Name: live cell imaging during mechanical stretch
Uploaded: 2015-08-19T13:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 42 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch at JoVE.com

저자는 그들의 지원을 위해 멤피스 대학의 기술 페덱스 연구소 감사 그 싶습니다. 저자는 멤피스 (데이비드 버틀러, 재키 카터, 도미닉 클리블랜드, 야곱 섀퍼) 대학에서 기계 공학 부서의 수석 디자인 프로젝트 그룹의 학생들을 인정하고 싶습니다, 모터 제어를위한 대학 멤피스의 공학 기술 부서의 다니엘 콘 세포 배양에서의 도움, 박사 빈 탱과 양 Charlean Luellen. 이 작품은 K01 HL120912 (ER) 및 R01 HL123540 (CMW)에 의해 지원되었다.

보존 셀의 문화 매체에 대한 음의 벽 (최종 제품에 대한 그림 1D 참조) 멤브레인의 1. 건설 <ol><li> 콜라겐 I로 코팅 된 폴리 디메틸 실록산 (PDMS) 시트를 사용하여, 메스 나 다이를가요 성 멤브레인의 윤곽을 잘랐다. </li><li> 저장을위한 60mm 페트리 접시에 각각의 막 놓습니다. </li><li> 벽의 창조 : <ol><li> B (경화제) 엘라스토머 엘라스토머의 중량비는 1 : 10 PDMS 섞는다. </li><li> 50 ㎖ 튜브에 완전히 혼합 된 PDMS 5 mL를 따르십시오. </li><li> 수평 하이브리드 오븐에서 경화 PDMS 50 ml의 튜브를 놓습니다. </li><li> 경화 시간 동안 8 rpm에서 코팅 튜브의 내벽을 로터 함수를 사용한다. 실온에서, PDMS는 완전히 2 일 내에 완치됩니다. </li><li> 무균 세포 배양 후드에 튜브에서 PDMS를 제거합니다. </li><li> 새로운 면도날을 사용하여, 섹션의 높이에 대한 4mm의 PDMS 실린더 분할. </li><li> 막 WA 될 것입니다 섹션을 배치LLS, 수없이 페트리 접시 용기에 벽이 접혔 될 수 있습니다. </li></ol></li><li> 페트리 접시에 두 가지를 유지하면서 하나의 막에 PDMS의 한 벽을 선택하고 센터. </li><li> 접착제로 사용하는 벽의 바깥 둘레에 : (1 비율 10) 조심스럽게 경화 PDMS를 놓습니다. 이 액체를 유지하기 위해 존재하기 때문에 벽과 막 사이의 간격의 형성을 방지합니다. </li><li> 각 페트리 접시 완성 된 멤브레인을 포함하고 치료하는 24 시간 동안 70 ℃의 오븐에서 덮여를 놓습니다. </li></ol> 교정 용 클램프 변위 또는 레이디 얼 성장 (그림 2)와 모터의 회전 2. 상관 관계 <ol><li> 모터를 제어하는​​ 소프트웨어를 시작합니다. </li><li> 모터 소프트웨어의 수동 설정을 사용하여 장치의 클램프를 변위. </li><li> 거리를 측정하고 클램프의 최소 및 최대 변위 모두에서 클램프를 반대 사이의 모터 카운트 위치를 기록한다. </li><li> D의 변화율을 계산모터 카운트 (~ 0-75k 개수)의 함수로서 클램프 사이 istance. 이 막에 달성의 최대 잠재적 인 변형을 나타냅니다. </li></ol> 마우스 폐 상피 세포주에 스트레치 3. 응용 프로그램 (MLE12) <ol><li> 물론 당 유연한 막에 250 만 세포 (1 단계)에서 종자 MLE12 세포는 이틀 컨 플루 언트합니다. 파종 밀도는 다른 세포 유형에 따라 다를 수 있습니다. </li><li> 기계 액추에이터는 완전히 편안한 위치에 있는지 확인합니다. <ol><li> 세포 배양 용지를 제거합니다. </li><li> 여섯 클램프 각각의 두 펀치 구멍, 1.5 mm에게 생검 펀치를 사용하여 멤브레인의 탭 (도 1d 참조). 구멍의 반경 방향 위치는 멤브레인 경험 초기 사전 장력의 양을 결정한다. 어떠한 미리 장력이 요구되지 않은 경우 멤브레인 탭 20.5 mm의 반경 펀치 구멍. </li><li> 펀치 구멍이 클램프 내에서 핀을 일렬로 들것에 막을 놓습니다.장소에 최고 클램프를 놓습니다. 나사 한 번 교류 측면에서 하나를 조입니다. </li><li> 1 ml의 세포 배양 배지를 추가합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 빛의 경로와 멤브레인의 중앙을 중심으로 현미경의 무대 장치를 놓습니다. </li><li> 무대에 장치를 고정하는 테이프 또는 자석 (가능한 경우)를 사용합니다. 일단 고정, 현미경의 스테이지 제어기와 기계 장치의 면내 (막으로 평행 한 방향) 및 수직 (Z 방향)을 제어한다. </li><li> 수동 회전 모터 (20)의 위치 및 속도를 제어함으로써, 제조사에 의해 제공된 소프트웨어를 사용하여 연신을 적용한다. </li></ol> 미토콘드리아 활성 산소 종의 4. 측정 (ROS) <ol><li> 세포가 컨 플루 언트되면, 직접 세포에 미토콘드리아 초과 산화물 표시 등 (5 μm의 최종 농도)와 RT DMEM의 1-2 ml를 추가합니다. </li><li> 37 ℃에서 10 분 동안 품어. </li><li> 워시 세포는 부드럽게 버퍼와 세 번에 물을 욕조에 따뜻하게37 ° C. </li><li> 즉시 똑바로 공 초점 현미경으로 이미 자리에 들것 (단계 2.2)에 유연한 막 놓습니다. </li><li> 페놀 레드 무료 매체 HEPES 25 mm의 DMEM의 1 ML을 추가합니다. </li><li> 580분의 510 nm의 여기 / 방출 필터를 설정합니다. </li><li> 이미지 여러 필드는 매 15 분 미토콘드리아 슈퍼 옥사이드 생산의 원하는 시간 코스를 만들 수 있습니다. </li><li> 캡처 된 이미지에서, 기록 형광 강도는 형광 강도를 정량화 가능한 소프트웨어를 사용하여 각 시간 간격 히스토그램. </li></ol> 스트레칭과 원자 힘 현미경 (5) 응용 프로그램 (AFM) 참고 :이 단계는 특정 원자 현미경과 광학 현미경 조합 (그림 4 및 재료 목록) 제공됩니다. <ol><li> 실험을위한 AFM을 준비합니다. <ol><li> Z 방향의 최대 위치로 AFM 헤드의 높이를 증가시킨다. </li><li> AFM의 다리에 익스텐더를 넣어비행기를 해제하는 AFM은 캔틸레버 연락처 샘플을에서. 시험편 AFM 헤드는 기계 장치의 높이를 수용하도록 해제 될 필요가있다. </li></ol></li><li> (사용 가능한 경우) 광학 현미경을 준비합니다. <ol><li> AFM 스캐너 플레이트를 제거합니다. 원하는 목표를 제거합니다. </li><li> 목적에 스페이서를 추가합니다. 스페이서의 높이는 대물과 특정 AFM 셋업에 달려 있지만, 관측 평면 들것 및 어댑터의 높이 (도 동일한 양만큼 z- 방향으로 이동되기 때문에 광학 이미징이 요구되는 경우에 필요하다 5A). AFM은 일반적으로 상기 장치 광로 저배율 이미징을 제공합니다. </li><li> 그 위치에서 원하는 목표를 다시 마운트합니다. AFM에 다시 스캐너를 설치. </li><li> AFM 소프트웨어를 시작합니다. 형광 측정을위한 광원을 포함한 모든 필요한 광원을 시작합니다. </li><li> 캔틸레버 빔 칩을 탑재하는원하는 측정에 적합합니다. 생균의 탄성률을 측정 할 때 200 PN / nm 이하의 강성이 바람직하다. </li><li> 레이저를 맞추고 장치에 장착 된 유리 커버 슬립에 제조업체의 제안에 따라 캔틸레버의 강성을 보정. </li></ol></li><li> 단계 1에서와 같이 막을 제조되지만 다음과 변형. <ol><li> 즉시 스트레칭 장치에 막을 설치하기 전에, 높이 약 1mm로 벽을 잘라. 이는 멤브레인 벽과로드 셀 간의 간섭 발생을 방지한다. </li><li> 3.2.1-3.2.3 설명 된대로 기계 장치에 막을 마운트합니다. </li><li> 유출시 AFM 스캐너의 손상을 방지하기 위하여 세포 배양 배지를 제거한다. </li><li> 커플 어댑터 (도 5a)와 장치. 스캐너의 어댑터와 기계 장치를 놓습니다. </li><li> 원하는 인장 변형 레벨 막을 스트레칭. </li></ol></li><li&gt; 신장 세포의 나노 압입. <ol><li> 때문에 유출에 AFM 스캐너 또는 현미경 손상을 방지하기 위해 세포에서 미디어의 제한 (&lt;0.5 ml)에 볼륨을 추가합니다. </li><li> 멤브레인 외팔보를 작동. </li><li> 관심 분야를 스캔하고 특정 AFM 장치의 프로토콜을 따르십시오. </li></ol></li></ol>

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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+cytoskeletal+structure+and+mechanics+on+epithelial+cell+injury+during+cyclic+airway+reopening.">Influence of cytoskeletal structure and mechanics on epithelial cell injury during cyclic airway reopening.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 297, L881-L891 (2009).</li><li>Jacob, A. M., Gaver, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Atelectrauma+disrupts+pulmonary+epithelial+barrier+integrity+and+alters+the+distribution+of+tight+junction+proteins+ZO-1+and+claudin+4.">Atelectrauma disrupts pulmonary epithelial barrier integrity and alters the distribution of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and claudin 4.</a> J Appl Physiol. 113, 1377-1387 (2012).</li><li>DiPaolo, B. C., Lenormand, G., Fredberg, J. J., Margulies, S. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stretch+magnitude+and+frequency-dependent+actin+cytoskeleton+remodeling+in+alveolar+epithelia.">Stretch magnitude and frequency-dependent actin cytoskeleton remodeling in alveolar epithelia.</a> Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 299, C345-C353 (2010).</li></ol>

저자는 그들이 더 경쟁 재정적 이익이 없다는 것을 선언합니다.

기계적 스트레칭 동안 라이브 세포 이미징의 고유 장치가 개발되었다; 그리고이 장치는 폐 상피 세포 제어 공학을 연구 프로토콜에서 사용되었다. 예비 연구에서, 단일 개최 스트레칭 기관지 상피 세포에서 미토콘드리아 초과 산화물의 생산을 자극 한 것으로 나타났습니다. 또한, 기계적인 변형의 수준 증가는 폐포 상피 세포 단층의 무결성에 대한 직접적인 손상을 야기하는 것이 입증되었다. </p...

세포는 여러 조직에서의 기계적 하중을 실시하고,이 기계적 자극 유전자 발현, 성장 인자, 사이토 카인, 또는 세포 외 기질의 재 형성의 방출 패턴의 변화를 촉진하고 세포 골격 1-4 밝혀졌다. 기계적 자극에서 형질 세포 내 신호는 mechanotransduction 5-7의 과정을 통해 발생한다. 호흡계에서, mechanotransduction의 일 결과는, 반응성 산소 종 (ROS) 환상 인장 변형의 존재 폐 상피 세포에서 8,9 및 전 염증성 사이토 카인 (10)의 증가이다. 강력한 증거는 과도한 인장력이 11-14 세포의 생화학 적 반응에 더하여, 폐포 상피 부상을 직접 유도 것을 시사한다. 포커스 여기서 기계적 변형에 폐 세포의 반응에 주로이지만 mechanotransduction 의해 유도 경로는 BAS에 중요한 역할혈관 음 (15)의 조정 · 성장판 (16)의 개발을 포함하여 인체의 여러 조직의 IC 기능. mechanotransduction에 대한 관심이 증가 배양 세포 및 조직 생리 학적으로 중요한 기계적 하중의인가에 대한 여러 장치의 발전을 가져왔다. 특히, 조직 경험 기계적 하중의 일반적인 형태 인 인장 변형을, 적용 장치 11,17-19 인기 있습니다. 그러나, 사용 가능한 장치의 대부분은 어느 조직 공학 응용 프로그램을위한 생물 반응기로 설계 또는 스트레칭 실시간 영상에 도움이 아니다. 이와 같이, mechanotransduction의 경로의 조사를 용이하게하기 위해 장력 세포와 조직을 시각화 도구와 방법의 개발이 요구된다. 여기서, 면내 기계적 연신 장치를 설계하고, 프로토콜은 m을 적용하기 위해 개발되었다ultiple 조직에 변형의 형태와 세포를 실시간으로 (그림 1A-D)의 생화학 적 및 기계적 응답의 영상을 허용하면서. 장치는가요 성 멤브레인을 잡고 약 20 % (도 1b)에 면내 방사형 팽창 위로 적용 원주 등 간격 배치 여섯 클램프를 사용한다. 모터 (도 1C)는 인큐베이터의 외측에 배치 된 모터 공급자 독점 소프트웨어에 의해 제어되는 동안 구동 장치는 장기간 세포 배양 용 인큐베이터에 배치 될 수있다. 모터는 긴장과 이완 균일 여섯 들것 클램프 구동, 내부 캠을 회전 선형 드라이버에 접속된다. 기계적인 장치 이외에, 맞춤형가요 성 멤브레인은 기계 시스템에 사용되는 시판되는 세포 배양 준비 막으로부터 만들어졌다. 약의 직경 그리고 원형 벽 (28mm)를 만들어 세포 만 잘 설명 변형 프로파일이 지역에서 배양 할 수 있도록 유연한 막에 부착 하였다. 구동 장치 내에서 이러한 막의 배치는가요 성 멤브레인의 중앙에 균일하고 등방 변형을 제공 할 수 있는지 여부를 확인하기 위하여, 유한 요소 분석은 시판되는 소프트웨어 (도 1E-F)를 수행 하였다. 플렉서블 멤브레인은 대칭 경계 조건으로 메시에 대한 모든 사변형 요소를 이용하여 모델링되었다. 그림 1 층에 표시된 최대 주 변형률의 윤곽 플롯에서 볼 동심 링은 변형의 등방성 분포를 나타냅니다. 막에 의해 경험 한 스트레인은 하중 (도 2)를 통해 표시의 화상을 기록하여 측정 하였다.도 2d는 반경 방향 및 축 방향으로 측정 된 평균 막 응력은 대략 선형임을 나타낸다적용된 모터에 대하여 20 %의 최대 선형 변형까지 카운트한다. 다시 정지 위치로 후퇴 동안 측정과 비교 팽창 동안 측정 균주 수준 사이에는 유의 한 차이가 없었다. 다음으로,가요 ​​성 멤브레인에 정의 배양 인간 기관지 상피 세포 (16HBE) 및 그 핵의 변위를 측정 하였다. 전 세포 변위 디지털 현미경 기록 위상차 이미지를 측정 하였다 반면 16HBE 세포의 형광 표지 (DAPI) 핵은, 공 초점 현미경으로 20 배의 대물 렌즈를 사용하여 영상화되었다. 도 3에서 보듯이, 핵의 변위에 의해 측정 된 변형은 최대 ~ 20 %의 선형 변형에 막 마크의 변위에 의해 측정 된 것과 유사 하였다. 이는 멤브레인에 적용 균주 부착 세포에 전달되었음을 확인한다. 전통적인 현미경에 정의 디바이스의 사용을 기술하는 프로토콜 및 원자 힘 microscopE는 다음과 같이 제공된다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>SmartMotor NEMA 34: 3400 Series</td><td>MOOG Animatics</td><td>SM3416D</td><td>Integrated motor, controller, amplifier, encoder and communications bus</td></tr><tr><td>Flexcell Membrane (Collagen I coated)</td><td>Flexcell International Corp</td><td>SM2-1010C</td><td>3.5&quot;&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;5.25&quot;&amp;nbsp;x&amp;nbsp;0.020&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Sylgard 184</td><td>Dow Corning Corporation</td><td></td><td>10:1</td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst 33342&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>H1399</td><td>DAPI stain</td></tr><tr><td>MitoSOX</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M36008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tiron</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D7389&amp;nbsp;</td><td>mitochondrial superoxide label</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td></td><td></td><td>superoxide inhibitor</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml tubes</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-443-19</td><td>Any centriguge tube can be used to create an area for imaging.</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization oven</td><td>Bellco Glass</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MLE12 Cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-2110</td><td>Mouse Lung Epithelial Cells&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>16HBE cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-2741</td><td>Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;AFM Indentation Experiments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Cantilever Beams for Nano-indentation</td><td>Budget Sensors</td><td>Si-Ni30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>AFM&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Asylum Research</td><td>MFP3D</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Olympus microscope</td><td>Olympus</td><td>IX-71</td><td>Inverted microscope with 20X and 40X objectives.</td></tr><tr><td>AFM Leg Extenders</td><td>Asylum Research</td><td>Not available</td><td>AFM microscope</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Finite Element Analyses&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ABAQUS</td><td>Simulia</td><td>6.12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Software&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>ImageJ</td><td>NIH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Microscopes&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Digital microscope</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>EVOS XL Core</td><td>Initially a self standing company, now owned by Life Technologies.</td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>LSM 710</td><td>2-photon upright microscope</td></tr></tbody></table>

live cell imaging during mechanical stretch

There is currently a significant interest in understanding how cells and tissues respond to mechanical stimuli, but current approaches are limited in their capability for measuring responses in real time in live cells or viable tissue. A protocol was developed with the use of a cell actuator to distend live cells grown on or tissues attached to an elastic substrate while imaging with confocal and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Preliminary studies show that tonic stretching of human bronchial epithelial cells caused a significant increase in the production of mitochondrial superoxide. Moreover, using this protocol, alveolar epithelial cells were stretched and imaged, which showed direct damage to the epithelial cells by overdistention simulating one form of lung injury in vitro. A protocol to conduct AFM nano-indentation on stretched cells is also provided.

활성 산소 종 및 변형 이전의 연구는 환상 스트레칭 21에 응답기도 및 폐포 상피 세포에서 반응성 산소 종 (ROS)의 증가를 보여 주었다. 활성 산소는 분자와 지질, 단백질, 다당류, 핵산 22-24 높은 반응성 산소 분자에서 파생 된 활성 산소를 포함한다. ROS는 일반적인 세포 내 이온 채널의 기능을 조절하는 신호 단백질 키나제 / 포스파타제 활성 및 유전자 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch at JoVE.com

Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch

A novel imaging protocol was developed using a custom motor-driven mechanical actuator to allow the measurement of real time responses to mechanical strain in live cells. Relevant to mechanobiology, the system can apply strains up to 20% while allowing near real-time imaging with confocal or atomic force microscopy.

기계 스트레치 동안 라이브 세포 이미징

There is currently a significant interest in understanding how cells and tissues respond to mechanical stimuli, but current approaches are limited in ...

live-cell-imaging-during-mechanical-stretch

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

10.3K 조회수.  University of Tennessee Health Science Center. A novel imaging protocol was developed using a custom motor-driven mechanical actuator to allow the measurement of real time responses to mechanical strain in live cells. Relevant to mechanobiology, the system can apply strains up to 20% while allowing near real-time imaging with confocal or atomic force microscopy. 

비디오: Live Cell Imaging during Mechanical Stretch

Mechanical Stimulation of Stem Cells Using Cyclic Uniaxial Strain

The role of mechanical forces in the development and maintenance of biological tissues is well documented, including several mechanically regulated phenomena such as bone remodeling, muscular hypertrophy, and smooth muscle cell plasticity. However, the forces involved are often extremely complex and difficult to monitor and control in vivo. To better investigate the effects of mechanical forces on cells, we have developed an in vitro method for applying uniaxial cyclic tensile strain to adherent cells cultured on elastic membranes. This method utilizes a custom-designed bioreactor with a motorized cam-rotor system to apply the desired force. Here we present a step-by-step video protocol demonstrating how to assemble the various components of each "stretch chamber", including, in this case, a silicone membrane with micropatterned topography to orient the cells with the direction of the strain. We also describe procedures for sterilizing the chambers, seeding cells onto the membrane, latching the chamber into the bioreactor, and adjusting the mechanical parameters (i.e. magnitude and rate of strain). The procedures outlined in this particular protocol are specific for seeding human mesenchymal stem cells onto silicone membranes with 10 &micro;m wide channels oriented parallel to the direction of strain. However, the methods and materials presented in this system are flexible enough to accommodate a number of variations on this theme: strain rate, magnitude, duration, cell type, membrane topography, membrane coating, etc. can all be tailored to the desired application or outcome. This is a robust method for investigating the effects of uniaxial tensile strain applied to cells in vitro.

It is widely understood that mechanical forces in the body can influence cell differentiation and proliferation. Here we present a video protocol demonstrating the use of a custom-built bioreactor for delivering uniaxial cyclic tensile strain to stem cells cultured on flexible micropatterned substrates.

순환 Uniaxial 스트레인을 사용하여 줄기 세포의 기계적 자극

The role of mechanical forces in the development and maintenance of biological tissues is well documented, including several mechanically regulated ...

연구

생물학

An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key component of lung development is the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, the major source of pulmonary surfactant. These cells also participate in fluid homeostasis in the alveolar lumen, host defense, and injury repair. In addition, distal lung parenchyma cells can be directly exposed to exaggerated stretch during mechanical ventilation after birth. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms by which lung cells sense mechanical stimuli to influence lung development and to promote lung injury are not completely understood. Here, we provide a simple and high purity method to isolate type II cells and fibroblasts from rodent fetal lungs. Then, we describe an in vitro system, The Flexcell Strain Unit, to provide mechanical stimulation to fetal cells, simulating mechanical forces in fetal lung development or lung injury. This experimental system provides an excellent tool to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms in fetal lung cells exposed to stretch. Using this approach, our laboratory has identified several receptors and signaling proteins that participate in mechanotransduction in fetal lung development and lung injury.

Mechanical forces play a key role in lung development and lung injury. Here, we describe a method to isolate rodent fetal lung type II epithelial cells and fibroblasts and to expose them to mechanical stimulation using an in vitro system.

태아의 폐 세포에 Mechanotransduction을 공부하는 실험적 시스템

Mechanical forces generated in utero by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key ...

생체공학

Stretching Micropatterned Cells on a PDMS Membrane

Mechanical forces exerted on cells and/or tissues play a major role in numerous processes. We have developed a device to stretch cells plated on a PolyDiMethylSiloxane (PDMS) membrane, compatible with imaging. This technique is reproducible and versatile. The PDMS membrane can be micropatterned in order to confine cells or tissues to a specific geometry. The first step is to print micropatterns onto the PDMS membrane with a deep UV technique. The PDMS membrane is then mounted on a mechanical stretcher. A chamber is bound on top of the membrane with biocompatible grease to allow gliding during the stretch. The cells are seeded and allowed to spread for several hours on the micropatterns. The sample can be stretched and unstretched multiple times with the use of a micrometric screw. It takes less than a minute to apply the stretch to its full extent (around 30%). The technique presented here does not include a motorized device, which is necessary for applying repeated stretch cycles quickly and/or computer controlled stretching, but this can be implemented. Stretching of cells or tissue can be of interest for questions related to cell forces, cell response to mechanical stress or tissue morphogenesis. This video presentation will show how to avoid typical problems that might arise when doing this type of seemingly simple experiment.

This manuscript presents a technique to apply or release forces on adherent cells or tissues using unidirectional stretching.

PDMS 막에 마이크로 패턴 세포를 스트레칭

Mechanical forces exerted on cells and/or tissues  play a major role in numerous processes. We have developed a device to stretch  cells plated on a ...

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have contributed dramatically to the understanding of basic mechanobiology. These techniques have been extensively used to demonstrate how the onset and progression of various diseases are heavily influenced by mechanical cues. This article presents a multi-functional biaxial stretching (BAXS) platform that can either mechanically stimulate single cells or quantify the mechanical stiffness of tissues. The BAXS platform consists of four voice coil motors that can be controlled independently. Single cells can be cultured on a flexible substrate that can be attached to the motors allowing one to expose the cells to complex, dynamic, and spatially varying strain fields. Conversely, by incorporating a force load cell, one can also quantify the mechanical properties of primary tissues as they are exposed to deformation cycles. In both cases, a proper set of clamps must be designed and mounted to the BAXS platform motors in order to firmly hold the flexible substrate or the tissue of interest. The BAXS platform can be mounted on an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous transmitted light and/or fluorescence imaging to examine the structural or biochemical response of the sample during stretching experiments. This article provides experimental details of the design and usage of the BAXS platform and presents results for single cell and whole tissue studies. The BAXS platform was used to measure the deformation of nuclei in single mouse myoblast cells in response to substrate strain and to measure the stiffness of isolated mouse aortas. The BAXS platform is a versatile tool that can be combined with various optical microscopies in order to provide novel mechanobiological insights at the sub-cellular, cellular and whole tissue levels.

We present in this article a novel stretching platform that can be used to investigate single cell responses to complex anisotropic biaxial mechanical deformation and quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues.

세포와 조직 Mechanobiology의 응용 프로그램에 대한 새로운 스트레칭 플랫폼

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have ...

Live Cell Response to Mechanical Stimulation Studied by Integrated Optical and Atomic Force Microscopy

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to investigate cells behavior at sub-cellular level with high spatial and temporal resolution was developed. Thus, an atomic force microscope (AFM) was integrated with total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and fast-spinning disk (FSD) confocal microscopy. The integrated system is broadly applicable across a wide range of molecular dynamic studies in any adherent live cells, allowing direct optical imaging of cell responses to mechanical stimulation in real-time. Significant rearrangement of the actin filaments and focal adhesions was shown due to local mechanical stimulation at the apical cell surface that induced changes into the cellular structure throughout the cell body. These innovative techniques will provide new information for understanding live cell restructuring and dynamics in response to mechanical force. A detailed protocol and a representative data set that show live cell response to mechanical stimulation are presented.

This paper aims to instruct the reader in the operation of an integrated atomic force-optical imaging microscope for mechanical stimulation of live cells in culture. A step-by-step protocol is presented. A representative data set that shows live cell response to mechanical stimulation is presented.

기계 자극에 라이브 세포 응답 통합 광학과 원자 힘 현미경에 의해 연구

To understand the mechanism by which living cells sense mechanical forces, and how they respond and adapt to their environment, a new technology able to ...

High-resolution Imaging of Nuclear Dynamics in Live Cells under Uniaxial Tensile Strain

Extracellular mechanical strain is known to elicit cell phenotypic responses and has physiological relevance in several tissue systems. To capture the effect of applied extracellular tensile strain on cell populations in vitro via biochemical assays, a device has previously been designed which can be fabricated simply and is small enough to fit inside tissue culture incubators, as well as on top of microscope stages. However, the previous design of the polydimethylsiloxane substratum did not allow high-resolution subcellular imaging via oil-immersion objectives. This work describes a redesigned geometry of the polydimethylsiloxane substratum and a customized imaging setup that together can facilitate high-resolution subcellular imaging of live cells while under applied strain. This substratum can be used with the same, earlier designed device and, hence, has the same advantages as listed above, in addition to allowing high-resolution optical imaging. The design of the polydimethylsiloxane substratum can be improved by incorporating a grid which will facilitate tracking the same cell before and after the application of strain. Representative results demonstrate high-resolution time-lapse imaging of fluorescently labeled nuclei within strained cells captured using the method described here. These nuclear dynamics data give insights into the mechanism by which applied tensile strain promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.&#160;

Using a previously designed device to apply mechanical strain to adherent cells, this paper describes a redesigned substratum geometry and a customized apparatus for high-resolution single-cell imaging of strained cells with a 100x oil immersion objective.

일축 인장 스트레인 하에서 살아있는 세포의 핵 역학에 대 한 고해상도 이미징

Extracellular mechanical strain is known to elicit cell phenotypic responses and has physiological relevance in several tissue systems. To capture the ...

Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation

In most eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle and is typically 2 to 10 times stiffer than the surrounding cytoskeleton; consequently, the physical properties of the nucleus contribute significantly to the overall biomechanical behavior of cells under physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in migrating neutrophils and invading cancer cells, nuclear stiffness can pose a major obstacle during extravasation or passage through narrow spaces within tissues.1 On the other hand, the nucleus of cells in mechanically active tissue such as muscle requires sufficient structural support to withstand repetitive mechanical stress. Importantly, the nucleus is tightly integrated into the cellular architecture; it is physically connected to the surrounding cytoskeleton, which is a critical requirement for the intracellular movement and positioning of the nucleus, for example, in polarized cells, synaptic nuclei at neuromuscular junctions, or in migrating cells.2 Not surprisingly, mutations in nuclear envelope proteins such as lamins and nesprins, which play a critical role in determining nuclear stiffness and nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling, have been shown recently to result in a number of human diseases, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy.3 To investigate the biophysical function of diverse nuclear envelope proteins and the effect of specific mutations, we have developed experimental methods to study the physical properties of the nucleus in single, living cells subjected to global or localized mechanical perturbation. Measuring induced nuclear deformations in response to precisely applied substrate strain application yields important information on the deformability of the nucleus and allows quantitative comparison between different mutations or cell lines deficient for specific nuclear envelope proteins. Localized cytoskeletal strain application with a microneedle is used to complement this assay and can yield additional information on intracellular force transmission between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. Studying nuclear mechanics in intact living cells preserves the normal intracellular architecture and avoids potential artifacts that can arise when working with isolated nuclei. Furthermore, substrate strain application presents a good model for the physiological stress experienced by cells in muscle or other tissues (e.g., vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to vessel strain). Lastly, while these tools have been developed primarily to study nuclear mechanics, they can also be applied to investigate the function of cytoskeletal proteins and mechanotransduction signaling.

We present two independent, microscope-based tools to measure the induced nuclear and cytoskeletal deformations in single, living adherent cells in response to global or localized strain application. These techniques are used to determine nuclear stiffness (i.e., deformability) and to probe intracellular force transmission between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton.

계면 세포 핵의 기계적 성질을 알아내기 위해 Biophysical Assays : 기판 스트레인 신청 및 Microneedle 조작

In most eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle and is typically 2 to 10 times stiffer than the surrounding cytoskeleton; consequently, the ...

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized in vitro stretching methods. Various available systems use 2D substrate-based stretchers, while the accessibility of 3D techniques to strain soft hydrogels, is more restricted. Here, we describe a method that allows external stretching of soft hydrogels from their circumference, using an elastic silicone strip as the sample carrier. The stretching system utilized in this protocol is constructed from 3D-printed parts and low-cost electronics, making it simple and easy to replicate in other labs. The experimental process begins with polymerizing thick (&#62;100 &#956;m) soft fibrin hydrogels (Elastic Modulus of ~100 Pa) in a cut-out at the center of a silicone strip. Silicone-gel constructs are then attached to the printed-stretching device and placed on the confocal microscope stage. Under live microscopy the stretching device is activated, and the gels are imaged at various stretch magnitudes. Image processing is then used to quantify the resulting gel deformations, demonstrating relatively homogenous strains and fiber alignment throughout the gel&#8217;s 3D thickness (Z-axis). Advantages of this method include the ability to strain extremely soft hydrogels in 3D while executing in situ microscopy, and the freedom to manipulate the geometry and size of the sample according to the user&#8217;s needs. Additionally, with proper adaptation, this method can be used to stretch other types of hydrogels (e.g., collagen, polyacrylamide or polyethylene glycol) and can allow for analysis of cells and tissue response to external forces under more biomimetic 3D conditions.

The presented method involves uniaxial stretching of 3D soft hydrogels embedded in silicone rubber while allowing live confocal microscopy. Characterization of the external and internal hydrogel strains as well as fiber alignment are demonstrated. The device and protocol developed can assess the response of cells to various strain regimes.

라이브 현미경 이미징 에서 3D 하이드로겔의 제어 변형

External forces are an important factor in tissue formation, development, and maintenance. The effects of these forces are often studied using specialized ...

Method for High Speed Stretch Injury of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Neurons in a 96-well Format

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of pre-clinical research, no proven therapies for TBI have been developed. This paper presents a novel method for pre-clinical neurotrauma research intended to complement existing pre-clinical models. It introduces human pathophysiology through the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons (hiPSCNs). It achieves loading pulse duration similar to the loading durations of clinical closed head impact injury. It employs a 96-well format that facilitates high throughput experiments and makes efficient use of expensive cells and culture reagents. Silicone membranes are first treated to remove neurotoxic uncured polymer and then bonded to commercial 96-well plate bodies to create stretchable 96-well plates. A custom-built device is used to indent some or all of the well bottoms from beneath, inducing equibiaxial mechanical strain that mechanically injures cells in culture in the wells. The relationship between indentation depth and mechanical strain is determined empirically using high speed videography of well bottoms during indentation. Cells, including hiPSCNs, can be cultured on these silicone membranes using modified versions of conventional cell culture protocols. Fluorescent microscopic images of cell cultures are acquired and analyzed after injury in a semi-automated fashion to quantify the level of injury in each well. The model presented is optimized for hiPSCNs but could in theory be applied to other cell types.

Here we present a method for a human in vitro model of stretch injury in a 96-well format on a timescale relevant to impact trauma. This includes methods for fabricating stretchable plates, quantifying the mechanical insult, culturing and injuring cells, imaging, and high content analysis to quantify injury.

인간의 고속 스트레치 부상에 대 한 방법 유도 만능 줄기 세포 유래 신경 96 잘 형식

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major clinical challenge with high morbidity and mortality. Despite decades of pre-clinical research, no proven ...

신경과학

Human Saphenous Vein Endothelial Cell Isolation and Exposure to Controlled Levels of Shear Stress and Stretch

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a procedure to revascularize ischemic myocardium. Saphenous vein remains used as a CABG conduit despite the reduced long-term patency compared to arterial conduits. The abrupt increase of hemodynamic stress associated with the graft arterialization results in vascular damage, especially the endothelium, that may influence the low patency of the saphenous vein graft (SVG). Here, we describe the isolation, characterization, and expansion of human saphenous vein endothelial cells (hSVECs). Cells isolated by collagenase digestion display the typical cobblestone morphology and express endothelial cell markers CD31 and VE-cadherin. To assess the mechanical stress influence, protocols were used in this study to investigate the two main physical stimuli, shear stress and stretch, on arterialized SVGs. hSVECs are cultured in a parallel plate flow chamber to produce shear stress, showing alignment in the direction of the flow and increased expression of KLF2, KLF4, and NOS3. hSVECs can also be cultured in a silicon membrane that allows controlled cellular stretch mimicking venous (low) and arterial (high) stretch. Endothelial cells' F-actin pattern and nitric oxide (NO) secretion are modulated accordingly by the arterial stretch. In summary, we present a detailed method to isolate hSVECs to study the influence of hemodynamic mechanical stress on an endothelial phenotype.

We describe a protocol to isolate and culture human saphenous vein endothelial cells (hSVECs). We also provide detailed methods to produce shear stress and stretch to study mechanical stress in hSVECs.

인간 복재 정맥 내피 세포 분리 및 제어된 수준의 전단 응력 및 스트레칭에 대한 노출

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery is a procedure to revascularize ischemic myocardium. Saphenous vein remains used as a CABG conduit despite the ...