이 작품은 NIH K99 HL09222601 및 MNH에게 수여 S &amp; R 재단 Ryaji Uneo 수상에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 마취 <ol><li> isoflurane과 쥐를 Anesthetizing하면 intraperitaneally 마취 관리를하기 전에 동물의 처리와 구속을 촉진 수도 있습니다. 흡입 마취제를 사용하면 또는 특정 연구에 적합하지 않을 수 있습니다 수 있습니다 제안한 폐 연구에서 첫 번째 isoflurane 사용의 영향, 또는 다른 마취제를 결정합니다. </li><li> isoflurane과 동물을 마취. 동영상은 산소와 혼합 2퍼센트 isoflurane에서 설정 isoflurane 기화기 챔버의 사용을 보여줍니다. 당신이 isoflurane 챔버가 없다면, 당신은 표준 또는 오픈 드롭 노출 기법을 사용하실 수 있습니다. 하단에 장착되어 와이어 메쉬와 벨 병 속에 쥐 (또는 다른 적절한 비 다공성 컨테이너)를 동봉. 메쉬 와이어 아래에 위치 거즈 패드하려면, 프로필렌 글리콜에 V / V isoflurane 30 % 혼합물을 적용합니다. 메쉬의 사용은 동물이 피부 자극 및 잠재 도달 했나봐을 일으킬 수있는 isoflurane - 절어 패드와 접촉하지 않도록 보장합니다. isoflurane에 짧은 노출 후, 동물은 anesthetized되어야하며 그릇이 스쳐 및 발가락 핀치 후 응답하지 않습니다 때 righting 반사와 응답하지 않습니다. </li><li> Xylazine과 300ml의 혼합의 내부 복막 주사로 마취 더 마우스. (창자 또는 다른 중요한 장기의 일부가 침투되지 않은 것을 막기 위해 다시 그릴 intraperitoneal 주사를 수행할 때 그것은 좋은 연습입니다.) 0.9 % 멸균 인산의 8850 μL 1000 μL 케타민을 (100 MG / ML) 150 μL를 Xylazine (100 MG / ML) 혼합하면 (PBS) 살린 버퍼. 생쥐의 경우 복용량이 체중의 10 GM 당 약 80 μL 것입니다. 최종 농도는 10 밀리그램 / 킬로그램 Xylazine과 100 밀리그램 / 킬로그램 케타민을 것입니다. 동물 건조 유지 및 체온의 과도한 손실을 방지하기 위해 절연해야합니다. 안과 연고는 각막의 건조 방지하기 위해 눈에 적용할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 2. 외과 영역의 준비 <ol><li> 수술 절개가 이루어집니다 영역을 면도하지 않은 준비 지역에서 오염을 방지할 수 있습니다. 전기 면도기는 밀접한 동물에서 모피를​​ 면도 있습니다. 면도 지역은 절개 사이트보다 큰해야합니다. </li><li> 같은 나이르로 제모 크림의 후속 응용 프로그램, 모든 남아있는 모피를 제거합니다. 외과 영역에 제모 크림의 두꺼운 레이어를 적용하고 3 분에 둡니다. 젖은 수건으로 모피 및 제모 크림을 닦아. 10 분 초과에서 머리 제거 크림을 두지 마십시오. </li><li> 무균 수술 영역을 준비, 70 % 알코올, 또는 대체 스크럽 솔루션을 사용합니다. </li></ol> 3. 수술 <ol><li> sloped 수술 보드, 또는 직각 접근 금지 서에 anesthetized 동물을 놓습니다. </li><li> 목 앞쪽에 (목 지역) 근처에 작은 절개를합니다. </li><li> tracheal 반지를 시각화하고 액세스하기 위해 platysma과 앞쪽에 tracheal 근육을 멀리 해부하다. </li><li> 일반적으로, intratracheal 사출 볼륨 무게 3 μl 당 그램 (약 30-75 μL 최종 볼륨)입니다. 1mL 피하 (하위 Q) 30 게이지, 5/16-inch 바늘로 주사기를 사용 instillate의 해당 금액을 관리할 수 있습니다. 주사기 베벨 측면을 잡고 병렬 기관과 함께, 그리고기도에 instillate의 전체 볼륨을 주입. </li><li> 동물가 폐 속에 용질의 기지를 따라 온다하여 응답할 수 있습니다. 주사기를 통해 공기를 도입하고 폐가 확장 여부를 관찰하면 성공 삽관법 기법을 확인합니다. </li><li> 기관에서 주사기를 제거합니다. </li></ol> 4. 봉합. <ol><li> 바늘 홀더와 바늘의 스웨이지 (봉합 재료가 연결되어있는 바늘의 두꺼운 부분)을 파악. </li><li> 피부의 두께에 따라 떨어진 상처의 가장자리에서 90 ° 각도로 약 1~3mm에서 바늘의 끝에와 피부에 침투. 조직 하나를 통해 통과 후 종료 바늘을 파악. 개별적으로 매듭 간단한 바늘, 효율적으로 상처를 닫습니다. </li></ol> 5. 동물 복구 <ol><li> 동물 완전히 3-24시간 후 마취 및 수술에서 회복한다. </li></ol> 6. 대표 결과 형광 화합물 Intratracheal 떨어뜨림, dextran을 복합 Cy5.5는 B6 마우스 폐에 형광 화합물 (그림 1) 성공적으로 기지를 보여줍니다. 형광 염료는 주로 폐를 타겟으로하고 균일하게 분포돼있다. 즉시 절차 다음과 같은 위장관의 형광 신호가 식도가 실수 절차 (그림 2) 중 intubated 것을 나타냅니다. 수사 당국은 또한 폐로 화합물의 타겟 배달을 확인하고 instillate의 분포를 확인 폐가 팽창하고 폐 조직 조각 (2, 3) 준비하여 절차를 수행하거나 고정 histolo을gical 샘플. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1941/1941fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 형광등 Cy5.5 신호가 성공적으로 얻은 마우스 폐에서 X - 레이 이미지와 함께 공동 등록. 1.4 MG Cy5.5 De​​xtran은 (10 μg / μL의 농도에서) B6 마우스 폐의기도로 얻은되었습니다. Cy5.5 신호는 675 나노미터 여기 필터와 695 nm의 방출 필터를 사용하여 검색했습니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/1941/1941fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. 저조한 얻은 마우스 X - 레이 오버레이로 표시 형광 신호의 공동 등록. 내장에 Cy5.5 납품에​​ tracheal 떨어뜨림 프로토콜 결과 동안 식도의 부적 절한 삽관법.

<ol>
	<li>Driscoll, K. E., Costa, D. L., Hatch, G., Henderson, R., Oberdorster, G., Salem, H., Schlesinger, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratracheal+instillation+as+an+exposure+technique+for+the+evaluation+of+respiratory+tract+toxicity:+uses+and+limitations.">Intratracheal instillation as an exposure technique for the evaluation of respiratory tract toxicity: uses and limitations.</a> Toxicol Sci. 55, 24-35 (2000).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Jain, L., Self, J. L., Eaton, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redox+regulation+of+epithelial+sodium+channels+examined+in+alveolar+type+1+and+2+cells+patch-clamped+in+lung+slice+tissue.">Redox regulation of epithelial sodium channels examined in alveolar type 1 and 2 cells patch-clamped in lung slice tissue.</a> J Biol Chem. 283, 22875-22883 (2008).</li><li>Helms, M. N., Self, J., Bao, H. F., Job, L. C., Jain, L., Eaton, D. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+activates+amiloride-sensitive+sodium+channels+in+alveolar+type+I+cells+in+lung+slice+preparations.">Dopamine activates amiloride-sensitive sodium channels in alveolar type I cells in lung slice preparations.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 291, L610-L618 (2006).</li><li>Iyer, S. S., Ramirez, A. M., Ritzenthaler, J. D., Torres-Gonzalez, E., Roser-Page, S., Mora, A. L., Brigham, K. L., Jones, D. P., Roman, J., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidation+of+extracellular+cysteine/cystine+redox+state+in+bleomycin-induced+lung+fibrosis.">Oxidation of extracellular cysteine/cystine redox state in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 296, L37-L45 (2009).</li><li>Li, T., Folkesson, H. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+interference+for+alpha-ENaC+inhibits+rat+lung+fluid+absorption+in+vivo.">RNA interference for alpha-ENaC inhibits rat lung fluid absorption in vivo.</a> Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 290, L649-L660 (2006).</li><li>Sager, T., Porter, D., Robinson, V., Lindsley, W., Schwegler-Berry, D., Castranova, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+method+to+disperse+nanoparticles+for+in+vitro+and+in+vivo+investigation+of+toxicity.">An improved method to disperse nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo investigation of toxicity.</a> Nanotoxicol. 1, 118-129 (2007).</li><li>Xu, J., Gonzalez, E. T., Iyer, S. S., Mac, V., Mora, A. L., Sutliff, R. L., Reed, A., Brigham, K. L., Kelly, P., Rojas, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+senescence-accelerated+mouse+model+in+bleomycin-induced+lung+injury+suggests+that+bone+marrow-derived+cells+can+alter+the+outcome+of+lung+injury+in+aged+mice.">Use of senescence-accelerated mouse model in bleomycin-induced lung injury suggests that bone marrow-derived cells can alter the outcome of lung injury in aged mice.</a> J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 64, 731-739 (2009).</li><li>Yeh, T. F., Lin, H. C., Chang, C. H., Wu, T. S., Su, B. H., Li, T. C., Pyati, S., Tsai, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+intratracheal+instillation+of+budesonide+using+surfactant+as+a+vehicle+to+prevent+chronic+lung+disease+in+preterm+infants:+a+pilot+study.">Early intratracheal instillation of budesonide using surfactant as a vehicle to prevent chronic lung disease in preterm infants: a pilot study.</a> Pediatrics. 121, e1310-e1318 (2008).</li></ol>

Intratracheal instillations는 시험 화합물 (6)의 독성을 평가하기 위해 여러 가지 다양한 연구에 사용되었으며, 폐포 폐 상해 (4, 7) 유​​도, 직접 작은 oligonucleotides의 전달을 통해 계면 활성제 (8)뿐​​만 아니라, 변경 유전자 발현을 교체 폐 (5). 우리는 현재 폐암에 형광 산화 환원에 민감한 자료는 약리 성분, DNA 벡터, 바이러스, 그리고 함께 형광 표시기를 instilling)뿐만 아니라 2로 평범하고 pathophysiolog...

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		<th>Type</th>
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		<th>Comment</th>
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<tr>
<td>Isoflurane	</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Webster Veterinary Sterling , MA</td>
<td>14043-220-05</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Xylazine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Lloyd Laboratories Shenandoah, IA</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>New Animal Drug Application #139-236</td>
</tr>
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<td>Ketamine</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Bioniche Pharma Lake Forest, IL</td>
<td>67457-001-10</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<tr>
<td>Nair</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>Available at drug stores</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1mL SubQ Syringe</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>BD Syringe Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
<td>309597</td>
<td>26 5/8 G</td>
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<td>4-0 Nylon Suture</td>
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<td>Ethicon San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico</td>
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direct tracheal instillation of solutes into mouse lung

Intratracheal instillations 직접 폐에 solutes을 제공합니다. 이 절차는 폐암의 말초 지역에 instillate의 전달을 대상으로하고, 따라서 종종 폐포를 공부하기위한 연구에 통합됩니다. 우리는 생쥐에서 intratracheal instillations을 수행하기위한 세부적인 생존 프로토콜을 제공합니다. 이 방법을 사용, 하나는 말초 폐로 테스트 solutes 또는 고체의 제공 (예 : 폐 치료제, 계면 활성제, 바이러스, 작은 oligonucleotides)를 타겟팅할 수 있습니다. Tracheal instillations는 주로 상부 호흡기를 타겟으로하고 가능한 잠재적 유해 물질에 대한 조사에 노출될 수 있습니다 흡입 프로토콜을 통해, 원하는 방법 수 있습니다. 또한, tracheal 떨어뜨림 프로토콜을 사용하여, 동물 완전히 비침습 절차에서 복구할 수 있습니다. 이 같은 동물을 사용하여 시험 동물, 또는 다시 설치에 대한 후속 생리 측정을 만들기위한 수 있습니다. 폐에 소개 instillate의 금액은 신중하게 결정과 동물 복구를 보장하기 위해 osmotically 균형해야합니다. 일반적으로 30-75 μL instillate 볼륨 마우스 폐에 소개하실 수 있습니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung at JoVE.com

Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung

Intratracheal instillations 직접 폐에 solutes을 제공합니다. 이 절차는 폐암의 말초 지역에 instillate의 전달을 대상으로하고, 따라서 종종 폐포를 공부하기위한 연구에 통합됩니다. 우리는 생쥐에서 intratracheal instillations을 수행하기위한 세부적인 생존 프로토콜을 제공합니다.

마우스 폐에 Solutes 직접 Tracheal 떨어뜨림

Intratracheal instillations deliver solutes directly into the lungs.  This procedure targets the delivery of the instillate into the distal regions of the ...

direct-tracheal-instillation-of-solutes-into-mouse-lung

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

29.0K 조회수.  Emory University. Intratracheal instillations 직접 폐에 solutes을 제공합니다. 이 절차는 폐암의 말초 지역에 instillate의 전달을 대상으로하고, 따라서 종종 폐포를 공부하기위한 연구에 통합됩니다. 우리는 생쥐에서 intratracheal instillations을 수행하기위한 세부적인 생존 프로토콜을 제공합니다.

비디오: Direct Tracheal Instillation of Solutes into Mouse Lung

Nuclear Transfer into Mouse Oocytes

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying development, differentiation and aging are epigenetic rather than genetic processes. The reversibility of these processes opens exciting perspectives in basic research, and in the more distant future, in regenerative medicine. In the mouse, embryonic stem cells can be derived from cloned preimplantation stage embryos. Such embryonic stem cells have the ability to give rise to all cell types of the adult organism. Importantly, these cells are genetically identical to the donor. If applicable to human, this would allow the derivation of stem cells from a patient. These cells could then be differentiated into the affected cell type of the patient and studied in vitro, or used to replace the damaged or missing cells. The study of nuclear transfer in the mouse remains important as it can inform us about the principles of nuclear reprogramming. This movie and the accompanying protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer in the mouse, a method initially developed in the group of Prof. Yanagimachi (WAKAYAMA et al. 1998).

This movie and the protocol are intended to help learning nuclear transfer.

마우스 Oocytes에 핵 전송

Nuclear transfer into an unfertilized oocyte can restore developmental potential to a differentiated cell. This demonstrates that the processes underlying ...

연구

생물학

Mouse Embryonic Lung Culture, A System to Evaluate the Molecular Mechanisms of Branching

Lung primordial specification as well as branching morphogenesis, and the formation of various pulmonary cell lineages requires a specific interaction of the lung endoderm with its surrounding mesenchyme and mesothelium. Lung mesenchyme has been shown to be the source of inductive signals for lung branching morphogenesis. Epithelial-mesenchymal-mesothelial interactions are also critical to embryonic lung morphogenesis. Early embryonic lung organ culture is a very useful system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Both epithelial and mesenchymal morphogenesis proceeds under specific conditions that can be readily manipulated in this system (in the absence of maternal influence and blood flow). More importantly this technique can be readily done in a serumless, chemically defined culture media. Gain and loss of function can be achieved using expressed proteins, recombinant viral vectors and/or analysis of transgenic mouse strains, antisense RNA, as well as RNA interference gene knockdown.

Early embryonic lung organ culture is a very useful system to study epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Both epithelial and mesenchymal morphogenesis proceeds under specific conditions that can be readily manipulated in this system.

마우스 배아의 폐 문화, 분기의 분자 메커니즘을 평가하는 시스템

Lung primordial specification as well as branching morphogenesis, and the formation of various pulmonary cell lineages requires a specific interaction of ...

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models. This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, treatment of cancer via oral delivery of drugs, and monitoring of tumor cell behavior in response to drug treatment in real time using in vivo imaging system. In this orthotopic model, ovarian tumor cells expressing luciferase are applied topically by injecting them directly into the mouse bursa where each ovary is enclosed. Upon injection of D-luciferin, a substrate of firefly luciferase, luciferase-expressing cells generate bioluminescence signals. This signal is detected by the in vivo imaging system and allows for a non-invasive means of monitoring tumor growth, distribution, and regression in individual animals. Drug administration via oral gavage allows for a maximum dosing volume of 10 mL/kg body weight to be delivered directly to the stomach and closely resembles delivery of drugs in clinical treatments. Therefore, techniques described here, development of an orthotopic mouse model of ovarian cancer, oral delivery of drugs, and in vivo imaging, are useful for better understanding of human ovarian cancer and treatment and will improve targeting this disease.

In vivo Imaging and Therapeutic Treatments in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Ovarian Cancer

Orthotopic animal models of ovarian cancer replicate better human disease and therefore enhance our understanding of cancer progression and tumor response to therapy. A mouse model receives an intrabursal injection of luciferase-expressing ovarian tumor cells. Treatment is administered via oral gavage. Tumor growth is monitored by in vivo imaging system.

생체내 이미징 및 난소암의 Orthotopic 마우스 모델에서 치료 트리 트먼트

Human cancer and response to therapy is better represented in orthotopic animal models.  This paper describes the development of an orthotopic mouse model ...

Direct Delivery of MIF Morpholinos Into the Zebrafish Otocyst by Injection and Electroporation Affects Inner Ear Development

In recent years, electroporation has become a popular technique for in vivo transfection of DNA, RNA, and morpholinos into various tissues, including the eye, brain, and somites of zebrafish. The advantage of electroporation over other methods of genetic manipulation is that specific tissues can be targeted, both spatially and temporally, for the introduction of macromolecules by the application of electrical current. Here we describe the use of electroporation for transfecting mif and mif-like morpholinos into the tissues of the developing inner ear of the zebrafish. In past studies, mif morpholino injected into embryos at the 1- to 8-cell stage resulted in widespread morphological changes in the nervous system and eye, as well as the ear. By targeting the tissues of the inner ear at later stages in development, we can determine the primary effects of MIF in the developing inner ear, as opposed to secondary effects that may result from the influence of other tissues. By using phalloidin and acetylated tubulin staining to study the morphology of neurons, neuronal processes, and hair cells associated with the posterior macula, we were able to assess the efficacy of electroporation as a method for targeted transfection in the zebrafish inner ear. The otic vesicles of 24hpf embryos were injected with morpholinos and electroporated and were then compared to embryos that had received no treatment or had been only injected or electroporated. Embryos that were injected and electroporated showed a decrease in hair cell numbers, decreased innervation by the statoacoustic ganglion (SAG) and fewer SAG neurons compared with control groups. Our results showed that direct delivery of morpholinos into otocysts at later stages avoids the non-specific nervous system and neural crest effects of morpholinos delivered at the 1-8 cell stage. It also allows examination of effects that are directed to the inner ear and not secondary effects on the ear from primary effects on the brain, neural crest or periotic mesenchyme.

A method to deliver morpholinos directly into the zebrafish otocyst at 24hpf has been developed. Using microinjection of morpholinos into the lumen of otic vesicle and electroporation to effect penetration, we were able to bypass the effect of morpholinos on the brain and obtain effects specific to the inner ear.

사출 및 Electroporation에 의해 Zebrafish Otocyst으로 MIF Morpholinos 직접 배달 내이 (内耳)의 개발 미치는 영향

In recent years, electroporation has become a popular technique for in vivo transfection of DNA, RNA, and morpholinos into various tissues, including the ...

Characterization of the Isolated, Ventilated, and Instrumented Mouse Lung Perfused with Pulsatile Flow

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured with independent control over pulmonary arterial flow rate, flow rate waveform, airway pressure and left atrial pressure. Pulmonary vascular resistance is calculated based on multi-point, steady pressure-flow curves; pulmonary vascular impedance is calculated from pulsatile pressure-flow curves obtained at a range of frequencies. As now recognized clinically, impedance is a superior measure of right ventricular afterload than resistance because it includes the effects of vascular compliance, which are not negligible, especially in the pulmonary circulation. Three important metrics of impedance - the zero hertz impedance Z0, the characteristic impedance ZC, and the index of wave reflection RW - provide insight into distal arterial cross-sectional area available for flow, proximal arterial stiffness and the upstream-downstream impedance mismatch, respectively. All results obtained in isolated, ventilated and perfused lungs are independent of sympathetic nervous system tone, volume status and the effects of anesthesia. We have used this technique to quantify the impact of pulmonary emboli and chronic hypoxia on resistance and impedance, and to differentiate between sites of action (i.e., proximal vs. distal) of vasoactive agents and disease using the pressure dependency of ZC. Furthermore, when these techniques are used with the lungs of genetically engineered strains of mice, the effects of molecular-level defects on pulmonary vascular structure and function can be determined.

The following protocol outlines the process of isolating, ventilating and instrumenting mouse lungs to measure steady or pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships in order to quantify the effects of blood flow, airflow, airway changes and vascular changes on right ventricular afterload.

절연, 환기 및기구 마우스 폐의 특성화는 타악기 흐름 Perfused

The isolated, ventilated and instrumented mouse lung preparation allows steady and pulsatile pulmonary vascular pressure-flow relationships to be measured ...

Isolation &#38; Characterization of Hoechstlow CD45negative Mouse Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Tissue resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important regulators of tissue repair or regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor formation. Taken together these studies suggest that resident lung MSC play a role during pulmonary tissue homeostasis, injury and repair during diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and arterial hypertension (PAH). Here we describe a technology to define a population of resident lung MSC. The definition of this population in vivo pulmonary tissue using a define set of markers facilitates the repeated isolation of a well-characterized stem cell population by flow cytometry and the study of a specific cell type and function.

Isolation & Characterization of Hoechstlow CD45negative Mouse Lung Mesenchymal Stem Cells

In this article we demonstrate the isolation of murine resident lung mesenchymal stem cells (lung MSC), their expansion, characterization and analysis of immunomodulatory properties.

Hoechst의 분리 및 특성 낮은 CD45 부정적인 마우스 폐 Mesenchymal 줄기 세포

Tissue resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are important regulators of tissue repair or regeneration, fibrosis, inflammation, angiogenesis and tumor ...

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to screen new drug compounds, and to develop new therapies for motor neuron diseases such as spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Many current protocols use a combination of retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) to differentiate mouse embryonic stem (mES) cells into motor neurons1-4. However, the differentiation efficiency of mES cells into motor neurons has only met with moderate success. We have developed a two-step differentiation protocol5 that significantly improves the differentiation efficiency compared with currently established protocols. The first step is to enhance the neuralization process by adding Noggin and fibroblast growth factors (FGFs). Noggin is a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist and is implicated in neural induction according to the default model of neurogenesis and results in the formation of anterior neural patterning6. FGF signaling acts synergistically with Noggin in inducing neural tissue formation by promoting a posterior neural identity7-9. In this step, mES cells were primed with Noggin, bFGF, and FGF-8 for two days to promote differentiation towards neural lineages. The second step is to induce motor neuron specification. Noggin/FGFs exposed mES cells were incubated with RA and a Shh agonist, Smoothened agonist (SAG), for another 5 days to facilitate motor neuron generation. To monitor the differentiation of mESs into motor neurons, we used an ES cell line derived from a transgenic mouse expressing eGFP under the control of the motor neuron specific promoter Hb91. Using this robust protocol, we achieved 51&plusmn;0.8% of differentiation efficiency (n = 3; p &lt; 0.01, Student's t-test)5. Results from immunofluorescent staining showed that GFP+ cells express the motor neuron specific markers, Islet-1 and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Our two-step differentiation protocol provides an efficient way to differentiate mES cells into spinal motor neurons.

We developed a new protocol to improve efficiency of in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into motor neurons. The differentiated ES cells acquired motor neurons features as evidenced by expression of neuronal and motor neuron markers using immunohistochemical techniques.

모터 뉴런에 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 효율적인 분화

Direct differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into functional  motor neurons represents a promising resource to study disease mechanisms, to  screen ...

Generation of Mice Derived from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also produce a source of patient-matched cells for regenerative therapies. iPSCs may be generated using multiple protocols and derived from multiple cell sources. Once generated, iPSCs are tested using a variety of assays including immunostaining for pluripotency markers, generation of three germ layers in embryoid bodies and teratomas, comparisons of gene expression with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and production of chimeric mice with or without germline contribution2. Importantly, iPSC lines that pass these tests still vary in their capacity to produce different differentiated cell types2. This has made it difficult to establish which iPSC derivation protocols, donor cell sources or selection methods are most useful for different applications.
The most stringent test of whether a stem cell line has sufficient developmental potential to generate all tissues required for survival of an organism (termed full pluripotency) is tetraploid embryo complementation (TEC)3-5. Technically, TEC involves electrofusion of two-cell embryos to generate tetraploid (4n) one-cell embryos that can be cultured in vitro to the blastocyst stage6. Diploid (2n) pluripotent stem cells (e.g. ESCs or iPSCs) are then injected into the blastocoel cavity of the tetraploid blastocyst and transferred to a recipient female for gestation (see Figure 1). The tetraploid component of the complemented embryo contributes almost exclusively to the extraembryonic tissues (placenta, yolk sac), whereas the diploid cells constitute the embryo proper, resulting in a fetus derived entirely from the injected stem cell line.
Recently, we reported the derivation of iPSC lines that reproducibly generate adult mice via TEC1. These iPSC lines give rise to viable pups with efficiencies of 5-13%, which is comparable to ESCs3,4,7 and higher than that reported for most other iPSC lines8-12. These reports show that direct reprogramming can produce fully pluripotent iPSCs that match ESCs in their developmental potential and efficiency of generating pups in TEC tests. At present, it is not clear what distinguishes between fully pluripotent iPSCs and less potent lines13-15. Nor is it clear which reprogramming methods will produce these lines with the highest efficiency. Here we describe one method that produces fully pluripotent iPSCs and "all- iPSC" mice, which may be helpful for investigators wishing to compare the pluripotency of iPSC lines or establish the equivalence of different reprogramming methods.

Generating induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines produces lines of differing developmental potential even when they pass standard tests for pluripotency. Here we describe a protocol to produce mice derived entirely from iPSCs, which defines the iPSC lines as possessing full pluripotency1.

유도 만능의 줄기 세포에서 파생 마우스의 생성

The production of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides a means to create valuable tools for basic research and may also ...

Protein Transfection of Mouse Lung

Increasing protein expression enables researchers to better understand the functional role of that protein in regulating key biological processes1. In the lung, this has been achieved typically through genetic approaches that utilize transgenic mice2,3 or viral or non-viral vectors that elevate protein levels via increased gene expression4. Transgenic mice are costly and time-consuming to generate and the random insertion of a transgene or chronic gene expression can alter normal lung development and thus limit the utility of the model5. While conditional transgenics avert problems associated with chronic gene expression6, the reverse tetracycline-controlled transactivator (rtTA) mice, which are used to generate conditional expression, develop spontaneous air space enlargement7. As with transgenics, the use of viral and non-viral vectors is expensive8 and can provoke dose-dependent inflammatory responses that confound results9 and hinder expression10. Moreover, the efficacy of repeated doses are limited by enhanced immune responses to the vector11,12. Researchers are developing adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors that provoke less inflammation and have longer expression within the lung13.
Using &beta;-galactosidase, we present a method for rapidly and effectively increasing protein expression within the lung using a direct protein transfection technique. This protocol mixes a fixed amount of purified protein with 20 &mu;l of a lipid-based transfection reagent (Pro-Ject, Pierce Bio) to allow penetration into the lung tissue itself. The liposomal protein mixture is then injected into the lungs of the mice via the trachea using a microsprayer (Penn Century, Philadelphia, PA). The microsprayer generates a fine plume of liquid aerosol throughout the lungs. Using the technique we have demonstrated uniform deposition of the injected protein throughout the airways and the alveoli of mice14. The lipid transfection technique allows the use of a small amount of protein to achieve effect. This limits the inflammatory response that otherwise would be provoked by high protein administration. Indeed, using this technique we published that we were able to significantly increase PP2A activity in the lung without affecting lung lavage cellularity15. Lung lavage cellularity taken 24 hr after challenge was comparable to controls (27&plusmn;4 control vs. 31&plusmn;5 albumin transfected; N=6 per group). Moreover, it increases protein levels without inducing lung developmental changes or architectural changes that can occur in transgenic models. However, the need for repeated administrations may make this technique less favorable for studies examining the effects of long-term increases in protein expression. This would be particularly true for proteins with short half-lives.

Transgenic mice or viral vectors have been used to increase protein expression within the lung. However, these techniques are time-consuming, technically challenging and have off-target effects that can confound results. Our protein transfection protocol uses a lipid based transfection reagent and an ultrafine microsprayer to uniformly deliver active protein to lung cells.

마우스 폐의 단백질 형질

Increasing protein expression enables researchers to  better understand the functional role of that protein in regulating key  biological processes1. In ...

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific shapes. Drosophila tracheal terminal cells have become a powerful genetic model to identify and elucidate the roles of genes required for generating cellular morphologies. Terminal cells are a component of a branched tubular network, the tracheal system that functions to supply oxygen to internal tissues. Terminal cells are an excellent model for investigating questions of cell shape as they possess two distinct cellular architectures. First, terminal cells have an elaborate branched morphology, similar to complex neurons; second, terminal cell branches are formed as thin tubes and contain a membrane-bound intracellular lumen. Quantitative analysis of terminal cell branch number, branch organization and individual branch shape, can be used to provide information about the role of specific genetic mechanisms in the making of a branched cell. Analysis of tube formation in these cells can reveal conserved mechanisms of tubulogenesis common to other tubular networks, such as the vertebrate vasculature. Here we describe techniques that can be used to rapidly fix, image, and analyze both branching patterns and tube formation in terminal cells within Drosophila larvae. These techniques can be used to analyze terminal cells in wild-type and mutant animals, or genetic mosaics. Because of the high efficiency of this protocol, it is also well suited for genetic, RNAi-based, or drug screens in the Drosophila tracheal system.

Examination of Drosophila Larval Tracheal Terminal Cells by Light Microscopy

Here, we present a method for light microscopy analysis of tracheal terminal cells in Drosophila larvae. This method allows for quick examination of branch and lumen morphology in whole animals and would be useful for analysis of individual mutants or screens for mutations affecting terminal cell development.

의 검사<em&gt; 초파리</em가벼운 현미경으로&gt; 애벌레 기관 내 터미널 셀

Cell shape is critical for cell function. However, despite the importance of cell morphology, little is known about how individual cells generate specific ...

마우스 폐에 Solutes 직접 Tracheal 떨어뜨림

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