태 5에서 7 인간의 β 세포 기능을 결정하기 위해 사용되는 편리한 기능적 분석이다. T2D 동물 모델에서, 잘에서 대사 질환 진행을 보여 동물을 특성화하기위한 도구로서 인식되고 dysmetabolic 고혈당 상태 8, 9 건강한. T2D의 가장 가까운 동물 모델은 붉은 털과 노몰 거스 원숭이가 주목할만한 예입니다있는 인간이 아닌 영장류 (NHPs)에서 증명된다. 이러한 동물은 자연스럽게 인간 10과 나이 및 빈도에 기여 비만과 같은 위험 인자 T2D을 개발한다. 또한,이 유사한 질병의 진행은하고 dysmetabolic 질환 11 진행됨에 따라 췌장 병리은 아밀로이드 침착을 표시합니다. 여기에서 우리는이 동물의 대사 상태의 우리의 식민지 특성화의 일환으로 NHPs에 IVGTT을 수행하는 우리의 표준 방법에보고한다. 이 방법은소비 다른, 더 많은 시간과 비용이 많이 드는 기술 2를 기준으로 수행하기 쉬운. IVGTT 신속하고 자주 동물의 많은 식민지를 특성화하는 데 유용합니다. 당화 혈색소 (당화 혈색소)의 수준을 고려하면, 동물의 다이어트 및 음식 섭취 이력뿐만 아니라 %의 근육량과 체지방은 IVGTT 일반적 현성 당뇨병 6 향해 동물의 대사 상태와 진행 특성화 충분 8. 당화 혈색소는 3 개월 이전 6 주 동안 혈당 측정의 신뢰성을 제공하는 적혈구의 수명 동안의 평균 혈당 수준을 나타낸다. IVGTT의 금식 기준선 혈액 샘플에서 측정했을 때,이 값은 절차 사이의 개월 동안의 혈당 조절에 창을 제공합니다. 동물이 그들의 마지막 IVGTT 때문에 당뇨병에 dysmetabolic에서 전환 한 경우, 이전 값보다 훨씬 더 높은 혈색소 값을 나타냅니다전환이 빨리 시작하는 것이 그들의 마지막 IVGTT 후, 반면, 가까운 이전 값으로 당화 혈색소 값은 최근 전환 된 것을 나타냅니다. 일반적으로, 붉은 털 원숭이에, 당화 혈색소가 6 %가 가난한 혈당 조절 10, 23 비정상으로 간주하고, 표시되어 더 이상 값. 혈당 수준은 전체 동물의 행동 및 일반적인 건강의 컨텍스트 내에서 해석되어야한다. 당뇨병 원숭이 - 전시 과식증, 갈증과 다뇨증 - 인간 등을들 수있다. 동물의 그룹 하우징은 dysmetabolic 당뇨병 원숭이에 필요한 이러한 지표와 개별 치료의 측정에 상당한 도전을 제공합니다. 우리는 단독 치료보다 개인화를 제공 할 수 있도록하기 위하여 동물을 선택할 것을 권장하고 쉽게 원숭이의 상태의 마커 행동 8 모니터링 될 수있다. 또한, 당뇨병 원숭이 체중 감소뿐만 아니라 증가 된 상승 된 지질 프로파일 (나타낼 것이다콜레스테롤, 중성 지방 혈증) 및 혈청 화학 방해 미네랄 대사. 이러한 장기에 손상이 대사 장애 / 당뇨병 발전의 합병증은 종종 있으며, 혈당, 지질, 미네랄 불균형 9, 11, 18의 공동 결정 할 수있다, 24로는, 간, 혈청 화학 신장 기능의 지표를 측정하는 것이 중요하다 . 이 방법을 사용하면 원숭이의 수명이 특정 가치가 위에, 역사적인 값은 여러 자주 특성화에서 생성 된. 이러한 글루코스 클램프 또는 등급 글루코스 주입 (GGI)와 같은 또 다른 과정은 완전 동물의 상태를 평가하는 데 필요한 경우 역사를 사용할 때, 초기 특성에 일반적이다. 3 개월마다의 주파수의 기준이 설정되고 나면 그러나, 반복 IVGTTs는 동물의 진행 상황을 추적하기 위해 일반적으로 충분하다. 동물이 전반에 걸쳐 여러 연구에 등록되어있는 경우에 특히 중요하다연도는 신진 대사 상태에 따라. 건강 한번에 동안 비교적 안정적으로 유지 될 수있는 반면, 동물의 대사 상태가 악화되면, 인슐린 내성 및 글루코스 불내성의 극적인 증가는 매우 급속하게 일어날 수있다. 혈색소 값 석 달 간격 예정된 절차와 동물의 건강 상태의 감소 또는 개선의 일부 보간 허용한다. 이러한 이유로,이 방법은 자연 수명에 걸쳐 여러 종의 연구에 사용되는 동물의 특성에 적합하다.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="670">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Allegra X-15R Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:147px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;">plasma: 4C @3000 rpm for 10 min</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Sorvall ST16R Centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;">serum: 22C @3000 rpm for 10 min</td>
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		<tr height="65">
			<td height="65" style="height:65px;width:216px;">Thermo Scientific -86C Freezer, Forma 88000 Series</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Model: 88500A</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dextrose 50% (D50)</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Webster</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-8008986</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">I.V. glucose infusate</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">3mL Luer Lock Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Suppy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5ml Luer Lock Syringe</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;">heparinized saline flush</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10mL Luer Lock Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Suppy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:188px;">delivery of I.V. D50</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Gauze sponges 2x2</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">366.23000.4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Used Dry, w/ %70 Alcohol, and 2% Chlorohex Solution</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">4 ml serum separator tubes&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">366.45000.4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">blood collection tube for superchem panel</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">K2EDTA, 2mL</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">95057-239</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">blood collection tubes</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Aprotinin, 100mg</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A1153-100MG</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">blood collection tube protease additive</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">22g x 1&#34; Catheters</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Suppy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">193.75250.2</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">I.V. catheter&#160;</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Injection Plug W/ Cap</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Suppy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">001.11500.2</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">%50 dextrose infusion port</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Porus Tape, 1/2&#34; x 10yd&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Suppy</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">001.85000.2</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">maintain adherance of catheters and hep. Locks</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Chlorhexidine Solution 2%</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">193.08855.3</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">prep catheter site</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">70% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">71001-654</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tourniquet</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Webster</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-8003432</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">3 way stopcock</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Midwest Veterinary Supply</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">366.28510.4</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">hep. lock</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">37&#34; extension set</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Webster</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-8454200</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">hep. lock</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Exel 50-60cc LL Syringes</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">001.12250.2</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Heparinized saline flush</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">250 ml bag 0.9% saline</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Webster</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-8365593</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">flush</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">1,000 U Heparin, 10 ml</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Webster</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-883-4916</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Ketamine, (Ketaset) 100mg/mL</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Fort Dodge</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">(AV ordered)</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Precision Xtra glucose test strips 50/bx</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Abbott (American Diabetes Wholesale)</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9381599728K7</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">test baseline/ T3 blood glucose levels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Masimo Rad 57</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">DRE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6052057V</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">pulse-oximeter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pavia rectal thermometer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Patterson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">07-8391335</td>
			<td style="width:188px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Precision Xtra Glucometer</td>
			<td style="width:147px;">Abbott</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">9381599728K7</td>
			<td style="width:188px;">Handheld glucometer</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterization of metabolic status in nonhuman primates with the intravenous glucose tolerance test

정맥 내 글루코스 내성 시험 (IVGTT)은 글루코스 항상성의 특성에 중요한 역할을한다. 혈청 생화학 프로파일 모두 공급의 혈당치를 포함한 금식 상태, 혈색소, 인슐린 수치, 다이어트의 병력, 신체 조성 및 체중 상태, 정상 및 비정상 혈당 조절에 대한 평가와 함께 할 때 만들어 질 수있다 . IVGTT의 해석은 덱 스트로스 도전과 관련하여 시간이 지남에 포도당과 인슐린 수치의 변화 측정을 통해 이루어집니다. 고려해야 할 중요한 요소는 다음과 같습니다 T0 (포도당 주입의 끝), 처음 20 분에 빠른 포도당 통관의 기울기에서 파생 된 포도당 통관 율 K (T20에 T1), 시간과 관련하여 도달 피크 포도당과 인슐린 수준 포도당 기본으로 돌아가려면, 곡선 (AUC) 아래의 면적은.이 IVGTT 대책은 건강한 t에서 포도당 항상성 이동 등의 특성 변화를 보여줍니다OA 병에 걸린 대사 상태 5. 여기에서 우리는에서 인간 형 당뇨병 (T2D)의 가장 적절한 동물 모델과 IVGTT 이러한 동물의 임상 적 프로파일은 인간이 아닌 영장류 (히말라야와 시노 몰 거스 원숭이)의 특성을 설명하는 비만 dysmetabolic에 건강한 린, T2D와 상태 8, 10, 11.

도 1에 나타낸 결과는 30 분 IVGTT에 걸쳐 성숙 건강 및 당뇨병 사이 노몰 거스 원숭이에서 전형적인 포도당 및 인슐린 곡선 실증한다. 건강하고 고급 당뇨병 원숭이의 데이터는 신진 대사 특성의 범위의 양 극단에서 동물 사이의 명백한 차이점을 대비하기 위해 표시됩니다. 이 IVGTT 프로토콜은 비슷한 결과와 붉은 털 원숭이의 저자에 의해 성공적으로 사용되어?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test at JoVE.com

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

이 프로토콜의 목적은 인간이 아닌 영장류에서의 혈당 조절을 평가하고 dysmetabolic 건강한에서 대사 상태를 평가하기 위해 정맥 내 글루코스 내성 시험 (IVGTTs)를 수행하기위한 표준 방법을 제공하는 것이다.

정맥 당부 하 검사와 비인간 영장류의 대사 상태의 특성

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) plays a key role in the characterization of glucose homeostasis. When taken together with serum biochemical ...

characterization-metabolic-status-nonhuman-primates-with-intravenous

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

10.8K 조회수.  Crown Bioscience.  이 프로토콜의 목적은 인간이 아닌 영장류에서의 혈당 조절을 평가하고 dysmetabolic 건강한에서 대사 상태를 평가하기 위해 정맥 내 글루코스 내성 시험 (IVGTTs)를 수행하기위한 표준 방법을 제공하는 것이다. 

비디오: Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the abilities to extract and use the information encoded in the auditory signal. We refer to these as listening skills (or auditory processing AP). Deficits in these skills are associated with delayed language and literacy development, though the nature of the relevant deficits and their causal connection with these delays is hotly debated.
When a child is referred to a health professional with normal hearing and unexplained difficulties in listening, or associated delays in language or literacy development, they should ideally be assessed with a combination of psychoacoustic (AP) tests, suitable for children and for use in a clinic, together with cognitive tests to measure attention, working memory, IQ, and language skills. Such a detailed examination needs to be relatively short and within the technical capability of any suitably qualified professional. Current tests for the presence of AP deficits tend to be poorly constructed and inadequately validated within the normal population. They have little or no reference to the presenting symptoms of the child, and typically include a linguistic component. Poor performance may thus reflect problems with language rather than with AP. To assist in the assessment of children with listening difficulties, pediatric audiologists need a single, standardized child-appropriate test battery based on the use of language-free stimuli.
We present the IMAP test battery which was developed at the MRC Institute of Hearing Research to supplement tests currently used to investigate cases of suspected AP deficits. IMAP assesses a range of relevant auditory and cognitive skills and takes about one hour to complete. It has been standardized in 1500 normally-hearing children from across the UK, aged 6-11 years. Since its development, it has been successfully used in a number of large scale studies both in the UK and the USA. IMAP provides measures for separating out sensory from cognitive contributions to hearing. It further limits confounds due to procedural effects by presenting tests in a child-friendly game-format. Stimulus-generation, management of test protocols and control of test presentation is mediated by the IHR-STAR software platform. This provides a standardized methodology for a range of applications and ensures replicable procedures across testers. IHR-STAR provides a flexible, user-programmable environment that currently has additional applications for hearing screening, mapping cochlear implant electrodes, and academic research or teaching.

A test battery (IMAP) for performing an in-depth assessment of auditory and cognitive abilities contributing to listening skills is described. It is quick to administer, child-friendly and free from linguistic confounds. Stimulus generation and protocol management are controlled via a software platform (IHR-STAR) to ensure replicable procedures.

IMAP 테스트 배터리 : 듣기의 감각을 만들기

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

연구

의학

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular (ICV) and Intravenous (IV) Injection in Mice

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most often results in failure of potential therapeutics designed for neurodegenerative disorders 1,2. Neurodegenerative diseases such as Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA), in which the lower motor neurons are affected, can benefit greatly from introducing the therapeutic agents into the CNS. The purpose of this video is to demonstrate two different injection paradigms to deliver therapeutic materials into neonatal mice soon after birth. One of these methods is injecting directly into cerebral lateral ventricles (Intracerebroventricular) which results in delivery of materials into the CNS through the cerebrospinal fluid 3,4. The second method is a temporal vein injection (intravenous) that can introduce different therapeutics into the circulatory system, leading to systemic delivery including the CNS 5. Widespread transduction of the CNS is achievable if an appropriate viral vector and viral serotype is utilized. Visualization and utilization of the temporal vein for injection is feasible up to postnatal day 6. However, if the delivered material is intended to reach the CNS, these injections should take place while the blood brain barrier is more permeable due to its immature status, preferably prior to postnatal day 2. The fully developed blood brain barrier greatly limits the effectiveness of intravenous delivery. Both delivery systems are simple and effective once the surgical aptitude is achieved. They do not require any extensive surgical devices and can be performed by a single person. However, these techniques are not without challenges. The small size of postnatal day 2 pups and the subsequent small target areas can make the injections difficult to perform and initially challenging to replicate.

Delivery of Therapeutic Agents Through Intracerebroventricular ICV and Intravenous IV Injection in Mice

This article demonstrates two very different methods of injection: 1) into the brain (intracerebroventricular) and 2) systemic (intravenous) to introduce the therapeutic agents into the central nervous system of neonatal mice.

마우스에 Intracerebroventricular을 통해 치료 대리점 납품 (ICV)과 정맥 (IV) 사출

Despite the protective role that blood brain barrier plays in shielding the brain, it limits the access to the central nervous system (CNS) which most ...

Tilt Testing with Combined Lower Body Negative Pressure: a "Gold Standard" for Measuring Orthostatic Tolerance

Orthostatic tolerance (OT) refers to the ability to maintain cardiovascular stability when upright, against the hydrostatic effects of gravity, and hence to maintain cerebral perfusion and prevent syncope (fainting). Various techniques are available to assess OT and the effects of gravitational stress upon the circulation, typically by reproducing a presyncopal event (near-fainting episode) in a controlled laboratory environment. The time and/or degree of stress required to provoke this response provides the measure of OT. Any technique used to determine OT should: enable distinction between patients with orthostatic intolerance (of various causes) and asymptomatic control subjects; be highly reproducible, enabling evaluation of therapeutic interventions; avoid invasive procedures, which are known to impair OT1.
In the late 1980s head-upright tilt testing was first utilized for diagnosing syncope2. Since then it has been used to assess OT in patients with syncope of unknown cause, as well as in healthy subjects to study postural cardiovascular reflexes2-6. Tilting protocols comprise three categories: passive tilt; passive tilt accompanied by pharmacological provocation; and passive tilt with combined lower body negative pressure (LBNP). However, the effects of tilt testing (and other orthostatic stress testing modalities) are often poorly reproducible, with low sensitivity and specificity to diagnose orthostatic intolerance7.
Typically, a passive tilt includes 20-60 min of orthostatic stress continued until the onset of presyncope in patients2-6. However, the main drawback of this procedure is its inability to invoke presyncope in all individuals undergoing the test, and corresponding low sensitivity8,9. Thus, different methods were explored to increase the orthostatic stress and improve sensitivity.
Pharmacological provocation has been used to increase the orthostatic challenge, for example using isoprenaline4,7,10,11 or sublingual nitrate12,13. However, the main drawback of these approaches are increases in sensitivity at the cost of unacceptable decreases in specificity10,14, with a high positive response rate immediately after administration15. Furthermore, invasive procedures associated with some pharmacological provocations greatly increase the false positive rate1.
Another approach is to combine passive tilt testing with LBNP, providing a stronger orthostatic stress without invasive procedures or drug side-effects, using the technique pioneered by Professor Roger Hainsworth in the 1990s16-18. This approach provokes presyncope in almost all subjects (allowing for symptom recognition in patients with syncope), while discriminating between patients with syncope and healthy controls, with a specificity of 92%, sensitivity of 85%, and repeatability of 1.1&plusmn;0.6 min16,17. This allows not only diagnosis and pathophysiological assessment19-22, but also the evaluation of treatments for orthostatic intolerance due to its high repeatability23-30. For these reasons, we argue this should be the "gold standard" for orthostatic stress testing, and accordingly this will be the method described in this paper.

We describe a "gold standard" for evaluating orthostatic tolerance (OT) using tilt testing with combined lower body negative pressure (LBNP). This can be combined with non-invasive evaluations of cardiovascular reflex control. Normal and abnormal responses are defined.

Orthostatic tolerance (OT)  refers to the ability to maintain cardiovascular stability when upright,  against the hydrostatic effects of gravity, and ...

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in elderly people performing short-term resistance training (RET). Supervised progressive resistance training for 1 h three times a week over 8 weeks was performed by RET participants (71&#177;1 years, range 65-80). Compared to a control group without training, the RET showed improvements on the measures used to indicate strength, power, glucose tolerance, and several parameters of muscle aerobic capacity. Strength training was performed in a gym with only robust fitness equipment. An isokinetic dynamometer for knee extensor strength permitted the measurement of concentric, eccentric, and static strength, which increased for the RET group (8-12% post- versus pre-test). The power (rate of force development, RFD) at the initial 0-30 ms also showed an increase for the RET group (52%). A glucose tolerance test with frequent blood glucose measurements showed improvements only for the RET group in terms of blood glucose values after 2 h (14%) and the area under the curve (21%). The blood lipid profile also improved (8%). From muscle biopsy samples prepared using histochemistry, the amount of fiber type IIa increased, and a trend towards a decrease in IIx in the RET group reflected a change to a more oxidative profile in terms of fiber composition. Western blot (to determine the protein content related to the signaling for muscle protein synthesis) showed a rise of 69% in both Akt and mTOR in the RET group; this also showed an increase in mitochondrial proteins for OXPHOS complex II and citrate synthase (both ~30%) and for complex IV (90%), in only the RET group. We demonstrate that this type of progressive resistance training offers various improvements (e.g., strength, power, aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, and plasma lipid profile).

The effect of short-term resistance training on elderly people was investigated through the simultaneous use of several methods. Compared to a control group, many improvements were seen, including on muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, power, and muscle quality (i.e., protein involved in cell signaling and muscle fiber type composition).

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

Dissection of the Mouse Pancreas for Histological Analysis and Metabolic Profiling

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at the 12 codon (Ptf1acre/+;LSL-KrasG12D/+) mouse strain as a model of human pancreatic cancer. The goal of our current studies is to identify novel metabolic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer progression. We have performed metabolic profiling of urine, feces, blood, and pancreas tissue extracts, as well as histological analyses of the pancreas to stage the cancer progression. The mouse pancreas is not a well-defined solid organ like in humans, but rather is a diffusely distributed soft tissue that is not easily identified by individuals unfamiliar with mouse internal anatomy or by individuals that have little or no experience performing mouse organ dissections. The purpose of this article is to provide a detailed step-wise visual demonstration to guide novices in the removal of the mouse pancreas by dissection. This article should be especially valuable to students and investigators new to research that requires harvesting of the mouse pancreas by dissection for metabolic profiling or histological analyses.

This video article provides a detailed demonstration of the procedures required to successfully remove the pancreas from a mouse by dissection for histological analysis and metabolic profiling.

조직학 분석 및 대사 프로 파일링에 대 한 마우스 췌의 해 부

We have been investigating the pancreas specific transcription factor, 1a cre-recombinase; lox-stop-lox- Kristen rat sarcoma, glycine to aspartic acid at ...

Studying the Hypothalamic Insulin Signal to Peripheral Glucose Intolerance with a Continuous Drug Infusion System into the Mouse Brain

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues contributes to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development and appetite regulation in the hypothalamus. Chemokine CCL5 and C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) levels have been suggested to mediate arteriosclerosis and glucose intolerance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In addition, CCL5 plays a neuroendocrine role in the hypothalamus by regulating food intake and body temperature, thus, prompting us to investigate its function in hypothalamic insulin signaling and the regulation of peripheral glucose metabolism.
The micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system is a quick and precise way to manipulate CCL5 function and study its effect in the brain. It also provides a convenient alternative approach to generating a transgenic knockout animal. In this system, CCL5 signaling was blocked by intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of its antagonist, MetCCL5, using a micro-osmotic pump. The peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was detected by the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT). Insulin signaling activity was then analyzed by protein blot from tissue samples derived from the animals.
After 7-14 days of MetCCL5 infusion, the glucose metabolism and insulin responsiveness was impaired in mice, as seen in the results of the OGTT and ITT. The IRS-1 serine302 phosphorylation was increased and the Akt activity was reduced in mice hypothalamic neurons following CCL5 inhibition. Altogether, our data suggest that blocking CCL5 in the mouse brain increases the phosphorylation of IRS-1 S302 and interrupts hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to a decrease in insulin function in peripheral tissues as well as the impairment of glucose metabolism.

This protocol studies the role of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) in the hypothalamus by delivering an antagonist, MetCCL5, into the mouse brain using a micro-osmotic pump brain infusion system. This transient inhibition of CCL5 activity interrupted hypothalamic insulin signaling, leading to glucose intolerance and peripheral systemic insulin sensitivity.

Insulin regulates systematic metabolism in the hypothalamus and the peripheral insulin response. An inflammatory reaction in peripheral adipose tissues ...

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and a gross decompensation of systemic glucose metabolism. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain under-investigated, while novel approaches to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diet derived glucose stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin, which serves as the principal regulator of cellular anabolic processes during the fed-state and thus balances blood glucose levels to maintain systemic energy status. Chronic overfeeding triggers meta-inflammation, which leads to alterations in peripheral insulin receptor-associated signaling and thus reduces the sensitivity to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. These events ultimately result in elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as a reduction in glucose tolerance, which in turn serve as important indicators of insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice as a frequently used model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We illustrate in detail the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which monitors the peripheral disposal of an orally administered glucose load and insulin secretion over time. Additionally, we present a protocol for the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to monitor whole-body insulin action. Together, these methods and their downstream applications represent powerful tools to characterize the general metabolic phenotype of mice as well as to specifically assess alterations in glucose metabolism. They may be especially useful in the broad research field of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis as well as to test the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

The current article describes the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet-fed mice as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. It further features detailed protocols to perform the oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin tolerance test, monitoring whole-body alterations of glucose metabolism in vivo.

높은 지방 다이어트를 먹이 쥐 경구 포도 당 내성 검사 (OGTT)과 인슐린 내성 검사 (ITT)를 사용 하 여 포도 당 대사 Vivo에서 의 연구

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to ...

Induction of Nephrotic Syndrome in Mice by Retrobulbar Injection of Doxorubicin and Prevention of Volume Retention by Sustained Release Aprotinin

Nephrotic syndrome is the most extreme manifestation of proteinuric kidney disease and characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema due to sodium retention and hyperlipidemia. To study the pathophysiology of this syndrome, rodent models have been developed based on the injection of toxic substances such as doxorubicin causing podocyte damage. In mice, only few strains are susceptible to this model. In wildtype 129S1/SvImJ mice, the administration of doxorubicin by rapid intravenous injection to the retrobulbar sinus induces experimental nephrotic syndrome that features all the symptoms of human disease including sodium retention and edema. After the onset of proteinuria, mice exhibit increased urinary serine protease activity that leads to the activation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) and sodium retention. Pharmacological inhibition of urinary serine proteases by the treatment with sustained release aprotinin abrogates ENaC activation and prevents sodium retention. This model is ideal to study the pathophysiology of proteasuria, i.e., the excretion of active serine proteases that cause ENaC activation by the proteolysis of its &#947;-subunit. This can be regarded as the primary mechanism of ENaC activation and sodium retention in proteinuric kidney disease.

Here, we describe the induction of experimental nephrotic syndrome in 129S1/SvImJ mice by rapid retrobulbar injection of doxorubicin. We also treat nephrotic mice with sustained release pellets containing aprotinin to inhibit urinary serine protease activity and prevent sodium retention.

독 소 루비의 Retrobulbar 주입 및 예방의 지속적인된 출시 Aprotinin 여 볼륨 유지에 의해 쥐에서 신 증후군의 유도

Nephrotic syndrome is the most extreme manifestation of proteinuric kidney disease and characterized by heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema due ...

Mechanisms Underlying Gut Hormone Secretion Using the Isolated Perfused Rat Small Intestine

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, producing more than 15 different peptide hormones that regulate appetite and food intake, digestion, nutrient absorption and distribution, and post-prandial glucose excursions. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate gut hormone secretion is fundamental for understanding and translating gut hormone physiology. Traditionally, the mechanisms underlying gut hormone secretion are either studied in vivo (in experimental animals or humans) or using gut hormone-secreting primary mucosal cell cultures or cell lines. Here, we introduce an isolated perfused rat small intestine as an alternative method for studying gut hormone secretion. The virtues of this model are that it relies on the intact gut, meaning that it recapitulates most of the physiologically important parameters responsible for the secretion in in vivo studies, including mucosal polarization, paracrine relationships and routes of perfusion/stimulus exposure. In addition, and unlike in vivo studies, the isolated perfused rat small intestine allows for almost complete experimental control and direct assessment of secretion. In contrast to in vitro studies, it is possible to study both the magnitude and the dynamics of secretion and to address important questions, such as what stimuli cause secretion of different gut hormones, from which side of the gut (luminal or vascular) is secretion stimulated, and to analyze in detail molecular sensors underlying the secretory response. In addition, the preparation is a powerful model for the study of intestinal absorption and details regarding the dynamics of intestinal absorption including the responsible transporters.

Here, we present a powerful and physiological model to study the molecular mechanisms underlying gut hormone secretion and intestinal absorption &#8212; the isolated perfused rat small intestine.

창 자 호르몬 분 비는 격리를 사용 하 여 기본 메커니즘 끼얹는다 쥐 소장

The gut is the largest endocrine organ of the body, producing more than 15 different peptide hormones that regulate appetite and food intake, digestion, ...

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution

Clinical trials assessing therapies for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involve a baseline and end of study liver biopsy, and assessment of improvement in disease endpoints, often reflected as a percent of each treatment arm that improved, worsened or remained unchanged. Traditional preclinical rodent studies for putative NASH therapies are often limited by not knowing the level of liver disease/NASH present at the start of therapeutic intervention, instead of randomizing treatment groups on easily measurable endpoints such as body weight, metabolic status or similar. Here, we describe a liver biopsy technique in a diet-induced NASH mouse model, for the assessment of baseline liver disease in order to exclude mice that do not exhibit fibrosis and to equally distribute animals with similar fibrosis between treatment groups. These levels can then be compared to the terminal, post-intervention levels for a truer understanding of in vivo pharmacological effects and thus more accurately reflect clinical trial design strategies. The mouse is properly anesthetized and prepared for the surgery using sterile conditions. A small incision is made in the upper abdomen and the left lateral lobe of the liver is exposed. A wedge of the liver is surgically removed, and a similar-sized piece of absorbable gelatin is put in its place to stop any bleeding. The mouse is surgically sutured and stapled closed and will recover back to normal within 1 day. The entire process takes 5-10 min per mouse. Here we exemplify the utility of this procedure by leveraging the pre-study biopsy to assess the impact of the glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist liraglutide on NASH endpoints in mice.

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis NASH Resolution

In clinical settings, a liver biopsy is used to assess stages of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (steatosis, inflammation, hepatocyte ballooning, and fibrosis). Here, we illustrate a survivable liver biopsy in mice which can be used for histological analyses to enable assessment of therapeutic agents in a manner more aligned with clinical trials.

무알코올 Steatohepatitis (NASH) 해상도 평가 하기 위해 쥐에 지속 가능 간 생 검 절차의

Clinical trials assessing therapies for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) involve a baseline and end of study liver biopsy, and ...