この作品は著名な若い学者 (15ZK0307) ・科学・技術計画プロジェクトの広東省 (2017A050506051)、国家自然科学基金、中国の (21471037)、広東省自然科学基金によって支えられたと、研究助成金審議会 [GRF 11303414] 香港特別行政区。

注意: 使用する前にすべての関連の製品安全データシートを参照してください。メチルの二硫化物、ナトリウムの thiomethoxide、強く悪臭ヒューム フードで処理する必要があります。金属ナトリウムは非常に反応性、潜在的な火災および爆発の危険に対する特別な安全上の注意を必要とします。ヒューム フードの使用、に加えて個人保護具 (保護メガネ、手袋、白衣、フルの長さのズボン、閉じてつま先の靴) する必要があります適切に採用。次の手順の一部には、標準、空気のない処理方法が含まれます。
1. ナトリウム Thiomethoxide (CH3SNa) の準備
<ol><li>200 mL Schlenk フラスコを真空ガス マニホールドに接続します。フラスコを避難し、バックフィルそれ N2 3 回、フラスコは若干のプラス N2圧力で満ちているその。 注: CH3SNa を準備する同様の方法は、文献で簡潔に述べられた、手順の詳細は、27,28指定されませんでした。</li>
	<li>灯油石油貯留層から金属ナトリウムのブロックを取り出します。表面に残油を拭き取るペーパー タオルを使用し、表面に酸化膜を掻き取るナイフを使用します。すぐに金属ナトリウム (0.29 mol) 6.7 g を小さな断片に切断 (e.g。、大豆サイズについて) と N2のカウンター フロー下 200 mL Schlenk フラスコに小さな断片をすぐに転送。すぐに中隔とフラスコを密封してください。 注: 空気への暴露を減らすためには、1 つすることができますナトリウム量 6.7 g からいくつかのバリエーションと切り取って THF とジメチル二硫化ナトリウム使用の実際の量に合わせて量を調整します。</li>
	<li>シュレンク管から N2の保護の下でカニューレを介してフラスコに無水、エアレス THF の 80 mL を転送します。硫化ジメチルの 14.0 mL を撤回 (0.158 モル; N2パージ済み) 注射器にし、滴 N2の保護の下のフラスコに注入します。 注意: 二硫化ジメチル悪臭は、ヒューム フードで処理する必要があります。</li>
	<li>地面のガラスのストッパー付きの隔壁を交換してください。24 時間室温で放置、3 h の 60 ° C、反応混合物をかき混ぜなさい。 注: 反応混合物になった部屋の温度で攪拌しながら粘性60 ° C まで加熱すると、混合物かき混ぜることができるより容易にそしてこうして完了への反応を高速化します。</li>
	<li>約 60 ° C で維持される温度、使用 N ストリーム2 (0.2 L/分) 打撃を THF 溶媒および余分なジメチル二硫化物の過半数を乾燥固体が表示されるまで。コールド トラップを使用 (e.g。、ドライアイス/アセトン) 流出で THF とジメチル二硫化物を収集します。</li>
	<li>残りの避難オイルと固体の混合物は N2ライト黄色の固体 (19.8 g、97%) を取得するとそれを残留 THF とジメチル二硫化物を削除してバックフィルする約 2 時間のポンプします。暗闇の中で窒素雰囲気中における固体製品 CH3SNa を格納します。 注: 真空油ポンプを保護するためにコールド トラップは、ポンピング時に使用ください。</li>
</ol>2. チオール保護されたリンカーとしてトリフェニレン 2,3,6,7,10,11-標識ヘキサキス (pentanoylthio) (HVaTT) の準備
<ol><li>CH3SNa の 0.664 g を読み込む (9.0 ミリ モル) N2のカウンター フローの下 50 mL Schlenk フラスコ (すなわち。、真空ガス マニホールド N2の保護の下に上記のように接続されている)。 注: CH3SNa は空気に敏感、容易に水を吸収します。空気への暴露を最小限に抑えるため迅速に特定量を重量を量ると、フラスコに追加、他の反応は、2,3,6,7,10,11 hexabromotriphenylene (HBT) の量を調整できます。 注意: 固体 CH3SNa 強い臭いがあり発煙のフードで処理する必要があります。</li>
	<li>HBT の 0.216 g を追加 (0.30 モル) N2、およびシール、中隔とフラスコのカウンター フローの下のフラスコに。</li>
	<li>シュレンク管から、10 mL の無水、エアレス 1, 3-ジメチル-2-蛍光 (DMEU) のフラスコに N2の保護の下でカニューレ経由で転送します。</li>
	<li>規則的なガラス ストッパー付きの隔壁を交換、反応混合物をかき混ぜるし、塩浴を使用して、N2下 48 h 240 ° C まで加熱します。</li>
	<li>TLC は、反応の進行の監視: N2、下を反応混合物 (約 0.1 mL) の小さい因数を撤回し、すぐに、valeroyl 塩化 (約 0.1 mL) プラスチック製のきちんとした液体試料注入ガラスのスポイトを使用して、遠心バイアルや 1 分; しふれ混合物はすぐにグレー白の色で濁った回る必要があります。0.4 mL の脱イオン水と酢酸エチルの 0.1 mL を追加し、キャップをしめて、数秒間振る。 注: 反応が既に完了した場合がなります水の層と酢酸エチルとの間が表示されます何か。ない場合は、白色の不溶性物質が 2 つの層の間表示されます。</li>
	<li>ピペット上部、TLC の版をスポッティングのため使用します。1:4 酢酸エチル/石油エーテルを使用して、TLC プレートを開発します。完全な反応の標的分子として現れる常連 Rf周りスポット UV ランプの下で 0.4 を =。</li>
	<li>オフに加熱、室温まで冷却する塩浴から反応フラスコと 0 ° C までフラスコを冷やすための氷浴を使用</li>
	<li>Valeroyl 塩化 (12.6 ミリ モル) 1.5 mL を滴下 (以上の約 2 分の期間) フラスコ N2の下で注射器で注入します。2 h. 注 0 ° C で攪拌し続ける: ゆっくりと低温 valeroyl 塩化を追加する副産物の生成を減らすために役立ちます。</li>
	<li>氷の水と酢酸エチル (3 30 mL) を使用して展開の 50 mL に混合物を注ぐ。[水 (6 60 mL)、無水 MgSO4で乾燥と結合された有機層を洗浄し、ロータリーエバポレーターによる揮発性物質を除去します。</li>
	<li>1:10 を使用してカラム ・ クロマトグラフィによる油性の粗製品を分離溶剤を回転蒸発させた後明るい黄色の油状物を affords 溶離液として酢酸エチル/石油エーテル。1:4 酢酸エチル/石油エーテルを使用して、TLC プレート、Rfを開発 = 0.4 です。さらに製粉の手順を使用して油性の製品を浄化します。</li>
	<li>Methanolto 油性製品の 5 mL を追加し、2 分収集結果のオフホワイトの固体の超音波吸引ろ過を使用して (収量: 59%)。</li>
</ol>3. HTT Pb フレームワーク材料の単結晶の作製
<ol><li>11.4 mg PbOAc·3H2O のミックス (0.030 モル) 透明な溶液をバイアルのエチレンジアミンの 1.0 ml。</li>
	<li>9.1 mg の HVaTT を読み込む (0.010 モル)、NaOH の事前脱メタノール溶液 2.0 mL (70 mmol/L) と空の 10 mL バイアルにエチレンジアミンの 1.0 mL と 5 分の超音波。</li>
	<li>PbOAc ソリューションを熱量 HVaTT の混合物に追加します。N2 1 分の反応混合物をバブルし、バイアルをシールするスクリュー キャップに入れてください。</li>
	<li>自然冷却によって部屋の温度が黄色-オレンジ色の中に適切な正八面体の結晶の単結晶 x 線回折が形成された後、48 時間オーブンで 90 ° C でバイアルを熱 (得: 45%)。</li>
	<li>結晶を濾過を吸引し、すばやく MeOH で洗浄します。室温で保管のエアレス メタノール (5 mL) を含んでいるガラスびんにガラスのスポイトで結晶を転送します。</li>
</ol>4. パラコート ヨウ HTT Pb 結晶との相互作用
<ol><li>メタノール在庫から HTT Pb 単結晶の数粒を撤回し、シャーレにドロップ ガラス パスツール ピペットを使用 (直径 35 mm、深さ 10 mm)。組織またはろ紙によってメタノール液を吸収 (またはメタノール自然乾燥をさせる)、パラコート ヨウ (0.1 w/w %) の水溶液を数滴、結晶の上に落とし。</li>
	<li>色確認の目によってまたは顕微鏡下で結晶の変化。</li>
</ol>

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W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+metal+thiolato+species+as+metalloligands+in+the+formation+of+early/late+heterobimetallic+complexes:+syntheses+and+molecular+structures+of+Cp2Ti(SMe)2,+Cp2V(SMe)2,+(Cp2Ti(&#181;-SMe)2)2Ni+and+(Ni(&#181;-SMe)2)6.">Early metal thiolato species as metalloligands in the formation of early/late heterobimetallic complexes: syntheses and molecular structures of Cp2Ti(SMe)2, Cp2V(SMe)2, (Cp2Ti(&#181;-SMe)2)2Ni and (Ni(&#181;-SMe)2)6.</a> Organometallics. 8 (12), 2836-2843 (1989).</li><li>Chakraborty, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sodium+methanethiolate.">Sodium methanethiolate.</a> e-EROS Encycl Reagents Org Synth. , 1-5 (2014).</li><li>Huang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+semiconducting+gyroidal+metal-sulfur+framework+for+chemiresistive+sensing.">A semiconducting gyroidal metal-sulfur framework for chemiresistive sensing.</a> J Mater Chem A. 5 (31), 16139-16143 (2017).</li><li>He, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Building+thiol+and+metal-thiolate+functions+into+coordination+nets:+Clues+from+a+simple+molecule.">Building thiol and metal-thiolate functions into coordination nets: Clues from a simple molecule.</a> J Solid State Chem. 182 (7), 1821-1826 (2009).</li><li>Yee, K. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effective+Mercury+Sorption+by+Thiol-Laced+Metal-Organic+Frameworks:+in+Strong+Acid+and+the+Vapor+Phase.">Effective Mercury Sorption by Thiol-Laced Metal-Organic Frameworks: in Strong Acid and the Vapor Phase.</a> J Am Chem Soc. 135 (21), 7795-7798 (2013).</li><li>Yee, K. -. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Room-temperature+acetylene+hydration+by+a+Hg(II)-laced+metal-organic+framework.">Room-temperature acetylene hydration by a Hg(II)-laced metal-organic framework.</a> Chem Commun. 51 (54), 10941-10944 (2015).</li><li>Gui, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tackling+poison+and+leach:+catalysis+by+dangling+thiol-palladium+functions+within+a+porous+metal-organic+solid.">Tackling poison and leach: catalysis by dangling thiol-palladium functions within a porous metal-organic solid.</a> Chem Commun. 51 (32), 6917-6920 (2015).</li><li>He, J., Zeller, M., Hunter, A. D., Xu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+shakeup+of+metal-organic+frameworks:+the+rise+of+the+sidekick.">Functional shakeup of metal-organic frameworks: the rise of the sidekick.</a> CrystEngComm. 17 (48), 9254-9263 (2015).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

ブロモ グループと thiomethoxide 陰イオンとの反応はどうやら最初チオレート陰イオン製品を提供するために余分な thiomethoxide によって、脱がされるメチル スルフィドを製作しました。(特に、HBT のような polybromide 基板) 目的チオレート陰への完全な変換を確保するため、積極的な条件の長期ナトリウム thiomethoxide (例えば、3 つの大規模な過剰な暖房 (例えば、240 ° C 以上 48 h)ブロ?...

強い、分極性金属硫黄を採用で現在大きな関心がある (e.g、金属チオレート) を構築するためのリンクが強化された触媒と導電特性1,2フレームワーク材料を開く。,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. 伸ばした状態の輸送と電子の相互作用を促進するだけでなくソフトと共有結合金属硫黄リンクはまた水溶液環境のアプリケーションでより良い安定性を伝えます。硫黄を装備したビルディング ブロック、左右対称、ポリオキソ多環芳香族積み木好き 2,3,6,7,10,11 トリフェニレン hexathiol (HTT)9,11,12,13,14は、高分極性 π 電子を供給するだけでなく、またフレームワークの設計と合成に関して明確な利点を提供します。まず、剛性と対称トリフェニレン コア、HTT のキレート ジチオレン グループと一緒にロックするのに役立つ正規結合モチーフ、将来ネットワーク7,の構造予測の簡素化における金属イオンの15. 硫黄リンカーの剛性と開いているジオメトリとともに実質的な気孔率機能を備えたフレームワーク構造はよく固体の状態で達成します。
チオール装備の金属有機 framework (MOF) 材料を組み立てる 1 つの主要な課題は、有機リンカー分子の合成に根ざしています。古典的なプロトコルのチオール グループはO- アリール チオカーバ前駆体16,17,18ニューマン Kwart 転位を使用してフェノール グループから派生しなければならなかった。このアプローチでは、ただし、精巧な分取についてフェノール前駆体分子として高温固相変換の潜在的な合併症を伴います。チオールを作る別の方法 thioethers 液体アンモニア19,20,21,22、金属ナトリウムなどの過酷な条件下での還元的脱アルキル化反応を利用し、ではないです。アミドとネットワーク構築のための他の多くのドナー関数と互換性があります。
比較すると、ここで提示されたプロトコルは、複数の利点: 安全性、利便性、費用対効果、他の官能基との互換性 (e.g。、carbonitrile、pyridinyl)。一般的に安価な芳香族ハロゲン化物を精力的に熱することによって (e.g、hexabromotriphenylene) thiomethoxide 陰イオン、チオレート陰イオン (メチル スルフィド中間製品) を介して生成されたと安定を与えるため、アシル化と。1 つの鍋で簡単にハンドルにチオエステル製品すべて。
チオール リンカーの仮面の形としてチオエステル分子を利用した単結晶半導体と多孔性金属-ジチオレン ネットワークにアクセスするための手順も説明します。分解し、金属チオレート オープン フレームワークの結晶化を複雑にする傾向がある、非常に反応性のフリースタンディング チオールとは異なり、チオエステルは容易に切断することができます (例えば.、水酸化ナトリウム、エチレンジアミン)その場で提供するために、チオール種、メルカプタン単位と金属の中心の間の反応を軽減するために、その結果、結晶化を改善するためにサービスを提供します。
チオール/チオエステルの準備のこのプロトコルが使用されていない広く他のグループによって金属硫黄フレームワークの新興分野のチオレート陰イオンによってアルキル芳香族 thioethers の求核 dealkylations は、有機も記載されて既にいるにもかかわらず化学23,24,25,26。チオエステルのこの効率的な合成法とその金属硫黄ネットワークの結晶化を促進することを紹介、有機合成化学の知的・実践的格差を埋めるに一層の努力を促進するためにしたいと固体化学、多孔のスピーディかつ健全な発展を助けるために。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="850">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:216px;">Bromine</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">7726-95-6</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Highly toxic</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Triphenylene&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">HWRK Chem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HWG45510</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Iron powder</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">12310</td>
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			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:216px;">Nitrobenzene</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">2934</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Diethyl ether&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">48</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:216px;">Dichloromethane</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">DAMAO CHEMICAL REAGENT FACTORY</td>
			<td>3067</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Sodium metal</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">WM-NMS-54-25X-50G</td>
			<td>Air sensitive</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">315353</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl disulfide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">INTERNATIONAL LABORATORY USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">726415</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1,3-Dimethyl-2-imadazolidinone</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50483</td>
			<td>Dried over 4&#197; sieves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Valeryl&#160; chloride</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">J&#38;K</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">99590</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td>2334</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Guangzhou Chemical Reagent Factory</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1588</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethylene diamine</td>
			<td style="width:348px;">Riedel-de Ha&#235;n</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Lead acetate trihydrate</td>
			<td>PEKING CHEMICAL WORKE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">861218</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

synthesis of a thiol building block for the crystallization of a semiconducting gyroidal metal-sulfur framework

チオール リンカーと非常に発注された単一結晶状態の半導体と多孔性金属-ジチオレン ネットワークにアクセスするために使用率の仮面のフォームとしてチオエステル分子を準備するための方法を提案します。分解し、金属チオレート オープン フレームワークの結晶化を複雑にする傾向がある、非常に反応性のフリースタンディング チオールとは異なりチオエステル反応の in situチオール種の間の反応を軽減するために提供を提供するために、メルカプタン単位および金属の中心、その結果結晶化を改善します。具体的には、チオエステルは 1 つの鍋の手順で合成された: 最初によるチオエーテルの中間製品を形成するため積極的な条件下での過剰なナトリウム thiomethoxide と反応する芳香族ブロマイド (hexabromotriphenylene)。チオエーテルはチオエステル製品を形成するアシル化したチオレート陰を提供するために余分な thiomethoxide によって脱し。チオエステル標準カラムクロマトグラフィーにより精製された便利なし、前記 NaOH とエチレンジアミンがその場に戻すに役立つフレームワーク合成で直接組み立てるためチオール リンカーにチオエステルを使用、単結晶 Pb (II)-ジチオレン ネットワーク。チオール合成その他の方法と比較して (例えば.、ナトリウムを用いたアルキル エーテルを切断し金属および液体アンモニア)、チオエステル合成をここで単純な条件および経済的な試薬を使用します。また、チオエステル製品は安定した、便利な処理して格納できます。もっと重要なことは、結晶金属チオレート オープン フレームワークにアクセスするジェネリックの困難と対照をなして、その場でチオエステルを用いたチオール リンカーの形成が大幅に向上、固体の結晶化度を紹介します。製品です。我々 は固体結晶フレームワークと同様、チオエステル合成プロトコルを開示して技術的に重要な金属硫黄フレームワークのより広範な研究努力を奨励するつもりです。

(KBr ペレット法による収集) HVaTT 分子の IR スペクトルは、1,700 cm-1、チオエステル機能グループのカルボニルの伸縮に従いその最強吸収を備えています。HVaTT (400 MHz、CDCl3) の1H-NMR スペクトルは脂肪族のプロトンから 4 マルチプレットとともに芳香族の水素からなる 847万 δ で一重項を明らかにする: δ (s, 6 H、CHAr) なる 847万 2.75-2.72 ( J t = 12...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework at JoVE.com

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

ここでは、チオール化合物の 1 つの鍋、遷移金属フリー合成を提案する、芳香族ハロゲン化物、ナトリウム thiomethoxide、チオール種を用いた金属-ジチオレン ネットワークの単一の結晶の合成が続くから生体物質生成の場より安定して扱いやすいチオエステル。

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオール ビルディング ブロックの合成

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

synthesis-thiol-building-block-for-crystallization-semiconducting

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Ethers, Epoxides, Sulfides

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8.9K ビュー.  Guangdong University of Technology. ここでは、チオール化合物の 1 つの鍋、遷移金属フリー合成を提案する、芳香族ハロゲン化物、ナトリウム thiomethoxide、チオール種を用いた金属-ジチオレン ネットワークの単一の結晶の合成が続くから生体物質生成の場より安定して扱いやすいチオエステル。

ビデオ: Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide (SmI2) in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and Ni(II) Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of molecular iodine to samarium metal in THF.1,2-3 It is a mild and selective single electron reductant and its versatility is a result of its ability to initiate a wide range of reductions including C-C bond-forming and cascade or sequential reactions. SmI2 can reduce a variety of functional groups including sulfoxides and sulfones, phosphine oxides, epoxides, alkyl and aryl halides, carbonyls, and conjugated double bonds.2-12 One of the fascinating features of SmI-2-mediated reactions is the ability to manipulate the outcome of reactions through the selective use of cosolvents or additives. In most instances, additives are essential in controlling the rate of reduction and the chemo- or stereoselectivity of reactions.13-14 Additives commonly utilized to fine tune the reactivity of SmI2 can be classified into three major groups: (1) Lewis bases (HMPA, other electron-donor ligands, chelating ethers, etc.), (2) proton sources (alcohols, water etc.), and (3) inorganic additives (Ni(acac)2, FeCl3, etc).3
Understanding the mechanism of SmI2 reactions and the role of the additives enables utilization of the full potential of the reagent in organic synthesis. The Sm-Barbier reaction is chosen to illustrate the synthetic importance and mechanistic role of two common additives: HMPA and Ni(II) in this reaction. The Sm-Barbier reaction is similar to the traditional Grignard reaction with the only difference being that the alkyl halide, carbonyl, and Sm reductant are mixed simultaneously in one pot.1,15 Examples of Sm-mediated Barbier reactions with a range of coupling partners have been reported,1,3,7,10,12 and have been utilized in key steps of the synthesis of large natural products.16,17 Previous studies on the effect of additives on SmI2 reactions have shown that HMPA enhances the reduction potential of SmI2 by coordinating to the samarium metal center, producing a more powerful,13-14,18 sterically encumbered reductant19-21 and in some cases playing an integral role in post electron-transfer steps facilitating subsequent bond-forming events.22 In the Sm-Barbier reaction, HMPA has been shown to additionally activate the alkyl halide by forming a complex in a pre-equilibrium step.23
Ni(II) salts are a catalytic additive used frequently in Sm-mediated transformations.24-27 Though critical for success, the mechanistic role of Ni(II) was not known in these reactions. Recently it has been shown that SmI2 reduces Ni(II) to Ni(0), and the reaction is then carried out through organometallic Ni(0) chemistry.28
These mechanistic studies highlight that although the same Barbier product is obtained, the use of different additives in the SmI2 reaction drastically alters the mechanistic pathway of the reaction. The protocol for running these SmI2-initiated reactions is described.

Preparation and Use of Samarium Diiodide SmI2 in Organic Synthesis: The Mechanistic Role of HMPA and NiII Salts in the Samarium Barbier Reaction

A straightforward procedure for the preparation of samarium diiodide (SmI2) in THF is described. The role of two main additives namely hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) and Ni(acac)2 in Sm mediated reactions is demonstrated in the Sm-Barbier reaction.

二ヨウ化サマリウム（SMIの調製および使用<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;）有機合成における：サマリウムバルビエ反応におけるHMPAとNi（II）塩の力学的役割

Although initially considered an esoteric reagent, SmI2 has become a common tool for synthetic organic chemists. SmI2 is generated through the addition of ...

化学

Synthesis and Purification of Iodoaziridines Involving Quantitative Selection of the Optimal Stationary Phase for Chromatography

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. Diiodomethyllithium is prepared by the deprotonation of diiodomethane with LiHMDS, in a THF/diethyl ether mixture, at -78 &#176;C in the dark. These conditions are essential for the stability of the LiCHI2 reagent generated. The subsequent dropwise addition of N-Ts aldimines to the preformed diiodomethyllithium solution affords an amino-diiodide intermediate, which is not isolated. Rapid warming of the reaction mixture to 0 &#176;C promotes cyclization to afford iodoaziridines with exclusive cis-diastereoselectivity. The addition and cyclization stages of the reaction are mediated in one reaction flask by careful temperature control.
Due to the sensitivity of the iodoaziridines to purification, assessment of suitable methods of purification is required. A protocol to assess the stability of sensitive compounds to stationary phases for column chromatography is described. This method is suitable to apply to new iodoaziridines, or other potentially sensitive novel compounds. Consequently this method may find application in range of synthetic projects. The procedure involves firstly the assessment of the reaction yield, prior to purification, by 1H NMR spectroscopy with comparison to an internal standard. Portions of impure product mixture are then exposed to slurries of various stationary phases appropriate for chromatography, in a solvent system suitable as the eluent in flash chromatography. After stirring for 30 min to mimic chromatography, followed by filtering, the samples are analyzed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Calculated yields for each stationary phase are then compared to that initially obtained from the crude reaction mixture. The results obtained provide a quantitative assessment of the stability of the compound to the different stationary phases; hence the optimal can be selected. The choice of basic alumina, modified to activity IV, as a suitable stationary phase has allowed isolation of certain iodoaziridines in excellent yield and purity.

A protocol for the diastereoselective one-pot preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines is described. The generation of diiodomethyllithium, addition to N-Ts aldimines and cyclization of the amino gem-diiodide intermediate to iodoaziridines is demonstrated. Also included is a protocol to rapidly and quantitatively assess the most appropriate stationary phase for purification by chromatography.

クロマトグラフィーのための最適な固定相の定量的な選択を伴う合成とIodoaziridinesの精製

The highly diastereoselective preparation of cis-N-Ts-iodoaziridines through reaction of diiodomethyllithium with N-Ts aldimines is described. ...

Synthesis and Exfoliation of Discotic Zirconium Phosphates to Obtain Colloidal Liquid Crystals

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and engineers. Growth of such anisotropic nanocrystals through a simple chemical method is a challenging task. In this study, we fabricate discotic nanodisks of zirconium phosphate [Zr(HPO4)2&#183;H2O] as a model material using hydrothermal, reflux and microwave-assisted methods. Growth of crystals is controlled by duration time, temperature, and concentration of reacting species. The novelty of the adopted methods is that discotic crystals of size ranging from hundred nanometers to few micrometers can be obtained while keeping the polydispersity well within control. The layered discotic crystals are converted to monolayers by exfoliation with tetra-(n)-butyl ammonium hydroxide [(C4H9)4NOH, TBAOH]. Exfoliated disks show isotropic and nematic liquid crystal phases. Size and polydispersity of disk suspensions is highly important in deciding their phase behavior.

A two dimensional model material of discotic zirconium phosphate was developed. The inorganic crystal with lamellar structure was synthesized by hydrothermal, reflux, and microwave-assisted methods. On exfoliation with organic molecules, layered crystals can be converted to monolayers, and nematic liquid crystal phase was formed at sufficient concentration of monolayers.

コロイド液の結晶を得ることが合成とディスコティックリン酸ジルコニウムの剥離

Due to their abundance in natural clay and potential applications in advanced materials, discotic nanoparticles are of interest to scientists and ...

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

二段チオールアクリレート反応を使用してプログラム可能な、主鎖液晶エラストマーの合成

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

Synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS Quantum Dots Suitable for Biomedical Applications

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, quantum dots should be highly fluorescent and small/monodisperse in size. While commonly used cadmium-based quantum dots possess these qualities, they are potentially toxic due to the possible release of Cd2+ ions through nanoparticle degradation. Indium-based quantum dots, specifically InP/ZnS, have recently been explored as a viable alternative to cadmium-based quantum dots due to their relatively similar fluorescence characteristics and size. The synthesis presented here uses standard hot-injection techniques for effective nanoparticle growth; however, nanoparticle properties such as size, emission wavelength, and emission intensity can drastically change due to small changes in the reaction conditions. Therefore, reaction conditions such temperature, reaction duration, and precursor concentration should be maintained precisely to yield reproducible products. Because quantum dots are not inherently soluble in aqueous solutions, they must also undergo surface modification to impart solubility in water. In this protocol, an amphiphilic polymer is used to interact with both hydrophobic ligands on the quantum dot surface and bulk solvent water molecules. Here, a detailed protocol is provided for the synthesis of highly fluorescent InP/ZnS quantum dots that are suitable for use in biomedical applications.

In this protocol, the synthesis of Cd-free InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) is detailed. InP-based QDs are gaining popularity due to the toxicity of Cd2+ ions that may be released through nanoparticle degradation. After synthesis, QDs are solubilized in water using an amphiphilic polymer for use in biomedical applications.

バイオメディカル応用のための適切なカドミウムフリーのInP / ZnSの量子ドットの合成

Fluorescent nanocrystals, specifically quantum dots, have been a useful tool for many biomedical applications. For successful use in biological systems, ...

HKUST-1 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst for the Synthesis of Vanillin

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately 200 different odorant compounds in addition to vanillin. The natural extraction of vanillin (from the orchid Vanilla planifolia, Vanilla tahitiensis and Vanilla pompon) represents only 1% of the worldwide production and since this process is expensive and very long, the rest of the production of vanillin is synthesized. Many biotechnological approaches can be used for the synthesis of vanillin from lignin, phenolic stilbenes, isoeugenol, eugenol, guaicol, etc., with the disadvantage of harming the environment since these processes use strong oxidizing agents and toxic solvents. Thus, eco-friendly alternatives on the production of vanillin are very desirable and thus, under current investigation. Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) are a new class of highly crystalline materials that recently have been used for catalysis. HKUST-1 (Cu3(BTC)2(H2O)3, BTC = 1,3,5-benzene-tricarboxylate) is a very well known PCP which has been extensively studied as a heterogeneous catalyst. Here, we report a synthetic strategy for the production of vanillin by the oxidation of trans-ferulic acid using HKUST-1 as a catalyst.

The conversion of trans-ferulic acid to vanillin was achieved by heterogeneous catalysis. HKUST-1 was employed in this synthesis and the essential step in the catalytic process was the generation of unsaturated metal sites. Thus, when the catalyst was activated under vacuum, full vanillin conversion (yield of 95%) was obtained.

HKUST-1バニリンの合成のための不均一触媒として、

Vanillin (4-hydoxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is the main component of the extract of vanilla bean. The natural vanilla scent is a mixture of approximately ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成<em&gt;経由で</em&gt;システイン - マレイミドケミストリー

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Sulfate Separation by Selective Crystallization with a Bis-iminoguanidinium Ligand

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, 1,4-benzene-bis(iminoguanidinium) (BBIG), is demonstrated. The ligand is synthesized as the chloride salt (BBIG-Cl) by in situ imine condensation of terephthalaldehyde with aminoguanidinium chloride in water, followed by crystallization as the sulfate salt (BBIG-SO4). Alternatively, BBIG-Cl is synthesized ex situ in larger scale from ethanol. The sulfate separation ability of the BBIG ligand is demonstrated by selective and quantitative crystallization of sulfate from seawater. The ligand can be recycled by neutralization of BBIG-SO4 with aqueous NaOH and crystallization of the neutral bis-iminoguanidine, which can be converted back into BBIG-Cl with aqueous HCl and reused in another separation cycle. Finally, 35S-labeled sulfate and &#946; liquid scintillation counting are employed for monitoring the sulfate concentration in solution. Overall, this protocol will instruct the user in the necessary skills to synthesize a ligand, employ it in the selective crystallization of sulfate from aqueous solutions, and quantify the separation efficiency.

A protocol for in situ aqueous synthesis of a bis(iminoguanidinium) ligand and its utilization in selective separation of sulfate is presented.

ビスiminoguanidiniumリガンドと選択的結晶化により硫酸の分離

A simple and effective method for selective sulfate separation from aqueous solutions by crystallization with a bis-guanidinium ligand, ...

Electrophoretic Crystallization of Ultrathin High-performance Metal-organic Framework Membranes

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports (polymer, ceramic, metal, carbon, and graphene). We developed a novel crystallization technique, which is termed the ENACT approach: the electrophoretic nuclei assembly for the crystallization of highly intergrown thin films (ENACT). This approach allows for a high density of heterogeneous nucleation of MOFs on a chosen substrate via the electrophoretic deposition (EPD) directly from the precursor sol. The growth of well-packed MOF nuclei leads to a highly intergrown polycrystalline MOF film. We show that this simple approach can be used for the synthesis of thin, intergrown zeolite imidazole framework (ZIF)-7 and ZIF-8 films. The resulting 500 nm-thick ZIF-8 membranes show a considerably high H2 permeance (8.3 x 10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1) and ideal gas selectivities (7.3 for H2/CO2, 15.5 for H2/N2, 16.2 for H2/CH4, and 2655 for H2/C3H8). An attractive performance for C3H6/C3H8 separation is also achieved (a C3H6 permeance of 9.9 x 10-8 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1 and a C3H6/C3H8 ideal selectivity of 31.6 at 25 &#176;C). Overall, the ENACT process, owing to its simplicity, can be extended to synthesize intergrown thin films of a wide range of nanoporous crystalline materials.

A simple, reproducible, and versatile approach for the synthesis of intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and non-porous supports is presented.

極薄高性能金属有機性フレームワーク膜の電気泳動の結晶化

We report the synthesis of thin, highly intergrown, polycrystalline metal-organic framework (MOF) membranes on a wide range of unmodified porous and ...

Solid-phase Synthesis of [4.4] Spirocyclic Oximes

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of solid-phase synthesis, regenerating Michael (REM) linker strategies, and 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, a library of structurally similar heterocycles, both with and without a spirocyclic center, can be constructed. The main advantages of the solid-support synthesis are as follows: first, each reaction step can be driven to completion using a large excess of reagents resulting in high yields; next, the use of commercially available starting materials and reagents keep the costs low; finally, the reaction steps are easy to purify via simple filtration. The REM linker strategy is attractive because of its recyclability and traceless nature. Once a reaction scheme is completed, the linker can be reused multiple times. In a typical solid-phase synthesis, the product contains either a part of or the whole linker, which can prove undesirable. The REM linker is &#34;traceless&#34; and the point of attachment between the product and the polymer is indistinguishable. The high diastereoselectivity of the intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition is well documented. Limited by the insolubility of the solid support, the reaction progression can only be monitored by a change in the functional groups (if any) via infrared (IR) spectroscopy. Thus, the structural identification of intermediates cannot be characterized by conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Other limitations to this method stem from the compatibilities of the polymer/linker to the desired chemical reaction scheme. Herein we report a protocol that allows for the convenient production of spirocyclic heterocycles that, with simple modifications, can be automated with high-throughput techniques.

Here we present a protocol to demonstrate an efficient method for the synthesis of spirocyclic heterocycles. The five-step process utilizes solid-phase synthesis and regenerating Michael linker strategies. Generally difficult to synthesize, we present a customizable method for the synthesis of spirocyclic molecules otherwise inaccessible to other modern approaches.

[4.4] スピロ エナンチオマーの固相合成

A convenient synthetic route for spirocyclic heterocycles is well sought after due to the molecule&#39;s potential use in biological systems. By means of ...

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオールビルディングブロックの合成

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

二ヨウ化サマリウム（SMIの調製および使用

クロマトグラフィーのための最適な固定相の定量的な選択を伴う合成とIodoaziridinesの精製

コロイド液の結晶を得ることが合成とディスコティックリン酸ジルコニウムの剥離

二段チオールアクリレート反応を使用してプログラム可能な、主鎖液晶エラストマーの合成

バイオメディカル応用のための適切なカドミウムフリーのInP / ZnSの量子ドットの合成

HKUST-1バニリンの合成のための不均一触媒として、

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成

ビスiminoguanidiniumリガンドと選択的結晶化により硫酸の分離

極薄高性能金属有機性フレームワーク膜の電気泳動の結晶化

[4.4] スピロエナンチオマーの固相合成

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオール ビルディング ブロックの合成

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

二ヨウ化サマリウム（SMIの調製および使用

クロマトグラフィーのための最適な固定相の定量的な選択を伴う合成とIodoaziridinesの精製

コロイド液の結晶を得ることが合成とディスコティックリン酸ジルコニウムの剥離

二段チオールアクリレート反応を使用してプログラム可能な、主鎖液晶エラストマーの合成

バイオメディカル応用のための適切なカドミウムフリーのInP / ZnSの量子ドットの合成

HKUST-1バニリンの合成のための不均一触媒として、

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成

ビスiminoguanidiniumリガンドと選択的結晶化により硫酸の分離

極薄高性能金属有機性フレームワーク膜の電気泳動の結晶化

[4.4] スピロ エナンチオマーの固相合成

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオールビルディングブロックの合成

[4.4] スピロエナンチオマーの固相合成