We would like to acknowledge David O'Brien for his support with data analysis, and all the members of the Canto-Soler lab for their critical discussions. This work was supported by NIH grants EY004859 and EY022631 (MVCS), Core Grant EY1765, and an unrestricted departmental grant from Research to Prevent Blindness, Inc.

이 작품에 설명 된 모든 절차는 존스 홉킨스 대학에서 동물 관리 및 사용위원회에서 권장하는 지침에 따라 수행 하였다. 미리 1 :기구, 시약 및 요리의 준비 <ol><li> 계란의 준비 : 계란 배양기에서 5 일간 37.5 ℃, 상대 습도 60 %에서 수정 된 백색 레그혼 닭 알을 품어. 참고 : 표준화 및 배아 발달을 동기화 도움이 될 수있는 능력을 흔들하지만, 락과 보육이 프로토콜의 결과에 대해 엄격하게 할 필요가 없습니다. </li><li> 플라스미드 준비 : <ol><li> 필요에 따라 설계 플라스미드 (1,34의 RNAi 기술을 사용하여 예를 들어) 유전자 과발현 또는 하향 조절을 위해 구축. 가능한 한 구조에서 리포터 유전자 (예 : EGFP, RFP 또는 LacZ를 등)를 포함한다. 참고 : 같은 거대 세포 바이러스와 같은 일부 일반적으로 사용되는 프로모터는, 시간이 지나면 침묵이 될 수 있습니다. CAG의 PROMOT어 (닭 베타 - 액틴 CMV 인핸서와 프로모터) 관심 35-37의 유전자를 효율적으로 장기 식을 제공하는 아주 좋은 대안이다. </li><li> 멸균 PBS 1.5 μg의 / μL의 농도에서 플라스미드 솔루션을 준비합니다. 옵션 : 시간 ​​앞서 플라스미드 솔루션을 준비하고 냉동 사용할 준비가 될 때까지 저장할 수 있습니다. 주 : 높은 플라스미드 농도를 사용하는 반면 낮은 농도는 플라스미드 트랜 스펙 션 효율을 낮추는 1, 효율의 현저한 증가를 초래하지 않는다. </li></ol></li><li> 전극 : <ol><li> 양극 사용을 위해 두꺼운 금 (특정 재료 / 장비의 표 참조) 전극을 냈습니다. 70 % 에탄올로 닦아. 주 : 금 절연 노출 약 0.5 mm를두고 전극 스쳐, 전류의 누출을 최소화하는 것이 바람직하다. 절연 재료에 대한 정보는 특정 재료의 표에서 찾아 볼 수있다. </li><li> 2.5 mm의 정사각형 B에서 음극을 확인(일반적으로 마이크로 피펫 끌어 당기는에서 사용) 4.5 mm 폭 황소 필라멘트. 집게의 도움으로, 사각형 상자를 취소하고 긴 스트립에 필라멘트를 펴. 그 후, 해부 현미경 및 가이드로자를 사용 하에서, 기지 3mm 긴 사각형 &#39;U&#39;자형으로 필라멘트를 구부리고 반대편 필라멘트의 나머지 길이 (도 1, 일측 2mm 높은 , C - D). 집게를 사용하여 96 %의 에탄올과 불꽃의 전극 소독 찍어. 그런 다음 전극의 긴 팔에 작은 악어 클립으로 전기 리드를 연결합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 전기 상공 회의소 설정 : <ol><li> 100mm 페트리 접시 사용하여 테이프 (그림 1E)에, 아래로, 평평한면을 멸균 1.5 ML의 microcentrifuge 관의 뚜껑을 절단 부착하여 전기 챔버를 준비합니다. 참고 : 일하는 것이 비슷한 크기의 잘의 형태로 다른 컨테이너; 그러나 microcentrifuge 관 덮개는 쉽게 접근하고 멸균한다. 잘플라스미드 솔루션의 낭비가 발생하는 등의 병아리의 눈과 음극 전극을 수용 할 정도로 큰,하지만 너무 큰되지해야합니다. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. 예 비켜 Electroporation에 절차 <ol><li> 악기의 제조 : <ol><li> 마이크로 해부 도구를 소독을 찍기로 (달걀 껍질을 열고 배아, 망막 색소 상피를 제거 뒤몽 핀셋을 꽂아 미세 팁 2 쌍을 떠서위한 큰 곡선 몰 로니 집게 2 쌍을 본 한 쌍은 제거 렌즈와 유리체 위해 집게를 톱니) 96 % 에탄올과 불타는에 팁. 70 % 에탄올에 담근 잎사귀를 사용하여 청소 해부 범위. 37 ° C의 물을 욕조에 멸균 칼슘 마그네슘 무료 행크의 균형 소금 솔루션 (CMF-HBSS)의 병을 따뜻하게. 따뜻한 CMF-HBSS 전체 3/4에 100mm 멸균 배양 접시를 채우십시오. </li><li> 다른 깨끗한 해부 현미경으로 전기 챔버를 놓고 플라스미드 솔루션의 120 μL로 입력합니다. , 전기 장치에 전극을 연결하고반드시 맞춤형 전극을 음극에 연결하고 금은 양극에 전극을 밀고있다. </li></ol></li><li> 배아 컬렉션 : <ol><li> 70 % 에탄올에 젖은 잎사귀와 껍질을 닦아 계란을 청소합니다. 문화에 오염을 운반 방지하기 위해 프로토콜의 나머지 부분에 걸쳐 멸균 절차를 유지한다. 큰 곡선 몰 로니의 집게를 사용하여 조심스럽게 부드럽게 (공기 실 이상) 달걀의 둥근 끝을 두드리고 다음 그립과 쉘 부분을 잡아 당겨 달걀 껍질에 구멍을 엽니 다. </li><li> 집게의 또 다른 한 쌍은 세포막을 제거하고 달걀에서 그것을 떠서하여 배아를 수집로 (조심 배아를 손상하지 말 것). CMF-HBSS와 함께 접시에 넣습니다. 주 : 2.4.4에 규정 된 전기에 대한 망막 컵의 수를 얻기 위해 필요한만큼 모아서 배아 </li><li> 중요한 단계 : 햄버거와 해밀턴 (38)에 따라 배아를 스테이지. 참고 : 최적의 효율 배아를 얻으려면단계 27 (그림 2A)에 있어야합니다. </li><li> 몰 로니의 집게를 사용 잘린 배아를 안락사. </li></ol></li><li> 망막 컵을 가져 오기 : <ol><li> 미세 뒤몽 핀셋을 사용하여 조심스럽게 눈을 명백히하다 새로운 CMF-HBSS 접시에 전송할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 시신경 유두에 가까운 각각의 눈의 후방 부분에서 시작, 2 개의 미세 뒤몽 핀셋을 사용하여, 신경에 손상을주지에 RPE는 신중 해부 신경 망막과 망막 색소 상피 조심스럽게 사이에 핀셋의 각 쌍 중 하나 팁을 소개합니다 망막 (그림 2B). 참고 : RPE 도움이 될 것 용액에서 칼슘과 마그네슘 2+의 부족은 더 쉽게 신경 망막에서 분리합니다. </li></ol></li><li> 전기 : <ol><li> 15 볼트, 50 밀리 초 지속 시간 950 밀리 초 간격의 5 제곱 펄스를 제공하기 위해 electroporator의 매개 변수를 설정합니다. 장소 &#39;U&#39;는 전기 챔버 (마이크로 원심 뚜껑 채우기 내부에 음극 모양플라스미드 함유 용액 120 μL)와 ED. </li><li> 사용 만곡 듀 핀셋 (아닌 떠서 누름) 일렉트로 포 레이션 챔버 한 망막 컵을 전송하고, 상기 전극의 아래쪽 및 위쪽으로 향하게 렌즈쪽으로 망막의 후방 부와, &#39;U&#39;형상의 전극 내부에서 배치 ( 그림 2D). </li><li> 그 다음 렌즈로, 눈의 앞쪽 부분을 터치하고 electroporator의 발 페달이 전기 펄스를 제공하는 사용하도록 양극을 놓습니다. </li><li> CMF-HBSS로 새로운 배양 접시에 전기 천공 망막 컵을 전송하고 나머지 망막 컵의 각각 전기의 절차를 반복합니다. 주 : 6 망막 컵까지는 형질 전환 효율이 크게 감소하지 않고 동일한 플라스미드 용액으로 전기 천공 할 수있다. </li><li> 본의 톱니 포셉으로 그들을 그립 부드럽게 T를 통해 당겨 각 일렉트로 망막 컵의 렌즈와 유리체를 제거곡선 뒤몽 핀셋의 다시 제자리에 눈을 유지하면서 그는 개방 학생. </li><li> 표준 절차에 따라 일렉트릭 망막 세포의 분리 및 배양을 진행합니다. 참고 : 병아리 망막 세포의 분리 및 문화에 대한 자세한 프로토콜의 벌 가라과 칸토 - 솔러, 2012 년 추가 파일 4 (21)을 참조하십시오이 프로토콜에서 세포가 폴리 오르니 틴 코팅 6 웰 플레이트 또는 35 낮은 밀도에서 씨앗을 품고있다. -mm 요리 (6 × 10 5 세포 / 35mm 직경의 우물 또는 접시). 사용 된 배지는 페니실린 / 글루타민, 10 % 소 태아 혈청 (FCS), 100 μg의 / ㎖에서 리놀산-BSA (199)와 매체이다. 문화는 5 % CO 2와 가습 37 ° C 배양기에서 유지된다. 이 과정을 사용하여 - 5 6 × 106 세포는 일반적으로 각 단계마다 27 일렉트로 눈을 얻을 수있다. 참고 : 이상적으로, 더 이상 3 시간이 배아 수집 및 세포 도금 사이를 통과한다, 좋은 세포 생존을 보장하기 위해스트레스를 최소화 할 수 있습니다. 관찰과 추가 분석을 위해 일반적인 타이밍이 시점에서 세포가 좋은 형태 학적 및 분자 차별화를 달성 생존이 여전히 높기 때문에, 문화 4 일 후에입니다. </li></ol></li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or other conflicts of interest.

이 프로토콜의 성공을위한 가장 중요한 단계는 배아의 적절한 단계를 선택하는 것입니다. 이전의 출판물에서, 배아 단계의 범위는 일반적으로 배양 또는 배아 일의 일 (ED)에 의해 정의 된, 이러한 문화에 대한 주어진다; 따라서 보통 ED 6 배아 ED 5를 사용하여 동등한 결과를 얻을 수 있다고 가정한다. 그러나 우리는 전술 한 바와 같이 단계 (27) (ED 5)에 형질 전환 효율, 전체 세포 인구의 약 22 %가 될 ?...

배아 병아리 망막에서 해리 된 세포 배양 널리 생존 2-9, 차별화 10-12, 신경 돌기의 파생물 (13) 등을 포함한 광 수용체 세포 생물학의 다양한 측면을 연구하는 데 사용되었다. 루벤 애들러와 공동 작업자에 의해 1980 년대에 개발하고 자신과 다른 그룹 (14-20)에 의해 완성이 시스템의 장점은, 동물 모델 (21)와 여자의 고유 특성에 있습니다. 심지어 배아 단계에서 병아리 눈의 큰 크기는, 문화에 대한 자료의 많은 양을 제공한다. 배아는 배양 일 (ED) 5 이용하여 수행 될 때 더욱이, - 6 망막, 55 -이 동물 감광체의 약 86 %이기 때문에 그들의 선조 세포의 80 %가 감광체 14,15,18,22,23으로 구별하고, 콘 (24)은,이 배양 물이 세포 유형에 집중 연구에 특히 적합하다. 우리는 최근 develo의이PED는 ​​따라서 유전 missexpression 연구 1 촉진함으로써이 시스템의 유용성을 넓히고,이 배양 물에서 세포의 고효율 플라스미드 형질 감염을 허용하는 간단한 기술을 특징으로한다. 이 기술의 개발은 세포 자율 방식으로 유전자 기능 연구를 허용하도록 형질의 허용 가능한 수준을 제공 할 방법 과학 문헌에서 보이드로부터 비롯. 일차 배양 신경 세포를 형질 25,26 악명 하드 때문 부분이다. 이 목적을 위해 이전에 사용 가능한 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 기술 중 일부는 3-5 % 정도의 효율을 야기하고 상당한 독성을 발휘 27-32 예컨대 리포 펙션, 칼슘 포스페이트 - 매개 된 형질 전환과 같은 화학적 형질 전환 방법을 포함. 효소 리포터 플라스미드 시스템의 사용은 신호를 증폭하여 불량한 형질 감염 효율의 문제를 피할 수있다하더라도, 그들은하지셀 고유의 효과를 판별하고, 그 결과 전체를 대표하지 않을 작은 세포군에 기초한다. 병아리에서 널리 사용되는 또 다른 방법은, RCA 단자 바이러스 감염은 세포 증식에만 적용이 망막 일차 배양 시스템 (33), 따라서 적합하지 않다. 현재 프로토콜에서 배아 병아리 눈 단계 27 (ED 5), 망막 색소 상피 (RPE)를 제거하고, 망막 컵이 플라스미드를 함유 용액으로 가득 전기 챔버에 배치에서 적출 및 사용하여 전기 천공되는 주문 제작 표준 기술 (21)을 이용하여 망막 해리와 문화를 이어 전극. 이 절차를 최적화 한 결과의 생존과 분화 특성을 손상시키지 않고 지속적으로 배양 세포 단독 감광체 인구 내의 25 %의 총 수의 22 % 정도의 형질 전환 효율을 달성 할 수 있었다문화 1. 여기에서 우리는이 기술의 성공과 재현성을 보장하기 위해이 절차의 모든 중요한 단계를 요약 한 상세한 프로토콜을 제공합니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ECM 830 Electro Square Porator</td><td>BTX/ Harvard Apparatus</td><td>45-0052</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Genetrode, L-Shaped, 5 mm Gold Tip</td><td>BTX/ Harvard Apparatus</td><td>45-0115 model 512</td><td>Gold tipped electrode used as anode</td></tr><tr><td>Polyimide Tubing</td><td>Vention Medical</td><td>custom made</td><td>Internal Diameter: 0.5 mm/wall thickness: 0.15 - 0.2 mm. Used for insulating gold tiped electrode</td></tr><tr><td>2.5 mm square box filament, 4.5 mm wide</td><td>Sutter Instrument Company</td><td>FB245B</td><td>Used to make cathode electrode</td></tr><tr><td>HBSS, no calcium, no magnesium, no phenol red</td><td>Gibco - Life Technologies</td><td>14175-095</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Moloney forceps</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-8254</td><td>Serrated; Slight Curve; 4.5&quot; Length</td></tr><tr><td>Dumont tweezers 5/45</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-5058</td><td>Pattern #5, 45 Degree Angle; .10 X .06mm Tip Size; 109mm Length</td></tr><tr><td>Bonn micro forceps, 1x2 teeth</td><td>Roboz</td><td>RS-5172</td><td>Tying Platform; 1x2 Teeth, 0.12 mm Teeth; 3.75&quot; Length; 0.3 mm Tip Width</td></tr></tbody></table>

efficient gene transfer in chick retinas for primary cell culture studies: an ex-ovo electroporation approach

배아 병아리 망막에서 파생 된 콘 광 수용체가 풍부한 문화 망막 신경 세포, 특히 광 수용체의 생물학을 공부하는 전세계 연구자를위한 필수적인 도구가되었다. 그들은 쉽게 약물 개발을위한 높은 처리량의 기술에 적용 할 수 있으므로이 시스템의 응용 프로그램은 기초​​ 연구를 넘어. 그러나 이러한 문화 망막 광 수용체의 유전자 조작은 시스템의 유용성에 중요한 제한 포즈, 매우 어려운 것으로 입증되었습니다. 우리는 최근에 개발 및 기타 현재 사용 가능한 프로토콜 (1)에 비해 5 배 이러한 문화 망막 세포의 형질 전환의 속도를 증가 플라스미드 전기 기술 비켜 전을 검증했다. 이 방법에서 병아리 배아 눈 RPE를 제거하고, 스테이지 (27)에서 적출하고, 망막 컵 플라스미드 - 함유 용액에 배치되어 쉽게 구성된 고객이나 전기 천공을 사용하여만든 전극. 망막은 해리 배양 표준 절차를 사용하고 있습니다. 이 기술은 일반적으로 감광체 인구의 25 %의 유전자 발현을 달성 플라스미드 기반의 RNAi 기술의 사용을 통해, 예를 들면, 과발현 연구뿐만 아니라 유전자 발현의 하향 조절에 적용될 수있다. 본 공보의 비디오 포맷은 망막 일차 배양에서의 유전자 기능 연구를 가능 분야의 연구자에이 기술이 용이하게 접근 할 수 있도록한다. 우리는 또한 성공적인 결과 및 재현성이 절차의 중요한 단계에 대한 자세한 설명을 포함하고있다.

여기에서 우리는 다음 해리 세포 배양을위한 탈핵 병아리 망막 컵에 플라스미드 형질에 대한 간단한 프로토콜을 제시한다. 형질 사용자 정의 전극 (- 2 그림 1)을 쉽게 만들 수 사용 전기에 의해 달성된다. 이 프로토콜에 기재된 파라미터는 20 % 내지 27 (도 3d) (22 %의 평균) 레인지에 형질 전환 효율을 얻기 위해 최적화되었다. 위에서 언급 한 이유로, 이러한 결과는 문화 4 일...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach at JoVE.com

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

배아 병아리 망막 세포 배양은 광 수용체 생물학의 연구에 유용한 도구를 구성한다. 우리는 이전에 배양 망막의 플라스미드 일렉트로 오보 EX에 기초한 효율적인 유전자 전달 기술을 개발했다. 이 기술은 상당히이 시스템에 대한 가능한 유전자 조작을하고, 현재 사용 가능한 프로토콜을 통해 형질 전환 효율을 증가시킨다.

차 세포 배양 연구 병아리 망막에 효율적인 유전자 전송 :<em&gt; 전 비켜</em&gt; Electroporation에 접근

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

8.2K 조회수.  The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.  배아 병아리 망막 세포 배양은 광 수용체 생물학의 연구에 유용한 도구를 구성한다. 우리는 이전에 배양 망막의 플라스미드 일렉트로 오보 EX에 기초한 효율적인 유전자 전달 기술을 개발했다. 이 기술은 상당히이 시스템에 대한 가능한 유전자 조작을하고, 현재 사용 가능한 프로토콜을 통해 형질 전환 효율을 증가시킨다. 

비디오: Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

Electroporation에 의한 배아 마우스 달팽이의 Explants의 문화 유전자 전송

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

연구

발생학

Whole Retinal Explants from Chicken Embryos for Electroporation and Chemical Reagent Treatments

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental manipulations in ovo/in vivo makes the chicken embryonic retina a versatile and very efficient experimental model. Although the chicken retina is easy to target in ovo by intraocular injections or electroporation, the effective and exact concentration of the reagents within the retina may be difficult to fully control. This may be due to variations of the exact injection site, leakage from the eye or uneven diffusion of the substances. Furthermore, the frequency of malformations and mortality after invasive manipulations such as electroporation is rather high.
This protocol describes an ex ovo technique for culturing whole retinal explants from chicken embryos and provides a method for controlled exposure of the retina to reagents. The protocol describes how to dissect, experimentally manipulate, and culture whole retinal explants from chicken embryos. The explants can be cultured for approximately 24 hr and be subjected to different manipulations such as electroporation. The major advantages are that the experiment is not dependent on the survival of the embryo and that the concentration of the introduced reagent can be varied and controlled in order to determine and optimize the effective concentration. Furthermore, the technique is rapid, cheap and together with its high experimental success rate, it ensures reproducible results. It should be emphasized that it serves as an excellent complement to experiments performed in ovo.

This protocol describes a method to dissect, experimentally manipulate and culture whole retinal explants from chicken embryos. The explant cultures are useful when high success rate, efficacy and reproducibility are needed to test the effects of plasmids for electroporation and/or reagent substances, i.e., enzymatic inhibitors.

일렉트로 화학 시약 트리트먼트의 닭 배아에서 전체 망막의 Explants

The retina is a good model for the developing central nervous system. The large size of the eye and most importantly the accessibility for experimental ...

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural connectivity form during development. In mice, retinofugal projections are arranged in a topographic manner and form eye-specific layers in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (dLGN) of the thalamus and the Superior Colliculus (SC). The development of these precise patterns of retinofugal projections has typically been studied by labeling populations of RGCs with fluorescent dyes and tracers, such as horseradish peroxidase1-4. However, these methods are too coarse to provide insight into developmental changes in individual RGC axonal arbor morphology that are the basis of retinotopic map formation. They also do not allow for the genetic manipulation of RGCs.
Recently, electroporation has become an effective method for providing precise spatial and temporal control for delivery of charged molecules into the retina5-11. Current retinal electroporation protocols do not allow for genetic manipulation and tracing of retinofugal projections of a single or small cluster of RGCs in postnatal mice. It has been argued that postnatal in vivo electroporation is not a viable method for transfecting RGCs since the labeling efficiency is extremely low and hence requires targeting at embryonic ages when RGC progenitors are undergoing differentiation and proliferation6. 
In this video we describe an in vivo electroporation protocol for targeted delivery of genes, shRNA, and fluorescent dextrans to murine RGCs postnatally. This technique provides a cost effective, fast and relatively easy platform for efficient screening of candidate genes involved in several aspects of neural development including axon retraction, branching, lamination, regeneration and synapse formation at various stages of circuit development. In summary we describe here a valuable tool which will provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying sensory map development.

Transfection of Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells by in vivo Electroporation

We demonstrate an in vivo electroporation protocol for transfecting single or small clusters of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and other retinal cell types in postnatal mice over a wide range of ages. The ability to label and genetically manipulate postnatal RGCs in vivo is a powerful tool for developmental studies.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포 Transfection로 생체내에 Electroporation

The targeting and refinement of RGC projections to the midbrain is a popular and powerful model system for studying how precise patterns of neural ...

신경과학

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge. Gene targeting to generate constitutive or conditional loss of function knockouts remains cost and labor intensive, as well as time consuming. Adding to these challenges, retina expressed genes may have essential roles outside the retina leading to unintended confounds when using a knockout approach. Furthermore, the ability to ectopically express a gene in a gain of function experiment can be extremely valuable when attempting to identify a role in cell fate specification and/or terminal differentiation.
We present a method for the rapid and efficient incorporation of DNA plasmids into the neonatal mouse retina by electroporation. The application of short electrical impulses above a certain field strength results in a transient increase in plasma membrane permeability, facilitating the transfer of material across the membrane 1,2,3,4. Groundbreaking work demonstrated that electroporation could be utilized as a method of gene transfer into mammalian cells by inducing the formation of hydrophilic plasma membrane pores allowing the passage of highly charged DNA through the lipid bilayer 5. Continuous technical development has resulted in the viability of electroporation as a method for in vivo gene transfer in multiple mouse tissues including the retina, the method for which is described herein 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
DNA solution is injected into the subretinal space so that DNA is placed between the retinal pigmented epithelium and retina of the neonatal (P0) mouse and electrical pulses are applied using a tweezer electrode. The lateral placement of the eyes in the mouse allows for the easy orientation of the tweezer electrode to the necessary negative pole-DNA-retina-positive pole alignment. Extensive incorporation and expression of transferred genes can be identified by postnatal day 2 (P2). Due to the lack of significant lateral migration of cells in the retina, electroporated and non-electroporated regions are generated. Non-electroporated regions may serve as internal histological controls where appropriate. 
Retinal electroporation can be used to express a gene under a ubiquitous promoter, such as CAG, or to disrupt gene function using shRNA constructs or Cre-recombinase. More targeted expression can be achieved by designing constructs with cell specific gene promoters. Visualization of electroporated cells is achieved using bicistronic constructs expressing GFP or by co-electroporating a GFP expression construct. Furthermore, multiple constructs may be electroporated for the study of combinatorial gene effects or simultaneous gain and loss of function of different genes. Retinal electroporation may also be utilized for the analysis of genomic cis-regulatory elements by generating appropriate expression constructs and deletion mutants. Such experiments can be used to identify cis-regulatory regions sufficient or required for cell specific gene expression 11. Potential experiments are limited only by construct availability.

In vivo Electroporation of Developing Mouse Retina

A method for the incorporation of plasmid DNA into murine retinal cells for the purpose of performing either gain- or loss of function studies in vivo is presented. This method capitalizes on the transient increase in permeability of cell plasma membranes induced by the application of an external electrical field.

개발 마우스 망막의 생체내 Electroporation에

The functional characterization of genes expressed during mammalian retinal development remains a significant challenge.  Gene targeting to generate ...

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

Dopaminergic 신경 세포 개발에서 유전자 기능을 유학 칙의 Midbrain에서 비켜 Electroporation에

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell differentiation, axon guidance, retinotopic organization and synapse formation[1]. One drawback is the inability to efficiently and reliably manipulate gene expression in RGCs in vivo, especially in the otherwise accessible murine visual pathways. Transgenic mice can be used to manipulate gene expression, but this approach is often expensive, time consuming, and can produce unwanted side effects. In chick, in ovo electroporation is used to manipulate gene expression in RGCs for examining retina and RGC development. Although similar electroporation techniques have been developed in neonatal mouse pups[2], adult rats[3], and embryonic murine retinae in vitro[4], none of these strategies allow full characterization of RGC development and axon projections in vivo. To this end, we have developed two applications of electroporation, one in utero and the other ex vivo, to specifically target embryonic murine RGCs[5, 6]. 
With in utero retinal electroporation, we can misexpress or downregulate specific genes in RGCs and follow their axon projections through the visual pathways in vivo, allowing examination of guidance decisions at intermediate targets, such as the optic chiasm, or at target regions, such as the lateral geniculate nucleus. Perturbing gene expression in a subset of RGCs in an otherwise wild-type background facilitates an understanding of gene function throughout the retinal pathway. Additionally, we have developed a companion technique for analyzing RGC axon growth in vitro. We electroporate embryonic heads ex vivo, collect and incubate the whole retina, then prepare explants from these retinae several days later. Retinal explants can be used in a variety of in vitro assays in order to examine the response of electroporated RGC axons to guidance cues or other factors. In sum, this set of techniques enhances our ability to misexpress or downregulate genes in RGCs and should greatly aid studies examining RGC development and axon projections.

In utero and ex vivo Electroporation for Gene Expression in Mouse Retinal Ganglion Cells

Here we present two techniques for manipulating gene expression in murine retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by in utero and ex vivo electroporation. These techniques enable one to examine how alterations in gene expression affect RGC development, axon guidance, and functional properties.

마우스 망막 신경절 세포의 유전자 발현에 대한 utero 및 전직 생체내의 Electroporation에

The retina and its sole output neuron, the retinal ganglion cell (RGC), comprise an excellent model in which to examine biological questions such as cell ...

생물학

Visualization of Tangential Cell Migration in the Developing Chick Optic Tectum

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture can be recorded under video microscopy. For analyzing cell migration in the developing brain, slice culture is commonly used to observe cell migration parallel to the slice section, such as radial cell migration. However, limited information can be obtained from the slice culture method to analyze cell migration perpendicular to the slice section, such as tangential cell migration. Here, we present the protocols for time-lapse imaging to visualize tangential cell migration in the developing chick optic tectum. A combination of cell labeling by electroporation in ovo and a subsequent flat-mount culture on the cell culture insert enables detection of migrating cell movement in the horizontal plane. Moreover, our method facilitates detection of both individual cell behavior and the collective action of a group of cells in the long term. This method can potentially be applied to detect the sequential change of the fluorescent-labeled micro-structure, including the axonal elongation in the neural tissue or cell displacement in the non-neural tissue.

We describe the methods for fluorescent labeling of tangentially migrating cells by electroporation, and for time-lapse imaging of the labeled cell movement in a flat-mount culture in order to visualize migrating cell behavior in the developing chick optic tectum.

개발 병아리 광섬유 Tectum에 접선 셀 이동의 시각화

Time-lapse imaging is a powerful method to analyze migrating cell behavior. After fluorescent cell labeling, the movement of the labeled cells in culture ...

Single Cell Transfection in Chick Embryos

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a thorough analysis of the fates of single cells under normal and experimental conditions. To this end, transfection methods that target single progenitors are a prerequisite. We describe here a technically straightforward method for transfecting single cells in chicken tissues in-ovo, allowing reliable lineage tracing as well as genetic manipulation. Specific tissue domains are targeted within the somite or neural tube, and DNA is injected directly into the epithelium of interest, resulting in sporadic transfection of single cells. Using reporters, clonal populations may consequently be traced for up to three days, and behavior of genetically manipulated clonal populations can be compared with that of controls. This method takes advantage of the accessibility of the chick embryo along with emerging tools for genetic manipulation. We compare and discuss its advantages over the widely-used electroporation method, and possible applications and use in additional in-vivo models are also suggested. We advocate the use of this method as a significant addition and complement for existing lineage tracing and genetic interference tools.

Using fine tip micropipettes we inject plasmid DNA into subdomains of chicken somites or neural tubes. The concentration of the plasmid is adjusted to generate single transfected cells. We then allow the cells to develop into clonal populations.

칙 태아의 단일 세포 Transfection

A central theme in developmental biology is the diversification of lineages and the elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms. This entails a ...

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons1, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.52.

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

The overall goal of this video is to show how to perform targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the chick embryonic retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). This technique is very useful to study gene expression, gene regulation, and morphological change in developing chick retina.

배아 칙의 망막에서 비켜 Electroporation에

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is ...

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is a powerful method to over-express exogenous genes or down-regulate endogenous genes in vivo in chicken embryos1. Different structures such as DNA plasmids encoding genes2-4, small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmids5, small synthetic RNA oligos6, and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides7 can be easily transfected into chicken embryos by electroporation. However, the application of in ovo electroporation is limited to embryos at early incubation stages (younger than stage HH20 - according to Hamburg and Hamilton)8 and there are some disadvantages for its application in embryos at later stages (older than stage HH22 - approximately 3.5 days of development). For example, the vitelline membrane at later stages is usually stuck to the shall membrane and opening a window in the shell causes rupture of the vessels, resulting in death of the embryos; older embryos are covered by vitelline and allantoic vessels, where it is difficult to access and manipulate the embryos; older embryos move vigorously and is difficult to control the orientation through a relatively small window in the shell.
In this protocol we demonstrate an ex ovo electroporation method for gene transfer into chicken embryos at late stages (older than stage HH22). For ex ovo electroporation, embryos are cultured in Petri dishes9 and the vitelline and allantoic vessels are widely spread. Under these conditions, the older chicken embryos are easily accessed and manipulated. Therefore, this method overcomes the disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to the older chicken embryos. Using this method, plasmids can be easily transfected into different parts of the older chicken embryos10-12.

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

A method of gene transfer into chicken embryos at later incubation stages (older than Hamburger and Hamilton stage (HH) 22) is described. This method overcomes disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to older chicken embryos and is a useful technique to study gene function and regulation at older developmental stages.

에 의한 이전 치킨 태아에 유전자 이체<em&gt; 전 비켜</em&gt; Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an  excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during  embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is ...

차 세포 배양 연구 병아리 망막에 효율적인 유전자 전송 :

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