저자는 Therwa 함자, 존 E. Tidwell, 니나 클로비스, 그리고 실험 지원 및 교정을위한 수잔 스미스 수잔 스미스 감사드립니다. 저자는 자신의 지원과 미생물학, 면역학 및 웨스트 버지니아 대학에서 세포 생물학의 부에있는 생물 안전 실험실의 사용에 대한 세균의 임상 격리하고 존 B. 바넷, 박사 학위를 제공하는 존 토마스, 박사 학위를 감사합니다. 저자 Osteosynthesis 및 외상 관리 재단과 국립 과학 재단 (National Science Foundation) (# 1003907)에서 재정 지원을 인정합니다. 현미경 실험 및 이미지 분석도 메리 Babb 랜돌프 암 센터와 NIH 보조금 P20 RR016440에 의해 부분적으로 지원되는 웨스트 버지니아 대학 이미징 시설에서 수행되었다. 피를 동물 사용은 웨스트 버지니아 대학 기관 동물 케어 및 사용위원회에 의해 승인되었습니다립니다. 모든 실험은 모든 관련 guidelin을 준수 실행 된어, 규정 및 규제 기관.

1. 준비와 PRP의 활성화 1.1 혈액 무승부 <ol><li> isoflurane의 흡입 (유도를위한 O 2 2 % 유지 보수 1 %)에서 토끼를 마취. </li><li> 20 ML의 주사기로 2 ML 0.129 M 트라이 - 나트륨 구연산을 (anticoagulent 솔루션)립니다. 트라이 나트륨 구연산 솔루션은 50 ML 증류수 H 2 O에 1.897 g 트라이 - 나트륨 구연산을 용해하고 0.22 μm 살균 필터로 필터링하여 준비가되어 있습니다. </li><li> 70 % 에탄올을 사용하여 토끼 귀를 살균. </li><li> 나비 바늘 (25 G) 주사기에 연결을 통해 토끼 귀 정맥에서 (예를 들면 5 ML) 혈액을 그립니다. </li><li> 부드러운 교반하여 트라이 나트륨 구연산 솔루션으로 피를 섞는다. 혈액 및 트라이 - 나트륨 구연산 솔루션의 볼륨 비율이 9시 1분입니다. </li></ol> 1.2 PRP 준비 (그림 1) <ol><li> 50 ML 플라스틱 원심 분리기 튜브에 anticoagulated 혈액을 전송합니다. 10 μl의 나누어지는 해hemocytometry를 사용하여 기준 혈소판 수를 확인하기 위해 혈액. </li><li> 스윙 아웃 로터와 원심 분리기에 실온에서 10 분 (RT) 300 XG에서 혈액을 원심 분리기. 낮은 가속 및 브레이크 속도 (그림 1)을 설정합니다. </li><li> 원심 분리 후, 피가 3 층으로 분리된다. 아래 층은 주로 적혈구이며, 중간 층 (일반적으로 &#39;버피 코트 &quot;이라한다) 농축 혈소판과 백혈구로 구성하고, 상단 층은 주로 혈액의 액체 성분이 플라즈마, 그리고 혈소판 (입니다 그림 1). 세포 배양 후드에 원심 분리기 튜브를 조심스럽게 수송, 레이어를 방해하지 않습니다. 1 ML 플라스틱 pipettor를 사용하여 15 ML 플라스틱 튜브에 플라즈마의 모든 버피 코트, 그리고 2~3밀리미터 두께 적혈구 레이어를 전송합니다. </li><li> RT에서 15 분 3,000 XG에서 이전 샘플 두 번째 시간을 원심 분리기. 상단 층 (표면에 뜨는)는 혈소판 가난한 플라즈마 (PPP)로 간주됩니다D는 새로운 튜브로 전송됩니다. </li><li> PPP 2.0 X 10 6 혈소판 / μl를 (hemocytometry에 의해 결정)을 획득하는 데 사용 나머지 혈액 샘플에서 혈소판 농도를 조정하여 PRP를 구합니다. </li></ol> 1.3 PRP 활성화 <ol><li> 1000 IU / ML의 작업 농도에 5 ML 10 % 염화칼슘과 5,000 IU 소 트롬빈을 용해하여 PRP 활성화 솔루션을 준비합니다. </li><li> PRP와 PPP에 활성화 솔루션을 추가하고 반복적으로 PRP와 PPP-젤을 형성하기 위해 pipetting하여 솔루션을 섞는다. PRP 또는 PPP를 활성화 솔루션의 볼륨 비율이 1시 4분입니다. </li></ol> 2. 죽 곡선 분석을 사용하여 PRP의 체외 항균 시험 (그림 2)에서 <ol><li> 멸균 inoculating 루프를 사용 S. 여러 식민지를 추가 플라스틱 관 뮐러 힌튼 국물 (MHB)의 5 ML에 자사의 하룻밤 판 문화의 구균. 소용돌이가 잠시 후 37 2 시간 동안 샘플을 품다 ° C. 다음, 박테리아 미디어의 광학 밀도 분광 광도계를 사용하여 결정하고 ~ 1 이상으로 광학 밀도로 조정 된 X 10 8 CFU / 미리 정해진 표준 곡선에 따라 ML. </li><li> 1 개 10 6 CFU / ML을 취득과 얼음에 inoculums을 배치 PBS를 사용하여 100x 희석하십시오. </li><li> 설정 및 살균, 일회용 5 ML 왕복 아래 폴리스티렌 튜브를 라벨 및 각 관 2 ML의 최종 볼륨에 대해 표 1에 표시된 다음 예제 그룹을 준비합니다. </li><li> 활성화 (겔 형성)에 대한 트롬빈 솔루션 다음 폴리스티렌 튜브 먼저 PRP, PPP, 또는 PBS를 추가합니다. 다음 MHB를 추가 한 후 S. 구균의 inoculums (1 X 10 6 CFU / ML) 1 × 10 5 CFU / ML의 최종 농도를 얻을 수 있습니다. </li><li> ° C 150 rpm으로 궤도 동요와 함께 37 튜브를 품다. </li><li> 미리 정해진 시간 포인트 (예 : 0, 1, 2 시간)에서 반복 pipetting (이 통해 각 튜브의 솔루션을 혼합박테리아는 PRP 젤 안에 갇혀 될 수 있기 때문에 단계) 중요합니다. , 샘플의 10 μl를 멸균 0.9 %의 식염수에 순차적으로 희석하고, Tryptic 간장 한천 (TSA, 5 %의 양 피) CFU 계산을위한 플레이트로 각 희석의 100 μl 나누어지는을 피펫. </li><li> 37 번 밤 문화 한천 플레이트 ° C 한 다음 계산과 판 식민지를 기록합니다. 플롯 X-축과 CFU / y 축에 ML에서 시간 (시간)와 logarithimic 규모 데이터입니다. </li></ol>

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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+technique+for+improving+the+handling+of+particulate+cancellous+bone+and+marrow+grafts+using+platelet+gel.">A technique for improving the handling of particulate cancellous bone and marrow grafts using platelet gel.</a> J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. 56, 1217-1218 (1998).</li><li>Currie, L. J., Sharpe, J. R., Martin, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+fibrin+glue+in+skin+grafts+and+tissue-engineered+skin+replacements:+a+review.">The use of fibrin glue in skin grafts and tissue-engineered skin replacements: a review.</a> Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 108, 1713-1726 (2001).</li><li>Nikulin, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+calcium,+thrombin+and+nucleotides+(ADP,+cAMP,+cGMP)+on+blood+platelet+glycolysis+and+energy+metabolism.">Effect of calcium, thrombin and nucleotides (ADP, cAMP, cGMP) on blood platelet glycolysis and energy metabolism.</a> Farmakol. Toksikol. 43, 585-590 (1980).</li><li>Hantgan, R. R., Taylor, R. G., Lewis, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelets+interact+with+fibrin+only+after+activation.">Platelets interact with fibrin only after activation.</a> Blood. 65, 1299-1311 (1985).</li><li>Hantgan, R., Fowler, W., Erickson, H., Hermans, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibrin+assembly:+a+comparison+of+electron+microscopic+and+light+scattering+results.">Fibrin assembly: a comparison of electron microscopic and light scattering results.</a> Thromb. Haemost. 44, 119-124 (1980).</li><li>Li, B., Jiang, B., Boyce, B. M., Lindsey, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilayer+polypeptide+nanoscale+coatings+incorporating+IL-12+for+the+prevention+of+biomedical+device-associated+infections.">Multilayer polypeptide nanoscale coatings incorporating IL-12 for the prevention of biomedical device-associated infections.</a> Biomaterials. 30, 2552-2558 (2009).</li><li>Li, B., Jiang, B., Dietz, M. J., Smith, E. S., Clovis, N. B., Rao, K. M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+local+MCP-1+and+IL-12+nanocoatings+for+infection+prevention+in+open+fractures.">Evaluation of local MCP-1 and IL-12 nanocoatings for infection prevention in open fractures.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 28, 48-54 (2010).</li><li>Boyce, B. M., Lindsey, B. A., Clovis, N. B., Smith, E. S., Hobbs, G. R., Hubbard, D. F., Emery, S. E., Barnett, J. B., Li, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Additive+effects+of+exogenous+IL-12+supplementation+and+antibiotic+treatment+in+infection+prophylaxis.">Additive effects of exogenous IL-12 supplementation and antibiotic treatment in infection prophylaxis.</a> J. Orthop. Res. 30 (2), 196-202 (2012).</li></ol>

제작자들은 더 경쟁 금융 이익이 없다는 점 선언합니다.

혈소판이 풍부한 혈장은 점점 그 치유 - 홍보 등록 15-17으로 인해 임상 응용에 사용되었습니다. 본 연구에서는 PRP는 감염 예방을위한 새로운 접근 방법으로 제시되었다. PRP는 MRSA, MSSA, 그룹 연쇄상 구균 및 Neisseria gonorrhoeae에 대한 강력한 항균 특성을 가지고 발견되었습니다. 기존의 항생제 치료에 비해 PRP의 주요 장점은, 감염 예방을 위해 포함 : (1) 현재 항생제 치료는 점점 ?...

임플란트 - 관련 감염은 상당한 임상 합병증입니다. 포도상 구균 (S. 구균)이 임플란트 - 관련 감염으로부터 격리 가장 흔한 미생물 중 하나입니다. 그것은 임플란트의 표면을 커버하고 항생제 내성 감염 1,2으로 이어질 수있는 biofilm을 생산 할 수 있습니다. 임플란트 - 관련 감염의 치료가 자주 반복 ​​debridements과 장기간 비경 항생제 치료 장기 입원이 필요합니다. 항생제 내성의 경우, 보형물의 제거가 필요할 수 있습니다. 항생제에 대한 박테리아의 증가 저항도 등의 질병 통제 및 예방 (CDC)의 센터에 의해 참조되었습니다 &quot;세계에서 가장 급박 한 건강 문제 중 하나입니다.&quot; 시간이, 새로운과 효과적인 항균 요법의 개발없이, 그것은 다중 약물 내성 병원균은 기존의 항생제와 untreatable 될 가능성이 있습니다. 임플란트 - 관련 예방감염 것이 중요하며, 새로운 예방 대리인 또는 접근 방법은 이러한 감염을 예방하기 위해 필요합니다. 혈소판이 풍부한 혈장 (PRP)은 뼈와 뼈 이식 치료 3-5으로 도움을 줄 수 30 성장 요인을 포함 autologous 혈액의 농도이다. 뼈 재생과 부드러운 조직 성숙을 향상시키는 PRP의 응용 프로그램이 점점 때문에 혈소판에 의해 발표 다양한 성장 요인의 높은 농도의 병원에서보고되었습니다. PRP의 여러 특성은 PRP는 항균 특성에게 6-9있을 수 있습니다 것으로 나타났습니다. PRP는 혈소판의 큰 번호, 백혈구의 높은 농도 (세균 및 곰팡이에 대한 호스트 방어 동작을 가지고 할 수있는), 그리고 여러 항균 펩티드 7,8,10가 포함되어 있습니다. 심장 수술 환자의 큰 일대의 최근 연구에서,이 드러났다 그 상처 폐쇄 signif 동안 PRP-젤의 intraoperative 사용icantly 표면과 깊은 가슴 감염 (11)의 발생률을 감소. 이러한 이유와 관찰의 경우, 우리는 PRP는 그 잘 공부 치료 - 추진 특성 외에, 항균 특성을 가지고 가상. 감염을 방지하기 위해 PRP를 사용하는 잠재적 인 장점이 포함될 수 있습니다 :은 (i) PRP는 기존의 항생제 치료에 비해 저항을 유도 할 가능성이 적습니다. PRP의 치료 - 홍보 특성은 병원균과 인간의 세포가 이식 표면 12 질주를하고 같이함으로써 감염 가능성을 줄여 세균 첨부 파일을 방지하기 위해 인감을 제공 할 수 경우, (ii) PRP는 감염 예방에 시너지 효과가있을 수 있습니다 치유를 촉진 속성을 가지고 있습니다 13. (III) PRP는 본질적으로 biocompatible하고, 안전하고 전도 할 수있는 질병의 위험에서 무료입니다. 우리의 장기 목표는 임플란트 - 관련 infecti을 방지하기 위해 새로운 접근 방법으로 PRP를 사용하는 것입니다기능. 본 연구의 목적은 체외 항균 속성에 PRP의를 검사하기 위해, 두 번 원심 분리 방식을 사용하여 PRP를 준비하고, 이러한 항균 속성을 평가하기위한 프로토콜을 설명하는 것이 었습니다.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Bovine thrombin</td><td>King Pharmaceuticals, Inc</td><td>60793-215-05</td><td>Thrombin (bovine origin)</td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>King Pharmaceuticals, Inc</td><td>60793-215-05</td><td>10% calcium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>E7023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane</td><td>Baxter</td><td>1001936060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mueller Hinton broth</td><td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td><td>275710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phosphate-buffered saline</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D8662</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tri-sodium citrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>W302600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptic soy agar</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>R01202</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Kendro Laboratory Products</td><td>750043077</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe filter</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SLGP033RS</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

prp as a new approach to prevent infection: preparation and in vitro antimicrobial properties of prp

임플란트 - 관련 감염 항생제 저항, 동물과 인간 사이의 항생제 내성 박테리아의 전송과 감염을 치료의 높은 비용을 증가로 인해 점점 더 의료 산업에 더 도전 세계적되고 있습니다. 본 연구에서는, 우리는 혈소판이 풍부한 혈장 (PRP)의 잠재적 인 항균 특성을 바탕으로 임플란트 - 관련 감염을 예방에 효과가있을 수 있습니다 새로운 전략을 공개. 치유를 촉진위한 잘 연구 특성으로 인해, PRP는 (생물 제품) 점점 정형 외과 수술, 치주 및 구강 수술, 악안면 수술, 플라스틱 수술, 스포츠 의학 등 임상 응용에 사용되었습니다 PRP는 임플란트 - 관련 감염을 예방 기존의 항생제 치료에 대한 고급 대안이 될 수 있습니다. PRP의 사용은 기존의 항생제 치료시에 비해 유리할 수있다PRP는 항생제 저항을 유도 할 수 있고 PRP의 항균 및 치료 - 홍보 속성이 감염 예방에 시너지 효과가있을 수 있습니다 적은 가능성이 nce. 그것은 잘 병원균과 인간의 세포가 이식 표면에 경주하는 알려져 있으며, 홍보 치유의 PRP의 속성함으로써 감염 가능성을 줄여 인간의 세포 첨부 파일을 향상 수 있습니다. 또한, PRP는 본질적으로 biocompatible하고, 안전하고 전도 할 수있는 질병의 위험에서 무료입니다. 우리의 연구를 들어, 우리는 일반적으로 정형 외과 감염에서 발견하고 PRP이 박테리아에 대한 체외 항균 속성에 있는지 여부를 검사 몇 가지 임상 박테리아 변종을 선택했습니다. 우리는 같은 혈소판 농도가 모든 샘플에 대해 얻을 수 할 수있는 두 번 원심 분리 방식을 사용하여 PRP를 준비했습니다. 우리는 일관성있는 항균 결과를 달성하고 PRP는 methi 같은 세균에 대한 시험 관내 항균 속성에 강한 것으로 나타났습니다cillin에 민감한와 methicillin - 내성 황색 포도상 구균, 그룹 연쇄상 구균과 Neisseria gonorrhoeae. 따라서, PRP의 사용은 감염을 예방하고 임플란트 - 관련 감염의 비용이 많이 드는 수술 치료의 필요성을 줄일 수있는 가능성이있을 수 있습니다.

PRP는 reproducibly 두 번 원심 분리 방식 (그림 1)를 사용하여 준비가되어 있습니다. PRP는 methicillin 내성 S.에 대한 체외 항균 속성에 (CFUs에서 최대 100 배 감소) 강한 제시 찾을 수 있습니다 구균 (MRSA) (그림 3)은, 그는 일반적으로 전세계 병원 14에서 발견됩니다. 마찬가지로, PRP는 methicillin에 민감한 S.에 대한 강력한 항균 특성을 가지고...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP at JoVE.com

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

임플란트 - 관련 감염은 중요한 임상 합병증입니다. 이 연구는 임플란트 - 관련 감염을 방지하기 위해 혈소판이 풍부한 혈장 (PRP)를 사용하여 접근 방식을 설명 지속적인 혈소판 농도와 PRP를 준비 프로토콜을 제시하고, PRP의 새로 확인 된 항균 특성 및 항균 특성을 조사에 대한 관련 프로토콜을보고<em&gt; 체외 인치</em

준비를 한 다음 감염을 방지하기 위해 새로운 접근 방식으로 PRP<em&gt; 체외에서</emPRP의&gt; 항균 속성

Implant-associated infection is becoming more and more challenging to the healthcare industry worldwide due to increasing antibiotic resistance, ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

21.2K 조회수.  West Virginia University. 임플란트 - 관련 감염은 중요한 임상 합병증입니다. 이 연구는 임플란트 - 관련 감염을 방지하기 위해 혈소판이 풍부한 혈장 (PRP)를 사용하여 접근 방식을 설명 지속적인 혈소판 농도와 PRP를 준비 프로토콜을 제시하고, PRP의 새로 확인 된 항균 특성 및 항균 특성을 조사에 대한 관련 프로토콜을보고 체외 인치

비디오: PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. Products are routinely stored at 22 &#176;C on an agitating shaker, a condition that can promote bacterial growth. Although the total number of bacteria believed to be introduced into a platelet product is extremely low, these bacteria can multiply to a very high titer prior to transfusion, potentially resulting in serious adverse events. The aim of this study was to evaluate a riboflavin based pathogen reduction process against a panel of bacteria that have been identified as common contaminants of platelet products. This panel included the following organisms: S. epidermidis, S. aureus, S. mitis, S. pyogenes, S. marcescens, Y. enterocolitica, B. neotomae, B. cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. Each platelet unit was inoculated with a high bacterial load and samples were removed both before and after treatment. A colony forming assay, using an end point dilution scheme, was used to determine the pre-treatment and post-treatment bacterial titers. Log reduction was calculated by subtracting the post-treatment titer from the pre-treatment titer. The following log reductions were observed: S. epidermidis 4.7 log (99.998%), S. aureus 4.8 log (99.998%), S. mitis 3.7 log (99.98%), S. pyogenes 2.6 log (99.7%), S. marcescens 4.0 log (99.99%), Y. enterocolitica 3.3 log (99.95%), B. neotomae 5.4 log (99.9996%), B. cereus 2.6 log (99.7%), E. coli &#8805;5.4 log (99.9996%), P. aeruginosa 4.7 log (99.998%) and K. pneumoniae 2.8 log (99.8%). The results from this study suggest the process could help to lower the risk of severe adverse transfusion events associated with bacterial contamination.

The storage conditions of platelet products create an ideal environment for bacterial contaminants to multiply to dangerous levels. The goal of this study was to use a colony forming assay to evaluate a riboflavin based pathogen reduction process against high titer bacterial contamination in human platelet products.

리보플라빈과 혈소판 제품 및 자외선 치료 : 높은 역가 세균 오염에 대해 효과

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. ...

연구

면역학 및 감염병학

High-throughput Identification of Bacteria Repellent Polymers for Medical Devices

Medical devices are often associated with hospital-acquired infections, which place enormous strain on patients and the healthcare system as well as contributing to antimicrobial resistance. One possible avenue for the reduction of device-associated infections is the identification of bacteria-repellent polymer coatings for these devices, which would prevent bacterial binding at the initial attachment step. A method for the identification of such repellent polymers, based on the parallel screening of hundreds of polymers using a microarray, is described here. This high-throughput method resulted in the identification of a range of promising polymers that resisted binding of various clinically relevant bacterial species individually and also as multi-species communities. One polymer, PA13 (poly(methylmethacrylate-co-dimethylacrylamide)), demonstrated significant reduction in attachment of a number of hospital isolates when coated onto two commercially available central venous catheters. The method described could be applied to identify polymers for a wide range of applications in which modification of bacterial attachment is important.

A high-throughput microarray method for the identification of polymers which reduce bacterial surface binding on medical devices is described.

의료 기기에 대한 박테리아의 높은 처리량 식별 구충제 폴리머

Medical devices are often associated with hospital-acquired infections, which place enormous strain on patients and the healthcare system as well as ...

생체공학

Antimicrobial Peptides Produced by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids

Nature has a variety of possibilities to create new protein functions by modifying the sequence of the individual amino acid building blocks. However, all variations are based on the 20 canonical amino acids (cAAs). As a way to introduce additional physicochemical properties into polypeptides, the incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) is increasingly used in protein engineering. Due to their relatively short length, the modification of ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides by ncAAs is particularly attractive. New functionalities and chemical handles can be generated by specific modifications of individual residues. The selective pressure incorporation (SPI) method utilizes auxotrophic host strains that are deprived of an essential amino acid in chemically defined growth media. Several structurally and chemically similar amino acid analogs can then be activated by the corresponding aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase and provide residue-specific cAA(s) &#8594; ncAA(s) substitutions in the target peptide or protein sequence. Although, in the context of the SPI method, ncAAs are also incorporated into the host proteome during the phase of recombinant gene expression, the majority of the cell&#39;s resources are assigned to the expression of the target gene. This enables efficient residue-specific incorporation of ncAAs often accompanied with high amounts of modified target. The presented work describes the in vivo incorporation of six proline analogs into the antimicrobial peptide nisin, a lantibiotic naturally produced by Lactococcus lactis. Antimicrobial properties of nisin can be changed and further expanded during its fermentation and expression in auxotrophic Escherichia coli strains in defined growth media. Thereby, the effects of residue-specific replacement of cAAs with ncAAs can deliver changes in antimicrobial activity and specificity. Antimicrobial activity assays and fluorescence microscopy are used to test the new nisin variants for growth inhibition of a Gram-positive Lactococcus lactis indicator strain. Mass spectroscopy is used to confirm ncAA incorporation in bioactive nisin variants.

The protocol presents the Escherichia coli-based selective pressure incorporation of non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into the lactococcal antimicrobial peptide nisin. Its properties can be changed during recombinant expression via substitution with desired ncAAs in defined growth media. Resulting changes in bioactivity are mapped by growth inhibition assays and fluorescence microscopy.

정식이 아닌 아미노산의 선택적 압력 관에 의해 생산 하는 항균 성 펩 티 드

Nature has a variety of possibilities to create new protein functions by modifying the sequence of the individual amino acid building blocks. However, all ...

Antimicrobial Characterization of Advanced Materials for Bioengineering Applications

The development of new advanced materials with enhanced properties is becoming more and more important in a wide range of bioengineering applications. Thus, many novel biomaterials are being designed to mimic specific environments required for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. The development of materials with improved properties for the immobilization of cells or enzymes is also a current research topic in bioprocess engineering. However, one of the most desirable properties of a material in these applications is the antimicrobial capacity to avoid any undesirable infections. For this, we present easy-to-follow protocols for the antimicrobial characterization of materials based on (i) the agar disk diffusion test (diffusion method) and (ii) the ISO 22196:2007 norm to measure the antimicrobial activity on material surfaces (contact method). This protocol must be performed using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast to cover a broad range of microorganisms. As an example, 4 materials with different chemical natures are tested following this protocol against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.The results of these tests exhibit non-antimicrobial activity for the first material and increasing antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for the other 3 materials. However, none of the 4 materials are able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

We present a protocol for the antimicrobial characterization of advanced materials. Here, the antimicrobial activity on material surfaces is measured by two methods that complement each other: one is based on the agar disk diffusion test, and the other is a standard procedure based on the ISO 22196:2007 norm.

생명 공학 응용 프로그램에 대 한 고급 재료의 항균 특성

The development of new advanced materials with enhanced properties is becoming more and more important in a wide range of bioengineering applications. ...

LED-Based In Vitro Screening for Assessing Photoactivable Molecules in Bacterial Photodynamic Inactivation

The rise of multi-drug-resistant infections and the lack of new antibiotic classes have renewed interest in alternative therapies like photodynamic inactivation of bacteria (aPDI). This process involves the administration of a photosensitizer (PS) activated by a suitable visible light source, producing exacerbated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that damage crucial cellular biomolecules, ultimately causing bacterial cell death. It is crucial to create standardized, easy-to-use, and reproducible initial tests to assess and compare the effectiveness of light-induced phototoxicity of potential photosensitizers. This study introduces a simple and efficient in vitro technique for assessing photodynamic activity against planktonic bacterial cells. By employing a 96-well microplate format along with a large LED panel, the system facilitates the systematic evaluation of various compounds. Such a configuration allows for high-throughput screening of potential photosensitizers in a controlled and consistent environment, simplifying the process of identifying promising candidates for further development. This flexible platform serves as an important step in advancing the development of innovative photodynamic therapies for managing antibiotic-resistant infections.

This protocol describes a straightforward and economical method for evaluating the effectiveness of potential photosensitizers in antibacterial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI), using a 96-well plate format combined with an LED panel light source. This approach enables the simultaneous testing of multiple experimental conditions, including different concentrations, compounds, and bacterial strains.

박테리아 광역학 불활성화에서 광활성 분자를 평가하기 위한 LED 기반 체외 스크리닝

The rise of multi-drug-resistant infections and the lack of new antibiotic classes have renewed interest in alternative therapies like photodynamic ...

생화학

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to substrates to create phosphorylated products. The use of &#947;-32-P labeled NTP precursors allows simultaneous monitoring of substrate utilization and product formation by radiography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates allows rapid separation and sensitive quantification of substrate and product. We present a method for utilizing the thin-layer chromatography to assay the pyrophosphokinase activity of a purified (p)ppGpp synthetase. This method has previously been used to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotide and dinucleotide synthetases and is broadly suitable for characterizing the activity of any enzyme that hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate bond or transfers a terminal phosphate from a phosphate donor to another molecule.

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Here, we describe a method for purifying histidine-tagged pyrophosphokinase enzymes and utilizing thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled substrates and products to assay for the enzymatic activity in vitro. The enzyme activity assay is broadly applicable to any kinase, nucleotide cyclase, or phosphor-transfer reaction whose mechanism includes nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.

정화 및 체 외에서 활동 분석 결과 (p) ppGpp Clostridium 남과 어울리지 않 는에서 합성에 대 한

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...

Antibiotic Dereplication Using the Antibiotic Resistance Platform

One of the main challenges in the search for new antibiotics from natural product extracts is the re-discovery of common compounds. To address this challenge, dereplication, which is the process of identifying known compounds, is performed on samples of interest. Methods for dereplication such as analytical separation followed by mass spectrometry are time-consuming and resource-intensive. To improve the dereplication process, we have developed the antibiotic resistance platform (ARP). The ARP is a library of approximately 100 antibiotic resistance genes that have been individually cloned into Escherichia coli. This strain collection has many applications, including a cost-effective and facile method for antibiotic dereplication. The process involves the fermentation of antibiotic-producing microbes on the surface of rectangular Petri dishes containing solid medium, thereby allowing for the secretion and diffusion of secondary metabolites through the medium. After a 6 day fermentation period, the microbial biomass is removed, and a thin agar-overlay is added to the Petri dish to create a smooth surface and enable the growth of the E. coli indicator strains. Our collection of ARP strains is then pinned onto the surface of the antibiotic-containing Petri dish. The plate is next incubated overnight to allow for E. coli growth on the surface of the overlay. Only strains containing resistance to a specific antibiotic (or class) grow on this surface enabling rapid identification of the produced compound. This method has been successfully used for the identification of producers of known antibiotics and as a means to identify those producing novel compounds.

We describe a platform that utilizes a library of isogenic antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli for the dereplication of antibiotics. The identity of an antibiotic produced by bacteria or fungi can be deduced by the growth of E. coli expressing its respective resistance gene. This platform is economically effective and time-efficient.

항생제 내성 플랫폼을 이용한 항생제 복제

One of the main challenges in the search for new antibiotics from natural product extracts is the re-discovery of common compounds. To address this ...

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

The antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, such as silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and magnesium oxide, have been explored previously in clinical and environmental settings and in consumable food products. However, a lack of consistency in the experimental methods and materials used has culminated in conflicting results, even amongst studies of the same nanostructure types and bacterial species. For researchers who wish to employ nanostructures as an additive or coating in a product design, these conflicting data limit their utilization in clinical settings. 
To confront this dilemma, in this article, we present four different methods to determine the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, and discuss their applicability in different scenarios. Adapting consistent methods is expected to lead to reproducible data that can be compared across studies and implemented for different nanostructure types and microbial species. We introduce two methods to determine the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and two methods for the antimicrobial activities of nanostructured surfaces. 
For nanoparticles, the direct co-culture method can be used to determine the minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentrations of nanoparticles, and the direct exposure culture method can be used to assess real-time bacteriostatic versus bactericidal activity resulting from nanoparticle exposure. For nanostructured surfaces, the direct culture method is used to determine the viability of bacteria indirectly and directly in contact with nanostructured surfaces, and the focused-contact exposure method is used to examine antimicrobial activity on a specific area of a nanostructured surface. We discuss key experimental variables to consider for in vitro study design when determining the antimicrobial properties of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces. All these methods are relatively low cost, employ techniques that are relatively easy to master and repeatable for consistency, and are applicable to a broad range of nanostructure types and microbial species.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Surfaces In Vitro

We introduce four methods to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces using in vitro techniques. These methods can be adapted to study the interactions of different nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces with a broad range of microbial species.

시험관 내에서 나노 입자 및 나노 구조 표면의 항균 활성 평가

The antimicrobial activities of nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, such as silver, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and magnesium oxide, have been ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>현장 진료(point-of-care) 사용을 위해 최적화된 CRISPR 기반 분자 진단 프로토콜

Point-of-care CRISPR-based Diagnostics with Premixed and Freeze-dried Reagents

Molecular diagnostics by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based detection have high diagnostic accuracy and attributes that are suitable for use at point-of-care settings such as fast turnaround times for results, convenient simple readouts, and no requirement of complicated instruments. However, the reactions can be cumbersome to perform at the point of care due to their many components and manual handling steps. Herein, we provide a step-by-step, optimized protocol for the robust detection of disease pathogens and genetic markers with recombinase-based isothermal amplification and CRISPR-based reagents, which are premixed and then freeze-dried in easily stored and ready-to-use formats. Premixed, freeze-dried reagents can be rehydrated for immediate use and retain high amplification and detection efficiencies. We also provide a troubleshooting guide for commonly found problems upon preparing and using premixed, freeze-dried reagents for CRISPR-based diagnostics, to make the detection platform more accessible to the wider diagnostic/genetic testing communities.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>저자 스포트라이트: 감염성 질환의 신속한 검출을 위한 간소화된 CRISPR 기반 테스트 개발

Here, we present the step-by-step preparation of premixed, lyophilized recombinase-based isothermal amplification and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based reactions, which can be used for the detection of nucleic acid biomarkers of infectious disease pathogens or other genetic markers of interest.

Premixed and Freeze-dryed Reagents를 사용한 현장 진단 CRISPR 기반 진단

Molecular diagnostics by Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)-based detection have high diagnostic accuracy and attributes ...

준비를 한 다음 감염을 방지하기 위해 새로운 접근 방식으로 PRP

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리보플라빈과 혈소판 제품 및 자외선 치료 : 높은 역가 세균 오염에 대해 효과

의료 기기에 대한 박테리아의 높은 처리량 식별 구충제 폴리머

정식이 아닌 아미노산의 선택적 압력 관에 의해 생산 하는 항균 성 펩 티 드

생명 공학 응용 프로그램에 대 한 고급 재료의 항균 특성

박테리아 광역학 불활성화에서 광활성 분자를 평가하기 위한 LED 기반 체외 스크리닝

정화 및 체 외에서 활동 분석 결과 (p) ppGpp Clostridium 남과 어울리지 않 는에서 합성에 대 한

항생제 내성 플랫폼을 이용한 항생제 복제

시험관 내에서 나노 입자 및 나노 구조 표면의 항균 활성 평가

Premixed and Freeze-dryed Reagents를 사용한 현장 진단 CRISPR 기반 진단

Premixed and Freeze-dryed Reagents를 사용한 현장 진단 CRISPR 기반 진단