The authors would like to thank California Department of Food and Agriculture for funding of the project which led to the development of this protocol. CDFA SCB11019.

1. 심기 <ol><li> 플러그 트레이 채우기 (128 셀; 3cm 사각형 셀 28 X 54cm와 5cm 깊이) 플러그 토양 믹스. 세포의 균일 한 충전에 도움이 빈 플러그 트레이를 사용하여 각 트레이에 흙을 압축합니다. </li><li> 식물 상추 씨앗 ¼ 깊이 셀 당 2 ~ 3 씨앗 인치. 식물 복제 트레이에있는 모든 실험 선은 가뭄 모두 스트레스와 가뭄 재판 제어 트레이를 제공합니다. </li><li> 구멍이없는 바닥 판에 플러그 트레이를 놓습니다. </li><li> 반전 트레이 또는 플라스틱 돔 물 트레이 커버. 발아는 일반적으로 48 ~ 72 시간에 발생합니다. 발아 후 덮개를 분리하고 온실에 트레이를 이동합니다. 참고 :이 프로토콜은 또한 성장 챔버에서 수행 될 수있다. </li></ol> 2. 성장과 식물 케어 <ol><li> 발아 후 1~4주 필요에 따라 물 트레이, 일반적으로이 땅을 하단 트레이를 채우고 수 있도록하여, 2 ~ 3 회 (매주)는 오랜 시간 동안 앉아 (~ 1 시간) 광선 포화되기 위해이 같은 물에서의 부정적인 식물의 건강과 루트 개발에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며, 가뭄 화면에 영향을 줄 수 있습니다. </li><li> 1.5 작은 술 / 여자의 비율로 혼합 상업적 가용성 20-20-20 비료와 함께 매주 한 번 용지함을 기름지게. </li><li> 세포 1-2주 당 하나의 공장 얇은 트레이는 발아를 게시합니다. </li></ol> 3. 시작 가뭄 스트레스 <ol><li> 식물은 2 그룹으로 사주 된 별도의 트레이는 경우. 심각한 물 부족에 따라 하나의 그룹. 뿐만 아니라 컨트롤을 물을 다른 용지함을 사용합니다. 실험을하는 단계 2.1에서와 같이 대조군 물. 가뭄의 시작에서 실험의 나머지 부분에 대한 모든 트레이 시비 일시 중단합니다. </li><li> 실험 가뭄 1 주일 기간에 걸쳐 발생한다. 가뭄 스트레스 시험 (0 일)의 첫 날에 물과 그 이하의 모든 트레이를 작성하고 플러그 트레이에 토양이 다음 완전히 포화 될 트레이에서 물을 배수 할 수 있습니다. t의 개시 직전에 토양을 포화그는 스트레스 기간은 플러그 트레이에 개별 셀 사이의 토양 수분에 어떤 변화를 최소화하는 데 도움이 될 것입니다. </li></ol> 매개 변수와 기본 가뭄 스트레스 화면을 실시 4. 측정한다 주 : 다음 단계는 표 1은 가뭄 스트레스 시험 기간의 각각의 날에 측정 된 값의 일정을 제공한다 가뭄 화면의 과정을 통해 기록되는 세 가지 생리 학적 측정을 수집하는 방법을 설명합니다. <ol><li> 일 0, 2, 재판의 4 잎 상대 수분 함량 (RWC)을 측정한다. <ol><li> 트레이에서 양상추 식물 클립 및 2 잎을 제거합니다. </li><li> # 9 코르크 천공 충 (~ 1.6 cm 직경)를 사용하여 각각의 잎에서 3 디스크를 펀치. 하나의 샘플로 잎 펀치를 결합합니다. </li><li> 잎 디스크를 달아이 RWC 계산에 사용 생체중 (FW) 값이고, 다음 페트리 접시에 디스크를 배치했다. </li><li> 모든 판에 충분한 증류수를 추가아야 모든 잎 디스크는 떠 있습니다. 이것은 완전히 RWC 분석을 위해 과장된 가중치를 수집하기 위해 잎 디스크를 수화하는 것입니다. 잎 디스크는 실온에서 24 시간 동안 떠있게 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 플레이트에서 이제 완전히 수화 잎 디스크를 제거하고 부드럽게 디스크를 계량하기 전에 종이 타월로 잎 디스크의 외부를 건조. RWC 계산을위한 과장된 무게 (TW) 이러한 가중치를 기록합니다. </li><li> 종이 실험실에 배치 잎 디스크는 24 시간 동안 55 ° C에서 인큐베이터에서 닦아 또는 페트리 접시에 여과지 디스크 및 건조. 참고 : 용지가 건조하는 동안 배양 접시에 부착 잎 디스크를 방지 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 마른 잎 디스크와 RWC 계산을위한 기록 건조 무게 (DW)를 달아. </li><li> 스마트 빙햄 (11, 12)에 의해 설명 된 RWC는 Weatherley의 공식을 사용하여 계산합니다. RWC = (FW-DW / TW-DW) * 100 FW 신선한 무게, TW = 과장된 무게, DW는 = 건조 중량을 = </li><li> 시험의 각 생식과 치료 단계를 반복 4.1. </li></ol></li><li> 기록 식물 윌 가뭄 스트레스 시험의 1 일 및 식물의 100 %가 일반적으로 하루 4, 5, 시들 때 종료에 회 시작입니다. </li><li> 복구 단계 및 성장 차동 <ol><li> 하루 6 일, 가뭄 스트레스 기간을 체결하고 스트레스 식물은 재판의 회복 단계를 입력합니다. 제어 트레이로, 2.1 단계, 물 아래 트레이를 입력하고 가뭄 스트레스 트레이 표준 물 일정을 다시 시작하기 전에 24 시간 동안 흡수 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 모든 식물 10 일 동안 복구 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 십일에서 포스트 가뭄 스트레스 각 식물의 지상 부분 위의 전체를 수확하고 신선한 무게를 기록한다. </li></ol></li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dijk, A. I. J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Millennium+Drought+in+southeast+Australia+(2001&#8211;2009):+Natural+and+human+causes+and+implications+for+water+resources,+ecosystems,+economy,+and+society.">The Millennium Drought in southeast Australia (2001&#8211;2009): Natural and human causes and implications for water resources, ecosystems, economy, and society.</a> Water Resour. Res. 49, (2013).</li><li>Aghakouchak, A., Feldman, D., Stewardson, M. J., Saphores, J., Grant, S., Sanders, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Australia&#8217;s+Drought:+Lessons+for+California.">Australia&#8217;s Drought: Lessons for California.</a> Science. 343, 1430 (2014).</li><li>Tolomeo, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=California+Agricultural+Statistics+2012+Crop+Year.">California Agricultural Statistics 2012 Crop Year.</a> USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service Pacific Regional Office-California. , (2013).</li><li>Cavagnaro, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Climate+Change:+Challenges+and+Solutions+for+California+Agricultural+Landscapes.+White+paper+CEC-500-2005-189-SF.">Climate Change: Challenges and Solutions for California Agricultural Landscapes. White paper CEC-500-2005-189-SF.</a> California Climate Change Center. , (2005).</li><li>Lobell, D. B., Gourdji, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Influence+of+Climate+Change+on+Global+Crop+Productivity.">The Influence of Climate Change on Global Crop Productivity.</a> Plant Physiol. 160, 1686-1697 (2012).</li><li>Jackson, L. E., Stivers, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Root+distribution+of+lettuce+under+commercial+production:+implications+for+crop+uptake+of+nitrogen.">Root distribution of lettuce under commercial production: implications for crop uptake of nitrogen.</a> Biological Agriculture and Horticulture. 9, 273-293 (1993).</li><li>Jackson, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Root+architecture+in+cultivated+and+wild+lettuce+(Lactuca+spp).">Root architecture in cultivated and wild lettuce (Lactuca spp).</a> Plant. Cell and Environment. 18, 885-897 (1995).</li><li>Malcom, S., Marshall, E., Aillery, M., Heisey, P., Livingston, M., Day-Rubenstein, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agricultural+Adaptation+to+a+Changing+Climate:+Economic+and+Environmental+Implications+Vary+by+U.S+Region.+USDA+Economic+Research+Service.">Agricultural Adaptation to a Changing Climate: Economic and Environmental Implications Vary by U.S Region. USDA Economic Research Service.</a> Economic Research Report Number. 136, (2012).</li><li>Chaves, M. M., Maroco, J. P., Pereira, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+plant+responses+to+drought-+from+genes+to+the+whole+plant.">Understanding plant responses to drought- from genes to the whole plant.</a> Funct. Plant Biol. 30, 239-264 (2003).</li><li>Ingram, J., Bartels, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Molecular+Basis+of+Dehydration+Tolerance+in+Plants.">The Molecular Basis of Dehydration Tolerance in Plants.</a> Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 47, 377-403 (1996).</li><li>Weatherley, P. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+in+the+water+relations+of+the+cotton+plant.+I.+The+field+measurement+of+water+deficits+in+leaves.">Studies in the water relations of the cotton plant. I. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves.</a> New Phlytol. 49, 81-97 (1950).</li><li>Smart, R. E., Bingham, G. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+Estimates+of+Relative+Water+Content.">Rapid Estimates of Relative Water Content.</a> Plant Physiol. 53, 258-260 (1974).</li></ol>

The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

화면 샘플 수의 고려 사항. 필요한 샘플의 수는이 화면에서 희망 데이터에 기초하여 이용되어야한다. 공개 품질 결과가 요구되는 경우에는 각 행에서 세 개별 식물 (3 생물학적 복제물)을 수확 및 품질 통계 분석에 적절한 포인트를주고 2 회 반복 실험의 최소값을 수행하도록 권장한다. 원하는 결과 인 경우 단순히 빨리 더 엄격한 복잡한 물 스트레스 실험, 적은 ?...

Water availability for irrigation has been a concern across much of the United States and globally for decades, but research into the response to drought-stress, along with other abiotic stresses, has lagged behind work in the areas of disease and insect resistance, at the industrial, academic, and governmental levels largely due to a lack of funding. Water availability for agriculture has historically been only an afterthought at the level of policy makers. Recently, due to several severe droughts in important agricultural production regions in both the United States and Australia1,2 fresh water availability has been thrust into the spotlight at both the national and international levels leading to many more resources being directed towards research into developing drought-tolerant cultivars of the major grain crops. While this shifting focus toward the development of drought-tolerant major crops is beneficial, like many areas of plant research specialty crops have largely been left behind. 
A severe drought is currently limiting vegetable production in California, the largest production region for Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in the United States3. These short-term weather patterns coupled with legislative and judicial action along with long-term climate change4,5 have combined to reduce water available for agriculture in many of the most productive regions of California. Lettuce production in California represents a 1.5 billion dollar industry accounting for nearly 80% of lettuce production in the United States3. Leafy vegetables have high leaf water content and lettuce, in particular, has a shallow root system6,7 which leaves the crop vulnerable to water-stress. In lettuce, as in all crops the development of drought-tolerant varieties will become increasingly important as fresh water supplies for irrigation become more constrained8.
This protocol lays out a method by which an initial screen was performed on a large collection of lettuce germplasm in order to identify a pool of potentially drought-tolerant candidate lines for use in physiological, molecular, and genetic studies to identify specific drought-tolerance traits. These candidates can also be used directly as sources of drought-tolerance in breeding programs to improve water use efficiency in commercial cultivars. This protocol was developed specifically to address the challenges that arise during the course of any screen of an extensive germplasm collection, especially issues of space availability and labor. Also, the protocol as presented was developed for use in lettuce, but has been successfully adapted for use in the screening of a germplasm collection of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) for potential drought-tolerance and could be modified simply to screen any leafy vegetable crop. 
An important consideration before initiating a drought-tolerance screen is to understand what this method is and is not. This protocol is meant to represent a rapid method by which a large germplasm pool can be quickly and efficiently narrowed to a manageable number of candidate germplasm for use in more focused and thorough studies to identify individual tolerance traits. This protocol subjects the plants to a rapidly induced severe water-stress in contrast to a more natural slowly-induced moderate continuous drought-stress that would be observed under field conditions. The type of response induced within the plant during these two types of water-stress events (rapid dehydration versus natural drought) is not identical9 which could lead to the exclusion of some materials from future trials. These two stress events are not without overlap though10 and this protocol should serve as an effective way to identify potentially drought-tolerant germplasm contained within a large collection. This protocol alone should not be considered sufficient to identify with a high degree of certainty germplasm that contains durable drought-tolerance under field water-stress conditions, but it represents a significant step forward in the rapid screening of leafy green vegetables for potential drought-tolerance traits.

<table><tbody><tr><td>plug tray 128</td><td>T.O. Plastics&lt;br/&gt; Hummert International</td><td>11-8595-1</td><td>Any brand plug tray will work, but use the same style of trays for all trials.</td></tr><tr><td>lower tray (Display tray)</td><td>T.O. Plastics&lt;br/&gt; Hummert International</td><td>11-3305-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>plug/planting mix (Sunshine Mix #5)</td><td>Sunshine&lt;br/&gt; Hummert International</td><td>10-0467-1</td><td>A different mix may need to be substituted if adapting this protocol to a different crop.&amp;nbsp; Sunshine mix #4 was used in spinach trials.</td></tr><tr><td>fertilizer (20-20-20)</td><td>Jack&#039;s: Professional water-soluble fertilizer&lt;br/&gt; Hummert International</td><td>07-5915-1</td><td>Any fertilizer can be used, adjust type as needed for adapting this protocol to specific crop needs.</td></tr></tbody></table>

semi-high throughput screening for potential drought-tolerance in lettuce (lactuca sativa) germplasm collections

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely drought-tolerance traits. Fresh water availability for agricultural use is a growing concern across the United States as well as many regions of the world. Short-term drought events along with regulatory intervention in the regulation of water availability coupled with the looming threat of long-term climate shifts that may lead to reduced precipitation in many important agricultural regions has increased the need to hasten the development of crops adapted for improved water use efficiency in order to maintain or expand production in the coming years. This protocol is not meant as a step-by-step guide to identifying at either the physiological or molecular level drought-tolerance traits in lettuce, but rather is a method developed and refined through the screening of thousands of different lettuce varieties. The nature of this screen is based in part on the streamlined measurements focusing on only three water-stress indicators: leaf relative water content, wilt, and differential plant growth following drought-stress. The purpose of rapidly screening a large germplasm collection is to narrow the candidate pool to a point in which more intensive physiological, molecular, and genetic methods can be applied to identify specific drought-tolerant traits in either the lab or field. Candidates can also be directly incorporated into breeding programs as a source of drought-tolerance traits.

이 프로토콜 가뭄 스트레스 반응의 경우에, 원하는 실험 형질하여 모집단을 분리하기 위해 대형 스크린을 수행 할 때, 대응 매우까지 변화한다 생성 데이터 가능성 가뭄 내성 사이의 모든 지점에 민감 강조한다. 그림 1은이 프로토콜에서 예상 할 수있는 결과의 유형을 나타내는 그래프가 포함되어 있습니다. 세 가지 다른 양상추 유형 (로메인 (COS), crisphead 및 Butterhead 상)의 대표 품종?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections at JoVE.com

Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections

This protocol was developed to screen a large germplasm collection of the leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for drought-tolerance, in order to identify a small candidate pool of lettuce for use in physiological, molecular, and genetic studies to identify underlying drought-tolerance traits along with breeding programs.

추 잠재적 가뭄 내성 세미 높은 처리량 검열 (<em&gt; 왕 고들빼기 속 sativa로구나</em&gt;) 유전자 원의 컬렉션

This protocol describes a method by which a large collection of the leafy green vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) germplasm was screened for likely ...

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Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) Germplasm Collections

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9.0K 조회수.  United States Department of Agriculture. This protocol was developed to screen a large germplasm collection of the leafy vegetable lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) for drought-tolerance, in order to identify a small candidate pool of lettuce for use in physiological, molecular, and genetic studies to identify underlying drought-tolerance traits along with breeding programs.

비디오: Semi-High Throughput Screening for Potential Drought-tolerance in Lettuce Lactuca sativa Germplasm Collections

A Flexible Low Cost Hydroponic System for Assessing Plant Responses to Small Molecules in Sterile Conditions

A wide range of studies in plant biology are performed using hydroponic cultures. In this work, an in vitro hydroponic growth system designed for assessing plant responses to chemicals and other substances of interest is presented. This system is highly efficient in obtaining homogeneous and healthy seedlings of the C3 and C4 model species Arabidopsis thaliana and Setaria viridis, respectively. The sterile cultivation avoids algae and microorganism contamination, which are known limiting factors for plant normal growth and development in hydroponics. In addition, this system is scalable, enabling the harvest of plant material on a large scale with minor mechanical damage, as well as the harvest of individual parts of a plant if desired. A detailed protocol demonstrating that this system has an easy and low-cost assembly, as it uses pipette racks as the main platform for growing plants, is provided. The feasibility of this system was validated using Arabidopsis seedlings to assess the effect of the drug AZD-8055, a chemical inhibitor of the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase. TOR inhibition was efficiently detected as early as 30 min after an AZD-8055 treatment in roots and shoots. Furthermore, AZD-8055-treated plants displayed the expected starch-excess phenotype. We proposed this hydroponic system as an ideal method for plant researchers aiming to monitor the action of plant inducers or inhibitors, as well as to assess metabolic fluxes using isotope-labeling compounds which, in general, requires the use of expensive reagents.

A simple, versatile, and low-cost in vitro hydroponic system was successfully optimized, enabling large-scale experiments under sterile conditions. This system facilitates the application of chemicals in a solution and their efficient absorption by roots for molecular, biochemical, and physiological studies.

유연한 저비용 수경 시스템 살 균 조건에서 작은 분자에 식물 응답을 평가 하기 위한

A wide range of studies in plant biology are performed using hydroponic cultures. In this work, an in vitro hydroponic growth system designed for ...

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Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or lethality. However, the probability of a synthetic small molecule being bioactive is low; therefore, thousands of molecules must be tested in order to find those of interest. Liquid handling robotics systems are designed to handle large numbers of samples, increasing the speed with which a chemical library can be screened in addition to minimizing/standardizing error. To achieve a high-throughput forward chemical genetics screen of a library of 50,000 small molecules on Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), protocols using a bench-top multichannel liquid handling robot were developed that require minimal technician involvement. With these protocols, 3,271 small molecules were discovered that caused visible phenotypic alterations. 1,563 compounds induced short roots, 1,148 compounds altered coloration, 383 compounds caused root hair and other, non-categorized, alterations, and 177 compounds inhibited germination.

Optimizing the Use of a Liquid Handling Robot to Conduct a High Throughput Forward Chemical Genetics Screen of Arabidopsis thaliana

A high throughput screen of synthetic small molecules was conducted on the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana. This protocol, developed for a liquid handling robot, increases the speed of forward chemical genetics screens, accelerating the discovery of novel small molecules affecting plant physiology.

높은 처리량 앞으로 화학 유전학의 화면 애기 thaliana 을 액체 처리 로봇의 사용을 최적화

Chemical genetics is increasingly being employed to decode traits in plants that may be recalcitrant to traditional genetics due to gene redundancy or ...

생체공학

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping project is to collect a tissue sample from each individual plant. The traditional approach to this task is to sample plants one-at-a-time. If one wishes to genotype hundreds or thousands of individuals, however, using this strategy results in a significant bottleneck in the genotyping pipeline. The Ice-Cap method that we describe here provides a high-throughput solution to this challenge by allowing one scientist to collect tissue from several thousand seedlings in a single day 1,2. This level of throughput is made possible by the fact that tissue is harvested from plants 96-at-a-time, rather than one-at-a-time.
The Ice-Cap method provides an integrated platform for performing seedling growth, tissue harvest, and DNA extraction. The basis for Ice-Cap is the growth of seedlings in a stacked pair of 96-well plates. The wells of the upper plate contain plugs of agar growth media on which individual seedlings germinate. The roots grow down through the agar media, exit the upper plate through a hole, and pass into a lower plate containing water. To harvest tissue for DNA extraction, the water in the lower plate containing root tissue is rapidly frozen while the seedlings in the upper plate remain at room temperature. The upper plate is then peeled away from the lower plate, yielding one plate with 96 root tissue samples frozen in ice and one plate with 96 viable seedlings. The technique is named "Ice-Cap" because it uses ice to capture the root tissue. The 96-well plate containing the seedlings can then wrapped in foil and transferred to low temperature. This process suspends further growth of the seedlings, but does not affect their viability. Once genotype analysis has been completed, seedlings with the desired genotype can be transferred from the 96-well plate to soil for further propagation. We have demonstrated the utility of the Ice-Cap method using Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings. We expect that the method should also be applicable to other species of plants with seeds small enough to fit into the wells of 96-well plates.

Ice-Cap: A Method for Growing Arabidopsis and Tomato Plants in 96-well Plates for High-Throughput Genotyping

The Ice-Cap method allows one to grow plants in 96-well plates and non-destructively harvest root tissue from each seedling. DNA extracted from this root tissue can be used for genotyping reactions. We have found that Ice-Cap works well for Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, and rice seedlings.

얼음 총액 : 성장을위한 방법 Arabidopsis높은 처리량 Genotyping을위한 96 - 웰 플레이트에와 토마토 식물

It is becoming common for plant scientists to develop projects that require the genotyping of large numbers of plants. The first step in any genotyping ...

생물학

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. The tomato-P. syringae pv. tomato pathosystem is widely used to dissect the genetic basis of plant innate responses and disease resistance. While disease was successfully managed for many decades through the introduction of the Pto/Prf gene cluster from Solanum pimpinellifolium into cultivated tomato, race 1 strains of P. syringae have evolved to overcome resistance conferred by the Pto/Prf gene cluster and occur worldwide.
Wild tomato species are important reservoirs of natural diversity in pathogen recognition, because they evolved in diverse environments with different pathogen pressures. In typical screens for disease resistance in wild tomato, adult plants are used, which can limit the number of plants that can be screened due to their extended growth time and greater growth space requirements. We developed a method to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance, which minimizes plant growth time and growth chamber space, allows a rapid turnover of plants, and allows large sample sizes to be tested. Seedling outcomes of survival or death can be treated as discrete phenotypes or on a resistance scale defined by amount of new growth in surviving seedlings after flooding. This method has been optimized to screen 10-day-old tomato seedlings for resistance to two P. syringae strains and can easily be adapted to other P. syringae strains.

High-Throughput Identification of Resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato in Tomato using Seedling Flood Assay

The seedling flood assay facilitates rapid screening of wild tomato accessions for the resistance to the Pseudomonas syringae bacterium. This assay, used in conjunction with the seedling bacterial growth assay, can assist in further characterizing the underlying resistance to the bacterium, and can be used to screen mapping populations to determine the genetic basis of resistance.

슈도모나스 주사기 pv에 대한 저항의 높은 처리량 식별. 모종 홍수 분석을 사용하여 토마토토마토

Tomato is an agronomically important crop that can be infected by Pseudomonas syringae, a Gram-negative bacterium, resulting in bacterial speck disease. ...

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in many growth and developmental processes, including tropic responses to light and gravity. The establishment of an auxin gradient is a key event leading to phototropism and gravitropism. Previously, polar auxin transport (PAT) was shown to establish an auxin gradient in different cellular domains of plants. However, Han et al. recently demonstrated that for proper auxin gradient formation, plasmodesmal callose-mediated symplasmic connectivity between the adjacent cells is also a critical factor. In this manuscript, the strategy to elucidate the role of particular genes, which can affect phototropism and gravitropism by altering the symplasmic connectivity through modulating plasmodesmal callose synthesis, is discussed. The first step is to screen aberrant tropic responses from 3-day-old etiolated seedlings of mutants or over-expression lines of a gene along with the wild type. This preliminary screening can lead to the identification of a range of genes functioning in PAT or controlling symplasmic connectivity. The second screening involves the sorting of candidates that show altered tropic responses by affecting symplasmic connectivity. To address such candidates, the movement of a symplasmic tracer and the deposition of plasmodesmal callose were examined. This strategy would be useful to explore new candidate genes that can regulate symplasmic connectivity directly or indirectly during tropic responses and other developmental processes.

This article describes the methods for screening the genes controlling plasmodesmal permeability and hence auxin gradient during tropic response. This includes the measurement of the degree of tropic response in hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana and checking plasmodesmal permeability by 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (HPTS) loading and finally callose level assessment.

전략은 트로픽 응답에 Callose 매개 Plasmodesmal 게이팅의 역할을 확인하려면

The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in many growth and developmental processes, including tropic responses to light and gravity. The ...

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water deficit or pathogens plays a crucial role. Identifying small molecules that regulate stomatal movement can therefore contribute to understanding the physiological basis by which plants adapt to their environment. Large-scale screening approaches that have been used to identify regulators of stomatal movement have potential limitations: some rely heavily on the abscisic acid (ABA) hormone signaling pathway, therefore excluding ABA-independent mechanisms, while others rely on the observation of indirect, long-term physiological effects such as plant growth and development. The screening method presented here allows the large-scale treatment of plants with a library of chemicals coupled with a direct quantification of their transpiration by thermal imaging. Since evaporation of water through transpiration results in leaf surface cooling, thermal imaging provides a non-invasive approach to investigate changes in stomatal conductance over time. In this protocol, Helianthus annuus seedlings are grown hydroponically and then treated by root feeding, in which the primary root is cut and dipped into the chemical being tested. Thermal imaging followed by statistical analysis of cotyledonary temperature changes over time allows for the identification of bioactive molecules modulating stomatal aperture. Our proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that a chemical can be carried from the cut root to the cotyledon of the sunflower seedling within 10 minutes. In addition, when plants are treated with ABA as a positive control, an increase in leaf surface temperature can be detected within minutes. Our method thus allows the efficient and rapid identification of novel molecules regulating stomatal aperture.

Identification of Novel Regulators of Plant Transpiration by Large-Scale Thermal Imaging Screening in Helianthus Annuus

We provide a method for identifying modulators of foliar transpiration by large-scale screening of a compound library.

헬리안투스 아누스의 대규모 열화상 스크리닝에 의한 새로운 식물 증발 규제 기관 식별

Plant adaptation to biotic and abiotic stresses is governed by a variety of factors, among which the regulation of stomatal aperture in response to water ...

High-Throughput Analysis of Non-Photochemical Quenching in Crops Using Pulse Amplitude Modulated Chlorophyll Fluorometry

Photosynthesis is not optimized in modern crop varieties, and therefore provides an opportunity for improvement. Speeding up the relaxation of non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) has proven to be an effective strategy to increase photosynthetic performance. However, the potential to breed for improved NPQ and a complete understanding of the genetic basis of NPQ relaxation is lacking due to limitations of oversampling and data collection from field-grown crop plants. Building on previous reports, we present a high-throughput assay for analysis of NPQ relaxation rates in Glycine max (soybean) using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) chlorophyll fluorometry. Leaf disks are sampled from field-grown soybeans before transportation to a laboratory where NPQ relaxation is measured in a closed PAM-fluorometer. NPQ relaxation parameters are calculated by fitting a bi-exponential function to the measured NPQ values following a transition from high to low light. Using this method, it is possible to test hundreds of genotypes within a day. The procedure has the potential to screen mutant and diversity panels for variation in NPQ relaxation, and can therefore be applied to both fundamental and applied research questions.

The protocol introduces a high-throughput method for measuring the relaxation of non-photochemical quenching by pulse amplitude modulated chlorophyll fluorometry. The method is applied to field-grown Glycine max and can be adapted to other species to screen for genetic diversity or breeding populations.

펄스 진폭 변조된 엽록소 형광계를 이용한 작물에서의 비광화학적 담금질의 고처리량 분석

Photosynthesis is not optimized in modern crop varieties, and therefore provides an opportunity for improvement. Speeding up the relaxation of ...

애기장대(Arabidopsis thaliana)의 꽃가루 수화 프로필을 측정하는 개선된 방법

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is established between the interacting partners. Studies across a range of species have revealed that a series of molecular checkpoints regulate the pollen-stigma interaction to ensure that only compatible, generally intraspecific pollen is successful in effecting fertilization. In species that possess a 'dry stigma', such as the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the first post-pollination, prezygotic compatibility checkpoint is the establishment of pollen hydration. 
This phase of pollination is tightly regulated, whereby signals from the pollen grain elicit the release of water from the stigma, thus permitting pollen hydration. The ability to accurately measure and track pollen hydration over time is key to the design of experiments directed at understanding the regulation of this critical step in reproduction. Published protocols frequently utilize flowers that have been excised from the parent plant, maintained on liquid or solid media, and bulk pollinated. 
This paper describes a noninvasive, in vivo pollination bioassay that permits minute-by-minute hydration tracking of individual A. thaliana pollen grains at high resolution. The assay is highly reproducible, able to detect very subtle variations of pollen hydration profiles, and thus is suitable for the analysis of mutants that affect pathways regulating pollination. Although the protocol is lengthier than those described for bulk pollinations, the precision and reproducibility it provides, along with its in vivo nature, make it ideal for the detailed dissection of pollination phenotypes.

저자 스포트라이트: Arabidopsis thaliana에 대한 고해상도, 단일 곡물, 생체 내 꽃가루 수화 생물검정  

An improved method to measure pollen hydration profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana is described here. The new method offers higher resolution, is noninvasive, and is highly reproducible. The protocol represents a new tool for a finer dissection of the processes that regulate the early stages of pollination.

Arabidopsis thaliana에 대한 고분해능, 단일 입자, 생체 내 꽃가루 수화 생물학적 분석

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...

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높은 처리량 앞으로 화학 유전학의 화면 애기 thaliana 을 액체 처리 로봇의 사용을 최적화

얼음 총액 : 성장을위한 방법 Arabidopsis높은 처리량 Genotyping을위한 96 - 웰 플레이트에와 토마토 식물

슈도모나스 주사기 pv에 대한 저항의 높은 처리량 식별. 모종 홍수 분석을 사용하여 토마토토마토

전략은 트로픽 응답에 Callose 매개 Plasmodesmal 게이팅의 역할을 확인하려면

헬리안투스 아누스의 대규모 열화상 스크리닝에 의한 새로운 식물 증발 규제 기관 식별

펄스 진폭 변조된 엽록소 형광계를 이용한 작물에서의 비광화학적 담금질의 고처리량 분석

Arabidopsis thaliana에 대한 고분해능, 단일 입자, 생체 내 꽃가루 수화 생물학적 분석

Arabidopsis thaliana에 대한 고분해능, 단일 입자, 생체 내 꽃가루 수화 생물학적 분석

Arabidopsis thaliana에 대한 고분해능, 단일 입자, 생체 내 꽃가루 수화 생물학적 분석