Name: fat-water phantoms for magnetic resonance imaging validation: a flexible and scalable protocol
Uploaded: 2018-09-07T13:45:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 59 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol at JoVE.com

この研究は、国立衛生研究所 (NIH) と国立糖尿病・消化器・腎臓病 (NIDDK) 提供されたサポートの資金/NIH R01 DK 105371。脂肪水ファントム作成上のアドバイスや提案を博士 Houchun (ハリー) 胡に感謝いたします。

1. ワークステーションと材料を準備します。
<ol><li>すべての研究室の安全規則に従います。目の保護と手袋を着用します。読み取り化学物質安全性データ シート各試薬の使用し、適切な予防策を講じる。材料と機器リスト、化学処理手順、およびガラス製品の注意事項を確認してください。 注意: このプロトコルには、高温ホット プレートの使用が必要です。注意を使用し、コンテナーをホットとやり取りし、ホット プレートの表面には触れないで耐熱手袋を着用します。</li>
	<li>ワークスペースをオフし、消毒剤で表面をきれいします。手を洗うし、グローブを着用してください。</li>
	<li>すべての楽器と幻の長寿の増加汚染の潜在的な危険性を減らすためにすべてのガラス瓶の内側を殺菌します。 注: ファントムが数日間以上使用する場合、細菌の増殖を防ぐためにエタノールと完成したファントムの表面を定期的にクリーンアップします。</li>
</ol>2. 水ソリューションを準備します。
<ol><li>水ソリューションのワークスペースを準備します。ベンチに次の材料および装置の位置: シリンダー、400 mL ビーカー、攪拌棒、スケール、2 x の重さの船、へら、2 x 1.0 mL 注射器針、蒸留水、ガドリニウム-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (DTPA) 造影剤を卒業水溶性界面活性剤、寒天、安息香酸ナトリウム。 注: または針なし注射器は使用できます。ただし、針を使用してと、測定精度を向上させるため、内容は、水や油のソリューションに追加されているときにスプラッタを防ぐを助けます。</li>
	<li>400 mL のビーカーに攪拌棒を配置します。100 や 200 mL のメスシリンダーのシリンダーを使用して 300 mL の蒸留水を測定し、ビーカーに水を注ぐ。ホット プレートにビーカーを置き、攪拌速度 100 rpm の 90 ° C に設定します。 注意: 高温は、迅速な結果を達成するためにこのプロトコルで使用されます。解決策は、時間の長い期間、ホット プレートに残っていない、ため、ホット プレートの温度設定はソリューションの温度を反映しません。</li>
	<li>校正スケールを使用して重量を量るボートに安息香酸ナトリウムの 0.30 g を測定します。安息香酸ナトリウムを水のソリューションに追加します。</li>
	<li>注射器を使用すると、水溶性の界面活性剤の 0.6 mL を測定します。空気の泡がないことを確認してください。ソリューションの中心に数ミリの針を押し、ビーカーの壁にスプラッタを避けるために水溶性の界面活性剤をゆっくりと解放します。</li>
	<li>清潔なシリンジ、ガドリニウム DTPA 造影剤の 0.24 mL を測定します。ステップ 2.4 と同じ方法を使用して、ビーカーにそれを追加します。 メモ: ガドリニウム DTPA は興味のティッシュに匹敵する幻の MRI リラクゼーション プロパティを調整する使用されます。読者は、興味の組織の緩和特性に合わせて追加したガドリニウム DTPA のボリュームを調整できます。</li>
	<li>重量を量るボートに寒天の 9.0 g を測定します。ゆっくりと水をビーカーにヘラで寒天をスプーンします。</li>
	<li>すべてが水ソリューションに追加されて、ホット プレートの温度を 350 ° C 増加し、バーの寒天を溶かすための 5-10 分のための 1100 の rpm に速度をかき混ぜます。<ol>
<li>寒天が溶けているかどうかを確認するには、簡単に水のソリューションをホット プレートから削除、攪拌を停止し、ソリューションの色をチェックします。クリア (のぼりまたは塊)、黄色またはオレンジ色で、溶けた寒天はする必要があります。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>寒天が完全に溶けるが、一度注射器を使用したり、小さなバイアルに水ソリューションの約 3.5 mL を注ぐ。テスト ソリューションが設定されていない、5-10 分後分離寒天は溶けていません。350 ° C に戻るホット プレートの温度を高め、ソリューションを加熱を続けます。</li>
	<li>正しくテスト バイアル セットで水ソリューションまで 2.8 のステップを繰り返します。</li>
	<li>50 ° C、100 rpm でホット プレートに水ソリューションを残します。作業スペースをきれいにし油液の準備します。<ol>
<li>ベンチから以下の資料を削除: スケール、重量を量るボート、ヘラ、針 (使用) 2 x 1.0 mL 注射器、蒸留水、ガドリニウム DTPA 造影剤、水溶性界面活性剤、寒天、安息香酸ナトリウム × 2。</li>
		<li>ベンチに次の材料および装置の位置: 400 mL ビーカー (クリーン)、撹拌 (クリーン)、2.0 mL 注射器針、ピーナッツ油、油溶性界面活性剤。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 油剤
<ol><li>きれいな 400 mL ビーカーに新しい攪拌棒を配置します。卒業シリンダーを使用して 300 mL のピーナッツ オイルを測定し、ビーカーに注ぐ。ビーカーの水溶液を含むを削除し、ホット プレートに油ソリューション ビーカーを置きます。1 分 100 rpm の攪拌速度 90 ° C に設定します。 注:15ひと脂肪組織でトリグリセリドと比較して同じような核磁気共鳴スペクトルをもっているために、ピーナッツ油が使用されます。<ol>
<li>放置しないでください、オイル、ホット プレートで。油が熱くなりすぎた、煙を開始、ホット プレートからそれを削除し、ホット プレートに油を返す前に温度を下げます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>清潔なシリンジと油溶性の界面活性剤の 3.0 mL を測定します。手順 2.4 で説明した同じ技術を使用して、油溶性の界面活性剤をビーカーに加えます。150 ° C と 1100 rpm 5 分油液を完全に混合するために、ホット プレートを設定します。</li>
	<li>ホット プレートに油液を取るし、ファントムを作成する下準備としてワークスペースをクリーンアップします。<ol>
<li>ベンチから以下の資料を削除: 2.0 mL 注射器針 (使用)、ピーナッツ油、油溶性界面活性剤。</li>
		<li>ベンチに次の材料および装置の位置: 250 mL 三角フラスコ、攪拌バー (きれいな)、体積のピペット、ピペット ホルダー、5 × 120 mL ガラス瓶。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. 幻のエマルジョンを作成します。
<ol><li>水と油のソリューションの体積のピペットを準備します。ピペットは、クロス汚染を防ぐために彼らのそれぞれのソリューションのみ使用ください。<ol>
<li>ピペットのプロトコルで使用されているボリュームのサイズに合わせて。たとえば、2 x 50 mL 体積ピペット (50 mL 水溶液 + 50 mL 油液) ターゲット 50% 脂肪の FF で 100 mL のファントムを作成するを使用します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>ホット プレートに水ソリューションを配置し、ホット プレートを 300 ° C から 1100 rpm に設定します。4-5 分後、撹拌機をオフにします。</li>
	<li>ホール ピペットを使用して、部分的にソリューションの少量 (5-10 mL) でピペットを充填し、ビーカーに戻って解放によって水ソリューションを抽出の準備ができてが確認してください。水ソリューションを簡単に削除されてし、ピペットで過度の残りなしでリリースすることができます、それ以外の場合、次のステップに移動、ホット プレートにままにして 2 〜 3 分にもう一度チェックします。 注: 水ソリューションのコンポーネントは、攪拌および/またはできるだけ頻繁に暖かい水のソリューションを保持することをお勧めしますので設定し、分離することになりやすい。水溶液が加温され、転送する前に攪拌された場合、それは非常に冷却凝固に寒天の傾向のための量を正確に測定することは困難になります。</li>
	<li>250 mL 三角フラスコにきれいな攪拌棒を慎重に追加します。ホット プレートに水溶液を取り出して適切な量 (表 2) 測定エルレンマイヤー フラスコに転送。</li>
	<li>ホット プレートに油液を配置し、90 ° C で設定 1100 rpm 均一、ソリューションにします。1-2 分後、ホット プレートから油液を削除し、三角フラスコを置き換えます。</li>
	<li>油液 (表 2) の適切な量を測定し、ゆっくりエルレンマイヤー フラスコの水のソリューションに追加します。</li>
	<li>すべての油液を追加すると、300 ° C まで温度が上昇し、1100 rpm で攪拌を維持します。4-5 分 (攪拌棒から渦があるはず) のソリューションの組み合わせをかき混ぜます。乳剤は白、クリーミーな質感とする必要があります。</li>
	<li>電磁攪拌バー レトリーバーを使用して攪拌棒を削除します。 注: すべての将来エマルジョンから攪拌バーを削除する攪拌バー レトリーバーを使用ください。それぞれの使用の間に徹底的にきれい。</li>
	<li>耐熱手袋を使用すると、慎重に三角フラスコでクリーン 120 mL ガラス瓶に混合物を注ぐ。ゆっくりとそれを冷却、混合物中の気泡を防ぐためにガラス瓶の側面の下混合物を注ぐ。</li>
	<li>きれいな三角フラスコと攪拌棒、手順 4.2-4.8 すべてファントムが作成されるまで、水と油のソリューションの量を調整することを繰り返します。 注: クリーニングの前にガラスがクールになっていることを確認します。</li>
</ol>

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脂肪組織およびトリグリセリドのコンテンツで生体を定量化するために使用の医療画像技術の検証に適した脂肪水ファントムを作成する手法について述べる.2 つの貯水池 (油液と水のソリューションの 1 つ) を作成すると、FF の値が-50% を超える値を含む-の様々 な安定したファントムは、高価な機器を必要とせず建設されました。高い FF ファントム (> 50%) 脂肪の定量化のためのイメー?...

脂肪とトリグリセライドの磁気共鳴画像 (MRI) などの画像診断装置を用いた定量化に興味は多方面にわたってあります。研究分野は、臓器や組織など肝1膵臓の2、および骨格筋3に白と茶色の脂肪組織の貯蔵庫の調査および脂質の異所性ストレージをなど。脂肪の定量化のためのこれらの新規技術を開発すると、撮像パラメーターが研究および臨床応用に有効であることを確認する方法が必要です。
ファントム、組織や臓器の実験的レプリカ開発し、イメージングのテクニック4を検証する低コスト、柔軟性、および制御ツールを提供します。具体的には、脂肪から成り、水比または脂肪体積 (FF) 臨床興味の組織のそれに匹敵するファントムを構築できます。組織や臓器での FF の値が大きく異なることが臨床的に: 褐色脂肪組織での FF が 29.7%、93.95; の間滝平均肝脂肪変性患者で FF は 18.1 ± 9.06;1.6% 22.27と 2 型糖尿病の範囲のリスクで成人の膵 FFあらかじめ病気のいくつかのケースでデュシェンヌ型筋ジストロフィー患者はいくつかの筋肉の8FF のほぼ 90% の値を持つことができます。
水などの極性分子から成るソリューションでよく脂質など非極性分子が溶解しない、ために、やりがいのまま高い目標 FF で安定したファントムを作成します。FF までの 50% 多くの既存のメソッド使用できます脂肪水ファントム9,10、11,12を作成します。通常高い FFs を達成する他の方法には、高価な機器、ホモジナイザー、超音波細胞攪乱13,14などが必要があります。これらの技法は、高い FF ファントムのためのロードマップを提供、機器の制約と実験方法の変化量制限再現性と堅牢な脂肪水ファントムを作成するための努力。
これらの前の技術を踏まえ、カスタマイズ可能な FF の範囲の値にわたって低コストで安定した脂肪水ファントムを作成する方法を開発しました。このプロトコルの詳細 0%、25%、50%、75%、100% の単一のホット プレートを使用しての FF 値と脂肪のファントムの 5 x 100 mL を作るために必要な手順を実行します。また、さまざまなボリューム (10 に 200 mL) と脂肪の割合 (0 ~ 100%) を作成する簡単に調整できます。ファントムの手法の有効性は、実現可能性研究比較脂肪水 MRI FF 値、ターゲット FF 構築されたファントムで評価した.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Distilled Water</td><td>Amazon</td><td>B000P9BY38</td><td>Base of water solution</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>A1296-100G</td><td>Gelling agent</td></tr><tr><td>Water-Soluble Surfactant</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>P1379-500ML</td><td>Surfactant/emulsifying agent</td></tr><tr><td>Gadolinium-DTPA Contrast Agent</td><td>Bayer Healthcare</td><td>50419-0188-01</td><td>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent.</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Benzoate</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>71300-250G</td><td>Preservative</td></tr><tr><td>Peanut Oil</td><td>Amazon</td><td>54782-LOU</td><td>Base of oil solution</td></tr><tr><td>Oil-Soluble Surfactant</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>S6760-250ML</td><td>Surfactant/emulsifying agent</td></tr><tr><td>Hotplate w/ Stirrer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>07-770-152</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stir bars (Egg-Shaped)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>Z127116-1EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>400 mL Beaker</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>CLS1003400-48EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>250 mL Erlenmeyer Flask</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>CLS4450250-6EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 mL Glass Volumetric Pipette</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-650-2P</td><td>Quantity = 2</td></tr><tr><td>50 mL Glass Volumetric Pipette</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-650-2S</td><td>Quantity = 2</td></tr><tr><td>75 mL Glass Volumetric Pipette</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>13-650-2T</td><td>Quantity = 2</td></tr><tr><td>3.0 mL Syringe</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>Z248002-1PAK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1.0 mL Syringe</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>Z230723-1PAK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spatula</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>S3897-1EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scale (100g X 0.01g Resolution)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>AWS-100-BLK</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weigh Boats</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>Z740499-500EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>120 mL Glass Jars</td><td>McMaster Carr Supply Co</td><td>3801T73</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Resistant Gloves (pair)</td><td>Amazon</td><td>B075GX43MN</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Syringe Needles</td><td>Sigma Aldrich Incorporated</td><td>Z192341-100EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18&quot; stir bar retriver</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-513-70</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 Dram Clear Glass Vial</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>03-339-25B</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

fat-water phantoms for magnetic resonance imaging validation: a flexible and scalable protocol

画像脂肪組織に新しい技術を開発すると、そのようなプロトコルの検証を行うメソッドがますます重要になっています。ファントム、組織や臓器、目的の実験的レプリカは、低コスト、柔軟なソリューションを提供します。しかし、高価で特殊な機器へのアクセス、なし高脂肪分数で安定したファントムを構築 (e.g。、> 褐色脂肪組織に見られるものなど 50% 脂肪率レベル) 脂質の疎水性性質のために困難にすることができます。この作業は、0%、25%、50%、75%、100% の基本的な実験室の供給(ホット プレート、ビーカーなど)と簡単にアクセスできるコンポーネント (蒸留水、寒天、水溶性を使用しての脂肪の分数の 5 x 100 mL ファントムを作成するため、低コストで詳細なプロトコルを示す界面活性剤、安息香酸ナトリウム、ガドリニウム-diethylenetriaminepentacetate (DTPA) 造影剤、ピーナッツ油、油溶性界面活性剤)。プロトコルに柔軟に対応する設計されましたそれは脂肪質の異なる画分とボリュームの広い範囲でファントムを作成する使用できます。この手法で作成したファントムは、構築されたファントムのターゲット値に脂肪水磁気共鳴イメージングから脂肪の割合の値を比較した検討で評価しました。今回得られた一致の相関係数は 0.998 (95% 信頼区間: 0.972 1.00)。要約すると、これらの研究は、脂肪ファントム脂肪組織が臨床的に関連する組織や臓器の範囲にわたってイメージング技術を検証するためのユーティリティを示します。

水ソリューションを正しく準備されている場合、ソリューションの少量はテスト バイアル (図 1、左) ですぐに凝固する必要があります。ソリューションは、(図 1右) を分離している場合、ソリューションを (プロトコルの 3.8 ステップの手順に従って)、再度準備されるべき。エマルジョンを分離 (?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol at JoVE.com

Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol

この作業の目的は、実用的な脂肪水ファントム ファントム脂肪をさまざまな割合とボリュームを生成するカスタマイズすることができますを作成するためのプロトコルを記述するためです。

磁気共鳴画像検証用脂肪水ファントム: 柔軟でスケーラブルなプロトコル

As new techniques are developed to image adipose tissue, methods to validate such protocols are becoming increasingly important. Phantoms, experimental ...

fat-water-phantoms-for-magnetic-resonance-imaging-validation-flexible

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

11.2K ビュー.  Vanderbilt University Medical Center. この作業の目的は、実用的な脂肪水ファントム ファントム脂肪をさまざまな割合とボリュームを生成するカスタマイズすることができますを作成するためのプロトコルを記述するためです。

ビデオ: Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring 

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end organs. The latter include the lung, RES, and brain and are operative during human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) infection. Macrophage entry into tissues is notable in areas of active HIV-1 replication and sites of inflammation. In order to assess the potential of macrophages as nanocarriers, superparamagnetic iron-oxide and/or drug laden particles coated with surfactants were parenterally injected into HIV-1 encephalitic mice. This was done to quantitatively assess particle and drug biodistribution. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) test results were validated by histological coregistration and enhanced image processing. End organ disease as typified by altered brain histology were assessed by MRI. The demonstration of robust migration of nanoformulations into areas of focal encephalitis provides '"proof of concept" for the use of advanced bioimaging techniques to monitor macrophage migration. Importantly, histopathological aberrations in brain correlate with bioimaging parameters making the general utility of MRI in studies of cell distribution in disease feasible. We posit that using such methods can provide a real time index of disease burden and therapeutic efficacy with translational potential to humans.

Registered Bioimaging of Nanomaterials for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Monitoring

Bioimaging methods used to assess cell biodistribution of nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutic and diagnostic monitoring of nanoformulated compounds. The methods described herein are sensitive and specific when assessed by histological coregistration. The methodologies provide a translational pathway from rodent to human applications.

診断と治療モニタリングのためのナノ材料の登録バイオイメージング

Nanomedications can be carried by blood borne monocyte-macrophages into the reticuloendothelial system (RES; spleen, liver, lymph nodes) and to end ...

生物工学

Use of a Multi-compartment Dynamic Single Enzyme Phantom for Studies of Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Agents

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due to fundamental constraints imposed by the hyperpolarized state, exotic imaging and reconstruction techniques are commonly used. A practical system for characterization of dynamic, multi-spectral imaging methods is critically needed. Such a system must reproducibly recapitulate the relevant chemical dynamics of normal and pathological tissues. The most widely utilized substrate to date is hyperpolarized [1-13C]-pyruvate for assessment of cancer metabolism. We describe an enzyme-based phantom system that mediates the conversion of pyruvate to lactate. The reaction is initiated by injection of the hyperpolarized agent into multiple chambers within the phantom, each of which contains varying concentrations of reagents that control the reaction rate. Multiple compartments are necessary to ensure that imaging sequences faithfully capture the spatial and metabolic heterogeneity of tissue. This system will aid the development and validation of advanced imaging strategies by providing chemical dynamics that are not available from conventional phantoms, as well as control and reproducibility that is not possible in vivo.

A multi-compartment dynamic phantom is used to simulate some biology of interest for metabolic studies using hyperpolarized magnet resonance agents.

過分極磁気共鳴剤の研究のための多区画動的単一酵素ファントムの使用

Imaging of hyperpolarized substrates by magnetic resonance shows great clinical promise for assessment of critical biochemical processes in real time. Due ...

工学

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Continuous advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study physiological or pathological processes in living organisms. MRI is also proving to be a valuable tool for capturing transplanted cells in vivo. Initial cell labeling strategies for MRI made use of contrast agents that influence the MR relaxation times (T1, T2, T2*) and lead to an enhancement (T1) or depletion (T2*) of signal where labeled cells are present. T2* enhancement agents such as ultrasmall iron oxide agents (USPIO) have been employed to study cell migration and some have also been approved by the FDA for clinical application. A drawback of T2* agents is the difficulty to distinguish the signal extinction created by the labeled cells from other artifacts such as blood clots, micro bleeds or air bubbles. In this article, we describe an emerging technique for tracking cells in vivo that is based on labeling the cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles. These particles are prepared by emulsifying perfluorocarbon (PFC) compounds and then used to label cells, which subsequently can be imaged by 19F MRI. Important advantages of PFCs for cell tracking in vivo include (i) the absence of carbon-bound 19F in vivo, which then yields background-free images and complete cell selectivityand(ii) the possibility to quantify the cell signal by 19F MR spectroscopy.

Monitoring Dendritic Cell Migration using 19F / 1H Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Tracking of cells using MRI has gained remarkable attention in the past years. This protocol describes the labeling of dendritic cells with fluorine (19F)-rich particles, the in vivo application of these cells, and monitoring the extent of their migration to the draining lymph node with 19F/1H MRI and 19F MRS.

使用して樹状細胞の移行の監視<sup&gt; 19</sup&gt; F /<sup&gt; 1</sup&gt; H磁気共鳴イメージング

Continuous  advancements in noninvasive imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance  imaging (MRI) have greatly improved our ability to study ...

免疫・感染学

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the richness of biological information it provides. MR does not require any ionizing radiation and can noninvasively provide higher resolution and better signal-to-noise ratio in comparison to other tomographic or spectroscopic modalities. In this protocol, we will focus on small animal MR imaging and MR spectroscopy (MRI/MRS) to noninvasively acquire relaxation weighted 1H images of mouse and to obtain 31P spectra of mouse muscle. This work does not attempt to cover every aspect of small animal MRI/MRS but rather introduces basic procedures of mouse MRI/MRS experiments. The main goal of this work is to inform researchers of the basic procedures for in vivo MR experiments on small animals. The goal is to provide a better understanding of basic experimental procedures to allow researchers new to the MR field to better plan for non-MR components of their studies so that both MR and non-MR procedures are seamlessly integrated.

Noninvasive In Vivo Small Animal MRI and MRS: Basic Experimental Procedures

This work describes basic procedures of noninvasive small animal MRI and MRS in vivo.

非侵襲的インビボでの小動物MRIとMRS：基本的な実験手順

Small animal Magnetic Resonance (MR) research has emerged as an important element of modern biomedical research due to its non-invasive nature and the ...

生物学

Tracking the Mammary Architectural Features and Detecting Breast Cancer with Magnetic Resonance Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of life and survival of breast cancer patients. In this paper a new approach for the detection of breast cancer is described, based on tracking the mammary architectural elements using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). 
The paper focuses on the scanning protocols and image processing algorithms and software that were designed to fit the diffusion properties of the mammary fibroglandular tissue and its changes during malignant transformation. The final output yields pixel by pixel vector maps that track the architecture of the entire mammary ductal glandular trees and parametric maps of the diffusion tensor coefficients and anisotropy indices. 
The efficiency of the method to detect breast cancer was tested by scanning women volunteers including 68 patients with breast cancer confirmed by histopathology findings. Regions with cancer cells exhibited a marked reduction in the diffusion coefficients and in the maximal anisotropy index as compared to the normal breast tissue, providing an intrinsic contrast for delineating the boundaries of malignant growth. Overall, the sensitivity of the DTI parameters to detect breast cancer was found to be high, particularly in dense breasts, and comparable to the current standard breast MRI method that requires injection of a contrast agent. Thus, this method offers a completely non-invasive, safe and sensitive tool for breast cancer detection.

We describe how to obtain parametric and vector maps of the diffusion tensor of the breast using magnetic resonance imaging. The protocol and final output following imaging processing are tailored for tracking breast architectural features and detecting breast malignancy.

乳腺アーキテクチャの特長を追跡し、磁気共鳴拡散テンソルイメージングと乳がんの検出

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer among women worldwide. Early detection of breast cancer has a critical role in improving the quality of ...

医学

Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Skeletal Muscle Disease

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of living systems. Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using qMRI methods. The MRI acquisition protocol begins with localizer images (used to locate the position of the body and tissue of interest within the MRI system), quality control measurements of relevant magnetic field distributions, and structural imaging for general anatomical characterization. The qMRI portion of the protocol includes measurements of the longitudinal and transverse relaxation time constants (T1 and T2, respectively). Also acquired are diffusion-tensor MRI data, in which water diffusivity is measured and used to infer pathological processes such as edema. Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging is used to characterize the relative tissue content of macromolecular and free water protons. Lastly, fat-water MRI methods are used to characterize fibro-adipose tissue replacement of muscle. In addition to describing the data acquisition and analysis procedures, this paper also discusses the potential problems associated with these methods, the analysis and interpretation of the data, MRI safety, and strategies for artifact reduction and protocol optimization.

Neuromuscular diseases often exhibit a temporally varying, spatially heterogeneous, and multi-faceted pathology. The goal of this protocol is to characterize this pathology using non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging methods.

骨格筋疾患の定量的磁気共鳴イメージング

Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) describes the development and use of MRI to quantify physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of ...

Human Brown Adipose Tissue Depots Automatically Segmented by Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography and Registered Magnetic Resonance Images

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in humans. Detecting BAT is typically confirmed by the uptake of the injected radioactive tracer 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) into adipose tissue depots, as measured by positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) scans after exposing the subject to cold stimulus. Fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the ability to distinguish BAT without the use of a radioactive tracer. To date, MRI of BAT in adult humans has not been co-registered with cold-activated PET-CT. Therefore, this protocol uses 18F-FDG PET-CT scans to automatically generate a BAT mask, which is then applied to co-registered MRI scans of the same subject. This approach enables measurement of quantitative MRI properties of BAT without manual segmentation. BAT masks are created from two PET-CT scans: after exposure for 2 hr to either thermoneutral (TN) (24 &#176;C) or cold-activated (CA) (17 &#176;C) conditions. The TN and CA PET-CT scans are registered, and the PET standardized uptake and CT Hounsfield values are used to create a mask containing only BAT. CA and TN MRI scans are also acquired on the same subject and registered to the PET-CT scans in order to establish quantitative MRI properties within the automatically defined BAT mask. An advantage of this approach is that the segmentation is completely automated and is based on widely accepted methods for identification of activated BAT (PET-CT). The quantitative MRI properties of BAT established using this protocol can serve as the basis for an MRI-only BAT examination that avoids the radiation associated with PET-CT.

The method presented here uses 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET-CT) and fat-water separated magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), each scanned following 2 hr exposure to thermoneutral (24 &#176;C) and cold conditions (17 &#176;C) in order to map brown adipose tissue (BAT) in adult human subjects.

人間の褐色脂肪組織デポは自動的に陽電子放射断層撮影/コンピュータ断層撮影法で区分されると磁気共鳴画像登録

Reliably differentiating brown adipose tissue (BAT) from other tissues using a non-invasive imaging method is an important step toward studying BAT in ...

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene and cell therapies are highly promising alternative approaches for CVD treatment. However, the broad clinical application of gene therapy is greatly limited by the lack of suitable gene delivery systems. The development of appropriate gene delivery vectors can provide a solution to current challenges in cell therapy. In particular, existing drawbacks, such as limited efficiency and low cell retention in the injured organ, could be overcome by appropriate cell engineering (i.e., genetic) prior to transplantation. The presented protocol describes the efficient and safe transient modification of endothelial cells using a polyethyleneimine superparamagnetic magnetic nanoparticle (PEI/MNP)-based delivery vector. Also, the algorithm and methods for cell characterization are defined. The successful intracellular delivery of microRNA (miR) into human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) has been achieved without affecting cell viability, functionality, or intercellular communication. Moreover, this approach was proven to cause a strong functional effect in introduced exogenous miR. Importantly, the application of this MNP-based vector ensures cell magnetization, with accompanying possibilities of magnetic targeting and non-invasive MRI tracing. This may provide a basis for magnetically guided, genetically engineered cell therapeutics that can be monitored non-invasively with MRI.

Preparation and In Vitro Characterization of Magnetized miR-modified Endothelial Cells

This manuscript describes the efficient, non-viral delivery of miR to endothelial cells by a PEI/MNP vector and their magnetization. Thus, in addition to genetic modification, this approach allows for magnetic cell guidance and MRI detectability. The technique can be used to improve the characteristics of therapeutic cell products.

準備と<em&gt;インビトロ</em磁化のmiR修飾内皮細胞の&gt;キャラクタリゼーション

To date, the available surgical and pharmacological treatments for cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are limited and often palliative. At the same time, gene ...

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis at 7.0 Tesla

The overall goal of this article is to demonstrate a state-of-the-art ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) protocol of the brain at 7.0 Tesla in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. MS is a chronic inflammatory, demyelinating, neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by white and gray matter lesions. Detection of spatially and temporally disseminated T2-hyperintense lesions by the use of MRI at 1.5 T and 3 T represents a crucial diagnostic tool in clinical practice to establish accurate diagnosis of MS based on the current version of the 2017 McDonald criteria. However, the differentiation of MS lesions from brain white matter lesions of other origins can sometimes be challenging due to their resembling morphology at lower magnetic field strengths (typically 3 T). Ultrahigh field MR (UHF-MR) benefits from increased signal-to-noise ratio and enhanced spatial resolution, both key to superior imaging for more accurate and definitive diagnoses of subtle lesions. Hence, MRI at 7.0 T has shown encouraging results to overcome the challenges of MS differential diagnosis by providing MS-specific neuroimaging markers (e.g., central vein sign, hypointense rim structures and differentiation of MS grey matter lesions). These markers and others can be identified by other MR contrasts other than T1 and T2 (T2*, phase, diffusion) and substantially improve the differentiation of MS lesions from those occurring in other neuroinflammatory conditions such as neuromyelitis optica and Susac syndrome. In this article, we describe our current technical approach to study cerebral white and grey matter lesions in MS patients at 7.0 T using different MR acquisition methods. The up-to-date protocol includes the preparation of the MR setup including the radio-frequency coils customized for UHF-MR, standardized screening, safety and interview procedures with MS patients, patient positioning in the MR scanner and acquisition of dedicated brain scans tailored for examining MS.

Here, we present a protocol to acquire magnetic resonance (MR) images of multiple sclerosis (MS) patient brains at 7.0 Tesla. The protocol includes preparation of the setup including the radio-frequency coils, standardized interview procedures with MS patients, subject positioning in the MR scanner and MR data acquisition.

7.0テスラにおける多発性硬化症の磁気共鳴画像

The overall goal of this article is to demonstrate a state-of-the-art ultrahigh field (UHF) magnetic resonance (MR) protocol of the brain at 7.0 Tesla in ...

Using 23Na Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Sodium in Muscle Tissues

This video demonstrates the quantification of sodium content in human tissues using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na-MRI). The patient&#39;s lower leg is placed within the radiofrequency (RF) coil of the machine, and a three-dimensional gradient-echo sequence is performed. Multinuclear MRI images are generated using hydrogen and sodium nuclei to quantify sodium levels in various tissues.

23Na磁気共鳴画像法を使用して筋肉組織中のナトリウムを測定する

All procedures involving human participants have been performed in compliance with the institutional, national, and international guidelines for human ...

磁気共鳴画像検証用脂肪水ファントム: 柔軟でスケーラブルなプロトコル

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