Chapter 13
An Overview of the Cardiovascular System: Anatomy, Physiology, Assessment, and Abnormalities
심장의 해부학
The human heart is a hollow cone-shaped muscle that comprises three layers.
The outermost layer is the epicardium, the middle layer is the myocardium, and ...
혈관의 해부학
The vascular system is a circulatory network of arteries and veins essential for maintaining homeostasis.
The arteries carry oxygenated blood from the ...
심장의 생리학: 심장 주기
The cardiac cycle occurs during a complete heartbeat and consists of three phases: diastole, atrial systole, and ventricular systole.
The cardiac cycle ...
심장의 전도 시스템
The cardiac conduction system initiates and transmits electrical impulses that trigger myocardial contraction, ensuring efficient heart function.
The ...
심장 활동 전위
A cardiac action potential involves a series of electrical changes across the heart cell membrane, leading to contraction and relaxation.
Nodal cells and ...
심박출량(Cardiac output) I: 심박출량에 대한 심박수의 영향
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed by one ventricle per minute. It is measured in liters per minute and calculated by multiplying the heart rate ...
심박출량(Cardiac Output II): 심박출량에 대한 뇌졸중 용적의 영향
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pushed by one ventricle per minute.
A key component of cardiac output is stroke volume, the blood volume pushed from ...
심혈관계 조절
The regulation of the cardiovascular system is essential for maintaining homeostasis.
This process involves the autonomic nervous system, baroreceptors, ...
심혈관계 평가 I: 주관적 데이터
Cardiovascular assessment involves gathering subjective data covering the following elements.
First, ask the patient to verbalize about past medical and ...
심혈관계 평가 II: 검사
Inspection is the first step in assessing the cardiovascular system, providing vital information about circulatory and cardiac health.
Begin by placing ...
심혈관계 평가 III: 촉진
Palpation in cardiovascular examination assesses jugular pressure, maximal impulse, pulses, capillary refill, and edema.
First, place the patient in a ...
심혈관계 평가 IV: 청진
Cardiac auscultation involves listening to heart sounds using a stethoscope.
The normal heart sounds are S1 and S2 and are heard using the ...
심혈관계 이상 소견 I: 검사 및 촉진
Abnormal findings during the inspection and palpation of a cardiovascular examination include the following:
First, examine for signs of distress, such as ...
심혈관계 이상 소견 II: 청진
Abnormal heart sounds such as S3 and S4 gallops, opening snaps, systolic clicks, and murmurs occur due to structural or functional issues during systole ...
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