이 작품은 신경 장애 및 뇌졸중 교내 연구 프로그램 (NS002986)의 국립 연구소에 의해 지원되었다. AS 원고를 쓴 디컨 볼 루션 분석을 구현했습니다. JSD는 디컨 볼 루션 분석의 초기 버전을 개발하고 텍스트에 댓글을 달았습니다.

<ol>
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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+fluxes+associated+with+excitatory+amino+acid+transport.">Ion fluxes associated with excitatory amino acid transport.</a> Neuron. 15, 721-728 (1995).</li><li>Wadiche, J. I., Kavanaugh, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macroscopic+and+microscopic+properties+of+a+cloned+glutamate+transporter/chloride+channel.">Macroscopic and microscopic properties of a cloned glutamate transporter/chloride channel.</a> J. Neurosci. 18, 7650-7661 (1998).</li><li>Bergles, D. E., Jahr, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptic+activation+of+glutamate+transporters+in+hippocampal+astrocytes.">Synaptic activation of glutamate transporters in hippocampal astrocytes.</a> Neuron. 19, 1297-1308 (1997).</li><li>Diamond, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deriving+the+glutamate+clearance+time+course+from+transporter+currents+in+CA1+hippocampal+astrocytes:+transmitter+uptake+gets+faster+during+development.">Deriving the glutamate clearance time course from transporter currents in CA1 hippocampal astrocytes: transmitter uptake gets faster during development.</a> J. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+coupled+and+uncoupled+currents+during+glutamate+uptake+by+GLT-1+transporters.">Comparison of coupled and uncoupled currents during glutamate uptake by GLT-1 transporters.</a> J. Neurosci. 22, 10153-10162 (2002).</li><li>Diamond, J. S., Jahr, C. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synaptically+released+glutamate+does+not+overwhelm+transporters+on+hippocampal+astrocytes+during+high-frequency+stimulation.">Synaptically released glutamate does not overwhelm transporters on hippocampal astrocytes during high-frequency stimulation.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 83, 2835-2843 (2000).</li><li>Benediktsson, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuronal+activity+regulates+glutamate+transporter+dynamics+in+developing+astrocytes.">Neuronal activity regulates glutamate transporter dynamics in developing astrocytes.</a> Glia. 60, 175-188 (2012).</li><li>Hires, S. A., Zhu, Y., Tsien, R. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+measurement+of+synaptic+glutamate+spillover+and+reuptake+by+linker+optimized+glutamate-sensitive+fluorescent+reporters.">Optical measurement of synaptic glutamate spillover and reuptake by linker optimized glutamate-sensitive fluorescent reporters.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 4411-4416 (2008).</li><li>Scimemi, A., Meabon, J., Woltjer, R. L., Sullivan, J. M., Diamond, J. S., Cook, D. 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저자는 이익에 대한 갈등을 선언하지 않습니다.

여기에 우리가 성상 세포의 전기 생리학 녹음을 얻기 위해 실험 방법을 설명 성상 세포의 글루타메이트 수송 전류를 분리하는 분석 프로토콜에 대한 수학적 방법은 성상 세포 수송 전류에서 글루타민산 정리의 시간 코스를 파생시킵니다. 분석의 성공은 성상 세포에서 고품질의 패치 클램프 녹음을 취득 할 수있는 능력과 수송 전류를 설명하는 데 사용되는 피팅 알고리즘의 ...

성상 세포는 별 모양의 형태와 neuropil를 통해 확장하고 이웃 시냅스 연락처 1,2에 도달 미세 막 돌기 두뇌에있는 가장 풍부한 세포 유형 중 하나입니다. 성상 &#39;세포막 밀도가 글루타민산 염 수송 분자 3로 포장된다. 생리적 조건, 글루타민산 염 수송 빠르게 막 세포 측면에서 글루타민산 염을 바인딩하고 세포의 세포질에 전송할 수 있습니다. 이렇게함으로써, 수송은 세포 공간 4 글루타민산 낮은 기저 농도를 유지한다. 시냅스를 흥분성에 인접 좋은 성상 과정에서 글루타민산 염 수송은 이상적으로는 멀리 시냅스에서의 확산으로 시냅스 이벤트 기간 동안 출시 된 글루타메이트를 바인딩 할 수있는 좋은 위치에 있습니다. 이렇게하면, 전송기는 흥분성 신호의 공간적 확산을 감소 요정 여분의 시냅스 지역을 향해와 인근 시냅스 위에 글루타민산 유출을 제한5-7 뇌의. 글루타민산 염 수송 화학 양 론적 3의 움직임에 결합 electrogenic 과정 나 + 1 H의 자신의 전기 화학적 구배에 따라 + 1 K + 8 반 수송. (안산)&gt; NO 3 - - (질산) ≈ CLO 4 - (과염소산)&gt; I -&gt; 대교 -&gt; 염소 -&gt; F -하지 글루타민산 염 수송은 SCN 투과 (그러나 화학 양 론적으로 결합되지 않음) 음이온 전도성과 연관되어 (메탄 설포 네이트)와 C 6 H 11 O - 7 - (글루 콘 산염) 9-11 CH 3 SO 3. 두 전류 (화학 양론 비 화학 양론) 시각 acut에 Dodt 조명이나 적외선 미분 간섭 대비 (IR-DIC)에서 확인 성상 세포에서 전체 세포 패치 - 클램프 녹음을 획득하여 기록 할 수 있습니다전자 뇌 조각 12. 막에 걸쳐 글루타민산 염 수송과 관련된 현재의 화학 양 론적 구성 요소가 CH 3 SO 3를 사용하여 분리 할 수 있습니다 - 또는 C 6 H 11 O 7 - 기반의 세포 내 솔루션과 성상 세포 13,14에 플래시 uncaging 글루타메이트에 의해 유발 될 수있다, 또는 인접 시냅스에서 글루타메이트 방출을 활성화하여, 하나 전기 12 대상 optogenetic 제어. 운송업자 현재의 화학 양 론적 구성 요소의 시간 과정은 성상 세포 멤브레인 (즉, 글루타민산 통관)에서 글루타메이트 농도 프로파일의 수명에 의해 형성되고, 글루타민산 염 수송, 성상 세포의 수동 막 속성의 동역학, 그리고에 의해 시냅스 자극,시 활성화 된 시냅스 13을 통해 글루타메이트 방출의 동시성. 여기에서 우리는 전체 상세 설명 : (1) 실험 APPR예를 들어 실험 준비로 급성 마우스 해마 슬라이스를 사용하여 성상 세포에서 전체 세포 패치 - 클램프 녹음에서 글루타민산 염 수송 전류의 화학 양 론적 구성 요소를 분리하는 oach (2) 분석 방법은 이러한 기록 13에서 글루타민산 정리의 시간 경과를 파생 14. 이 방법은 기록하고 중추 신경계의 지역에서 성상 세포의 글루타메이트 수송 전류를 분석하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다.

<table border="1">
		<tbody>
		 <tr>
			<td>Material Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue Number</td>
			<td>Comments </td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>CGP52432</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1246</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>(R,S)-CPP</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>173</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>DPCPX</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>439</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>LY341495 disodium salt</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>4062</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>MSOP</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>803</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>NBQX disodium salt</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1044</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>D,L-TBOA</td>
			<td>Tocis</td>
			<td>1223</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Picrotoxin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1675</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>MNI-L-glutamate</td>
			<td>Tocris</td>
			<td>1490</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Alexa 594</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A10438</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Matrix electrodes</td>
			<td>Frederick Haer Company</td>
			<td>MX21AES(JD3)</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>PG10165-4</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Dual-stage glass micro-pipette puller</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>PC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Loctite 404 instant adhesive</td>
			<td>Ted Pella</td>
			<td>46551</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Xe lamp</td>
			<td>Rapp OptoElectronic</td>
			<td>FlashMic</td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		 <tr>
			<td>Igor Pro 6</td>
			<td>Wavemetrics</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		 </tr>
		</tbody>
 </table>

deriving the time course of glutamate clearance with a deconvolution analysis of astrocytic transporter currents

뇌의 글루타메이트 수송의 가장 높은 밀도는 성상 세포에서 발견된다. 3 나 + 1 H의 공동 수송 + 1 K의 반대 교통과 막에 걸쳐 글루타민산 글루타민산 염 수송 커플 운동 +. 전송 프로세스에 의해 생성 된 화학 양론 현재는 성상 세포에서 전체 세포 패치 - 클램프 녹음으로 모니터링 할 수 있습니다. 기록 된 현재의 시간 코스는 성상 세포가 노출하는 글루타메이트 농도 프로파일, 글루타민산 염 수송의 동역학, 그리고 성상 세포 세포막의 수동 electrotonic 속성의 시간 경과에 의해 형성된다. 여기에서 우리는 성상 세포의 글루타메이트 수송 전류를 기록하고 성상 세포 수송 전류의 파형을 형성하는 다른 모든 요인 글루타민산 정리의 시간 과정을 분리하는 데 사용할 수있는 실험 및 분석 방법에 대해 설명합니다. 여기에 설명 된 방법은 수명 (을)를 추정하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다F 플래시 uncaged 건강과 질병 동안 중추 신경계의 지역에서 성상 세포 막에 글루타민산 시냅스 발표.

분석 방법의 성공은 매우 중추 신경계의 지역에서 성상 세포에서 수송 전류 고품질의 전기 생리학 녹음을 얻기에 따라 여기에 설명. 급성 마우스 해마 슬라이스, 성상 세포는 쉽게 때문에 그들의 작은 세포 기관 (Ø = 10 ㎛)와 저명한 핵 (그림 1)의 Dodt 조명이나 IR-DIC에서 확인할 수 있습니다. 세포 솔루션 (그림 1)에 알렉사 594 (50 μM)과 같은 형광 물질을 추가 할 때 자신의 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Deriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents at JoVE.com

Deriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents

우리는 성상 세포의 글루타메이트 수송 전류의 전기 생리학 녹음에서 성상 세포 막에 글루타민산의 수명을 추정하는 분석 방법을 설명합니다.

성상 세포 운송업자 전류의 디컨 볼 루션 분석 글루타민산 정리의 시간 과정을 도출

The highest density of glutamate transporters in the brain is found in astrocytes. Glutamate transporters couple the movement of glutamate across the ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

10.3K 조회수.  National Institutes of Health. 우리는 성상 세포의 글루타메이트 수송 전류의 전기 생리학 녹음에서 성상 세포 막에 글루타민산의 수명을 추정하는 분석 방법을 설명합니다.

비디오: Deriving the Time Course of Glutamate Clearance with a Deconvolution Analysis of Astrocytic Transporter Currents

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date this tool has been widely used to study the regulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation and neuronal migration especially in the developing cerebral cortex 6-8. Here we detail our protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and provide evidence that this approach can be used to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.
Visualization and manipulation of neurons in primary cultures have contributed to a better understanding of the processes involved in dendrite, spine and synapse development. However neurons growing in vitro are not exposed to all the physiological cues that can affect dendrite and/or spine formation and maintenance during normal development. Our knowledge of dendrite and spine structures in vivo in wild-type or mutant mice comes mostly from observations using the Golgi-Cox method 9. However, Golgi staining is considered to be unpredictable. Indeed, groups of nerve cells and fiber tracts are labeled randomly, with particular areas often appearing completely stained while adjacent areas are devoid of staining. Recent studies have shown that IUE of fluorescent constructs represents an attractive alternative method to study dendrites, spines as well as synapses in mutant / wild-type mice 10-11 (Figure 1A). Moreover in comparison to the generation of mouse knockouts, IUE represents a rapid approach to perform gain and loss of function studies in specific population of cells during a specific time window. In addition, IUE has been successfully used with inducible gene expression or inducible RNAi approaches to refine the temporal control over the expression of a gene or shRNA 12. These advantages of IUE have thus opened new dimensions to study the effect of gene expression/suppression on dendrites and spines not only in specific cerebral structures (Figure 1B) but also at a specific time point of development (Figure 1C).
Finally, IUE provides a useful tool to identify functional interactions between genes involved in dendrite, spine and/or synapse development. Indeed, in contrast to other gene transfer methods such as virus, it is straightforward to combine multiple RNAi or transgenes in the same population of cells. 
In summary, IUE is a powerful method that has already contributed to the characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying brain function and disease and it should also be useful in the study of dendrites and spines.

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

This article describes in detail a protocol to electroporate in utero the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus at E14.5 in mice. We also show that this is a valuable method to study dendrites and spines in these two cerebral regions.

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작<em&gt; utero에서</em&gt; Electroporation

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

연구

신경과학

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in studies of learning and memory. The typical preparations for such studies are ones in which the sensory and motoneurons are left intact in a minimally dissected animal, or a technically elaborate neuronal co-culture of individual sensory and motoneurons. Less common is the isolated neuronal preparation in which small clusters of nominally homogeneous neurons are dissociated into single cells in short term culture. Such isolated cells are useful for the biophysical characterization of ion currents using patch clamp techniques, and targeted modulation of these conductances. A protocol for preparing such cultures is described. The protocol takes advantage of the easily identifiable glutamatergic sensory neurons of the pleural and buccal ganglia, and describes their dissociation and minimal maintenance in culture for several days without serum.

Isolation of Sensory Neurons of Aplysia californica for Patch Clamp Recordings of Glutamatergic Currents

We describe the dissection of the nervous system of the marine sea hare Aplysia after anesthesia, the isolation of neurons for short term-tissue culture, and recordings of single cell ion currents via the patch clamp technique.

의 감각 뉴런의 분리<em&gt; 군소 californica</em&gt; 글루타메이트 전류의 패치 클램프 녹음을위한

The marine gastropod mollusk Aplysia californica has a venerable  history as a model of nervous system function, with particular significance in  studies ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

신경 발사 환율의 조작에 의해 성상 세포 수용체의 가소성을 유도

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Multi-photon Intracellular Sodium Imaging Combined with UV-mediated Focal Uncaging of Glutamate in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons

Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy has enabled the analysis of morphological and physiological parameters of brain cells in the intact tissue with high spatial and temporal resolution. Combined with electrophysiology, it is widely used to study activity-related calcium signals in small subcellular compartments such as dendrites and dendritic spines. In addition to calcium transients, synaptic activity also induces postsynaptic sodium signals, the properties of which are only marginally understood. Here, we describe a method for combined whole-cell patch-clamp and multi-photon sodium imaging in cellular micro domains of central neurons. Furthermore, we introduce a modified procedure for ultra-violet (UV)-light-induced uncaging of glutamate, which allows reliable and focal activation of glutamate receptors in the tissue. To this end, whole-cell recordings were performed on Cornu Ammonis subdivision 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons in acute tissue slices of the mouse hippocampus. Neurons were filled with the sodium-sensitive fluorescent dye SBFI through the patch-pipette, and multi-photon excitation of SBFI enabled the visualization of dendrites and adjacent spines. To establish UV-induced focal uncaging, several parameters including light intensity, volume affected by the UV uncaging beam, positioning of the beam as well as concentration of the caged compound were tested and optimized. Our results show that local perfusion with caged glutamate (MNI-Glutamate) and its focal UV-uncaging result in inward currents and sodium transients in dendrites and spines. Time course and amplitude of both inward currents and sodium signals correlate with the duration of the uncaging pulse. Furthermore, our results show that intracellular sodium signals are blocked in the presence of blockers for ionotropic glutamate receptors, demonstrating that they are mediated by sodium influx though this pathway. In summary, our method provides a reliable tool for the investigation of intracellular sodium signals induced by focal receptor activation in intact brain tissue.

We describe the combination of focal UV-induced photo-activation of neuro-active compounds with whole-cell patch-clamp and multi-photon imaging of intracellular sodium transients in dendrites and spines of hippocampal neurons in acute tissue slices of the mouse brain.

다중 광자 세포 내 나트륨 이미징 CA1 피라미드 뉴런의 글루타메이트의 UV 매개 초점 Uncaging과 결합

Multi-photon fluorescence microscopy has enabled the analysis of morphological and physiological parameters of brain cells in the intact tissue with high ...

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite with a broad host range, including humans and rodents. In both humans and rodents, Toxoplasma establishes a lifelong persistent infection in the brain. While this brain infection is asymptomatic in most immunocompetent people, in the developing fetus or immunocompromised individuals such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, this predilection for and persistence in the brain can lead to devastating neurologic disease. Thus, it is clear that the brain-Toxoplasma interaction is critical to the symptomatic disease produced by Toxoplasma, yet we have little understanding of the cellular or molecular interaction between cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and the parasite. In the mouse model of CNS toxoplasmosis it has been known for over 30 years that neurons are the cells in which the parasite persists, but little information is available about which part of the neuron is generally infected (soma, dendrite, axon) and if this cellular relationship changes between strains. In part, this lack is secondary to the difficulty of imaging and visualizing whole infected neurons from an animal. Such images would typically require serial sectioning and stitching of tissue imaged by electron microscopy or confocal microscopy after immunostaining. By combining several techniques, the method described here enables the use of thick sections (160 &#181;m) to identify and image whole cells that contain cysts, allowing three-dimensional visualization and analysis of individual, chronically infected neurons without the need for immunostaining, electron microscopy, or serial sectioning and stitching. Using this technique, we can begin to understand the cellular relationship between the parasite and the infected neuron.

3-D Imaging and Analysis of Neurons Infected In Vivo with Toxoplasma gondii

Using this protocol, we were able to image 160 &#181;m thick brain sections from mice infected with the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which enables visualization and analysis of the spatial relationship between the encysting parasite and the infected neuron.

신경 세포의 3 차원 이미징 및 분석 감염<em&gt; 생체</em&gt;와<em&gt; 톡소 포자충</em

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate, intracellular parasite with a broad host range, including humans and rodents. In both humans and rodents, Toxoplasma ...

Peering at Brain Polysomes with Atomic Force Microscopy

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, formed by ribosomes, mRNAs, several proteins and non-coding RNAs, represent integrated platforms where translational controls take place. However, while the ribosome has been widely studied, the organization of polysomes is still lacking comprehensive understanding. Thus much effort is required in order to elucidate polysome organization and any novel mechanism of translational control that may be embedded. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that allows the acquisition of 3D images at nanoscale resolution. Compared to electron microscopy (EM) techniques, one of the main advantages of AFM is that it can acquire thousands of images both in air and in solution, enabling the sample to be maintained under near physiological conditions without any need for staining and fixing procedures. Here, a detailed protocol for the accurate purification of polysomes from mouse brain and their deposition on mica substrates is described. This protocol enables polysome imaging in air and liquid with AFM and their reconstruction as three-dimensional objects. Complementary to cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), the proposed method can be conveniently used for systematically analyzing polysomes and studying their organization.

While ribosome structure has been extensively characterized, the organization of polysomes is still understudied. To overcome this lack of knowledge, we present here a detailed preparation protocol for accurate imaging of mammalian polysomes by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in air and liquid.

원자 힘 현미경과 뇌 Polysom​​es에서 피어링

The translational machinery, i.e., the polysome or polyribosome, is one of the biggest and most complex cytoplasmic machineries in cells. Polysomes, ...

A Protocol for the Administration of Real-Time fMRI Neurofeedback Training

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control neuroplastic processes and correct abnormal function, or even shift functions from damaged tissue to physiologically healthy brain regions, hold the potential to dramatically improve overall health. Of the current neuroplastic interventions in development, neurofeedback training (NFT) from functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) has the advantages of being completely non-invasive, non-pharmacologic, and spatially localized to target brain regions, as well as having no known side effects. Furthermore, NFT techniques, initially developed using fMRI, can often be translated to exercises that can be performed outside of the scanner without the aid of medical professionals or sophisticated medical equipment. In fMRI NFT, the fMRI signal is measured from specific regions of the brain, processed, and presented to the participant in real-time. Through training, self-directed mental processing techniques, that regulate this signal and its underlying neurophysiologic correlates, are developed. FMRI NFT has been used to train volitional control over a wide range of brain regions with implications for several different cognitive, behavioral, and motor systems. Additionally, fMRI NFT has shown promise in a broad range of applications such as the treatment of neurologic disorders and the augmentation of baseline human performance. In this article, we present an fMRI NFT protocol developed at our institution for modulation of both healthy and abnormal brain function, as well as examples of using the method to target both cognitive and auditory regions of the brain.

The ability to induce and/or control neural plasticity may be critical in future treatments for neurologic disorders and the recovery from brain injury. In this paper, we present a protocol on the use of neurofeedback training with functional magnetic resonance imaging to modulate human brain function.

관리의 실시간 fMRI Neurofeedback 훈련에 대 한 프로토콜

Neurologic disorders are characterized by abnormal cellular-, molecular-, and circuit-level functions in the brain. New methods to induce and control ...

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues. The hypothalamus in the central nervous system (CNS) is the control center for energy and insulin signal response regulation. Chronic inflammation in peripheral tissues and imbalances of certain chemokines (such as CCL5, TNF&#945;, and IL-6) contribute to diabetes and obesity. However, the functional mechanism(s) connecting chemokines and hypothalamic insulin signal regulation still remain unclear.
In vitro primary neuron culture models are convenient and simple models which can be used to investigate insulin signal regulation in hypothalamic neurons. In this study, we introduced exogeneous GLUT4 protein conjugated with GFP (GFP-GLUT4) into primary hypothalamic neurons to track GLUT4 membrane translocation upon insulin stimulation. Time-lapse images of GFP-GLUT4 protein trafficking were recorded by deconvolution microscopy, which allowed users to generate high-speed, high-resolution images without damaging the neurons significantly while conducting the experiment. The contribution of CCR5 in insulin regulated GLUT4 translocation was observed in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons, which were isolated and cultured from CCR5 knockout mice. Our results demonstrated that the GLUT4 membrane translocation efficiency was reduced in CCR5 deficient hypothalamic neurons after insulin stimulation.

This protocol describes a technique for observation of real-time Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) tagged Glucose Transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein trafficking upon insulin stimulation and characterization of the biological role of CCR5 in the insulin&#8211;GLUT4 signaling pathway with Deconvolution Microscopy.

마우스 기본 Hypothalamic 뉴런 Deconvolution 현미경을 사용 하 여 매매 GLUT4 단백질의 라이브 이미지

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health crisis which is characterized by insulin signaling impairment and chronic inflammation in peripheral ...

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal macropatch recordings of synaptic currents from visualized boutons at the Drosophila larval NMJ. This technique requires customized fabrication of recording micropipettes, as well as a compound microscope equipped with a high magnification, long-distance water immersion objective, differential interference contrast (DIC) optics, and a fluorescent attachment. The recording electrode is positioned on the top of a selected synaptic bouton visualized with DIC optics, epi-fluorescence, or both. The advantage of this technique is that it allows monitoring the synaptic activity of a limited number of sites of release. The recording electrode has&#160;a diameter of several microns, and the release sites positioned outside of the electrode rim do&#160;not significantly affect the recorded currents. The recorded synaptic currents have fast kinetics and can be readily resolved. These advantages are especially important for the studies of mutant fly lines with enhanced spontaneous or asynchronous synaptic activity.

Focal Macropatch Recordings of Synaptic Currents from the Drosophila Larval Neuromuscular Junction

Synaptic currents can be recorded focally from visualized synaptic boutons at the Drosophila third instar larvae neuromuscular junction. This technique enables monitoring the activity of a single synaptic bouton.

초파리 애벌레 신경 근육 학 교차로에서 시 냅 스 전류의 초점 Macropatch 녹음

Drosophila neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an excellent model system to study glutamatergic synaptic transmission. We describe the technique of focal ...

성상 세포 운송업자 전류의 디컨 볼 루션 분석 글루타민산 정리의 시간 과정을 도출

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작

의 감각 뉴런의 분리

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

신경 발사 환율의 조작에 의해 성상 세포 수용체의 가소성을 유도

다중 광자 세포 내 나트륨 이미징 CA1 피라미드 뉴런의 글루타메이트의 UV 매개 초점 Uncaging과 결합

신경 세포의 3 차원 이미징 및 분석 감염

원자 힘 현미경과 뇌 Polysomes에서 피어링

관리의 실시간 fMRI Neurofeedback 훈련에 대 한 프로토콜

마우스 기본 Hypothalamic 뉴런 Deconvolution 현미경을 사용 하 여 매매 GLUT4 단백질의 라이브 이미지

초파리 애벌레 신경 근육 학 교차로에서 시 냅 스 전류의 초점 Macropatch 녹음

성상 세포 운송업자 전류의 디컨 볼 루션 분석 글루타민산 정리의 시간 과정을 도출

요약

더 많은 비디오 탐색

이 비디오의 챕터

사용하는 마우스 대뇌 피질과 해마의 시각화 및 Dendrites와 쪽이의 유전자 조작

의 감각 뉴런의 분리

글루타민산 염과 GABA의 빠른 마이크로 이온 도입 : 시냅틱 통합을 조사하는 유용한 도구

신경 발사 환율의 조작에 의해 성상 세포 수용체의 가소성을 유도

다중 광자 세포 내 나트륨 이미징 CA1 피라미드 뉴런의 글루타메이트의 UV 매개 초점 Uncaging과 결합

신경 세포의 3 차원 이미징 및 분석 감염

원자 힘 현미경과 뇌 Polysom​​es에서 피어링

관리의 실시간 fMRI Neurofeedback 훈련에 대 한 프로토콜

마우스 기본 Hypothalamic 뉴런 Deconvolution 현미경을 사용 하 여 매매 GLUT4 단백질의 라이브 이미지

초파리 애벌레 신경 근육 학 교차로에서 시 냅 스 전류의 초점 Macropatch 녹음

원자 힘 현미경과 뇌 Polysomes에서 피어링