この研究は k. Jasinska にジェイコブス財団初期キャリア親睦を通じて可能になった (交わり数: 2015 118455)。著者はまたデータ収集およびフィールド ・ サポートのアクセル Blahoua、ファブリス Tanoh、アリアン アモン、ブライス カンガ、イヴェット フォトを確認したいです。この研究プログラムと村の温かいおもてなしに参加するための Moapé、Ananguié、Affery、および Becouefin の児とその家族に感謝します。

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+neural+systems+for+reading+in+the+monolingual+and+bilingual+brain:+new+insights+from+functional+near+infrared+spectroscopy+neuroimaging.">Development of neural systems for reading in the monolingual and bilingual brain: new insights from functional near infrared spectroscopy neuroimaging.</a> Dev Neuropsychol. 39 (6), 421-439 (2014).</li><li>Petitto, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+"Perceptual+Wedge+Hypothesis"+as+the+basis+for+bilingual+babies'+phonetic+processing+advantage:+new+insights+from+fNIRS+brain+imaging.">The "Perceptual Wedge Hypothesis" as the basis for bilingual babies' phonetic processing advantage: new insights from fNIRS brain imaging.</a> Brain Lang. 121 (2), 130-143 (2012).</li><li>Jasper, H. 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E., Jung, J., Jang, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NIRS-SPM:+statistical+parametric+mapping+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">NIRS-SPM: statistical parametric mapping for near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Neuroimage. 44 (2), 428-447 (2009).</li><li>Huppert, T. J. T. J., Diamond, S. G. S. G., Franceschini, M. A. M. A., Boas, D. A. D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HomER:+a+review+of+time-series+analysis+methods+for+near-infrared+spectroscopy+of+the+brain.">HomER: a review of time-series analysis methods for near-infrared spectroscopy of the brain.</a> Appl Opt. 48 (10), D280-D298 (2009).</li><li>Huppert, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Commentary+on+the+statistical+properties+of+noise+and+its+implication+on+general+linear+models+in+functional+near-infrared+spectroscopy.">Commentary on the statistical properties of noise and its implication on general linear models in functional near-infrared spectroscopy.</a> Neurophotonics. 3 (1), 010401 (2016).</li><li>Rosso, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroimaging+of+an+attention+demanding+dual-task+during+dynamic+postural+control.">Neuroimaging of an attention demanding dual-task during dynamic postural control.</a> Gait Posture. 57, 193-198 (2017).</li><li>Jang, K. E. K. 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J., Josephs, O., Rees, G., Turner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonlinear+event-related+responses+in+fMRI.">Nonlinear event-related responses in fMRI.</a> Magn Reson Med. 39 (1), 41-52 (1998).</li><li>Sun, J. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tail+Probabilities+of+the+Maxima+of+Gaussain+Random-Fields.">Tail Probabilities of the Maxima of Gaussain Random-Fields.</a> The Annals of Probability. 21 (1), 34-71 (1993).</li><li>Sun, J. Y., Loader, C. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

この論文では、遠隔地の低リソース コンテキストに適したフィールド イメージング プロトコルを発表しました。このフィールド イメージング プロトコルのキーの前進は脳機能を研究する初めて能力とその開発けいこ (または決して-前に勉強した) コンテキスト。このプロトコルの重要なステップは連れなど電気や利用可能な設備がない熱帯気候で品質データ収集に適したモバイル研究所を...

ポータブル fNIRS イメージング脳機能と開発研究所、以前はアクセスできない設定や流集団外を調査する機能を提供します。認知神経科学の領域における知識の多くは主に西欧諸国の大学や病院の研究室の設定で調査をイメージングから来ています。設計上、これは研究のほとんど話されての問題に貢献する: 脳について知られているものの多くは欧米諸国 (主に) で研究室設定がアクセスできる人の参加者と研究に基づいています。つまり、ほとんどのニューロ イメージング研究には、参加者在住ニューロ イメージング研究室に近接で、時間とリソースの研究に参加する必要があるが含まれます。学問として認知神経科学脳とその開発を形成する要因を理解することを目的-1,2,3を経験する子供の環境と彼らの早い生命の強力な効果を含みます。人間の経験の完全な範囲の開発を研究する分野の能力を進める方法は劇的に脳の発達とそれを形作る生活体験の複雑な関係の理解を進めることができます。
農村のサハラ以南のアフリカ、特に南部のコートジボワールで使用するために開発されたフィールドのニューロ イメージングのためのプロトコルを提案する.このフィールド神経イメージング研究プログラムの目的は、非識字の危険性が高い環境で子供の読解力を理解することでした。コートジボワールの青年 (15-24 歳) リテラシー率 93% 小学校入学率4にもかかわらず、53% です。コートジボワールは世界のココアの主なソースとココア農業セクター5の児童労働、推定 130 万があります。まだ、少しは脳の発達と学習、特に読むことを学習に児童労働の影響について知られています。すなわち、ポータブル神経画像診断法、認知神経科学の最新のツールを適用する貴重な洞察を子どもたちの学習の成果をもたらすことができます。たとえば、fNIRS のフィールド イメージング神経発達期間を識別対象の教育プログラムや介入が子供たちの学習成果に最大影響可能性がありますを許可できます。
fNIRS 脳は、フィールド研究に最適です。機能的磁気共鳴画像 (fMRI) と同様に、fNIRS 脳の血行力学的応答6を測定します。ただし、fNIRS は電磁界を生成するのではなく、バイオケミカル、光検出器の出力光のシリーズを使用します。金属またはテストの領域の近くに制限がない、電気シールドは脳波 (EEG) の場合と同様に、必要ありません。FNIRS の主な利点は、その移植性 (すなわち、いくつかのシステムは、スーツケースに収まることができる) と使いやすさです。fNIRS は子供で使いやすいも子供は実験中に椅子に座って快適と fNIRS システムよく fMRI と比較して運動を大目に見る。FMRI に比べ、fNIRS も対策を提供します個別脱酸素化 (HbR) と酸化ヘモグロビン (HbO) の録音中は、組み合わせて、血液の酸素レベル密度 (太字) の測定を生成する fMRI と比較して。fNIRS は fMRI を優れた時間分解能: サンプリング レートによって異なります 〜 7-15 Hz fNIRS は空間分解能: 人間の皮質の記録の fNIRS の深さが fMRI、勉強に適していますの深さ約 3 に 4 cm 未満。皮質機能、特に乳児と大人3,7,8,9,10より薄く頭蓋骨を持つ子どもたち。
このフィールドのニューロ イメージング プロトコルは、連れと低リソースのコンテキストでポータブルのニューロ イメージング研究室のセットアップに関する考慮事項をについて説明します。プロトコルはまたローカル科学パートナーと地域の科学の能力を構築するのに役立つこのアプローチ、方法、意味のある、長期的なコラボレーションの本質を強調します。イメージング研究の文化的に適切なインフォームド・コンセントの手順を作成するための推奨事項を含む言語、読書、および認知課題のバッテリーから fNIRS 脳データ収集および分析のためのニューロ イメージング プロトコルが示されています。このプロトコルは、農村コートジボワール歳小学校児童の認知発達研究のために設計されています、プロトコルは挑戦的な低リソース環境である任意フィールドの脳機能イメージング研究の関連性の高いと小説の適応することができます。コンテキストです。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>LIGHTNIRS Main Unit Pack 120V</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>292-34000-42</td>
			<td>Component of the fNIRS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOLDER ASSY, ALL- CAP</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>594-07618-01</td>
			<td>Component of the fNIRS system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIGHTNIRS connection cable</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>567-10976-11</td>
			<td>fNIRS system component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber set for LIGHTNIRS, 1m (8 sets)</td>
			<td>Shimadzu</td>
			<td>567-11350-01</td>
			<td>fNIRS system component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dell Latitude Laptop</td>
			<td>Shimadzu (from Dell)</td>
			<td>220-97322-00</td>
			<td>Master computer to run fNIRS applications</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PATRIOT SEU (System Electronics Unit)</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1A0453-001</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>2C0809</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power Supply cord</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>17500B-BLK</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RS-232 null modem cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1C0288</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>1C0289</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RX2 Sensor 10&#39; cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>4A0492-20</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TX2 Source 10&#39; cable</td>
			<td>POLHEMUS</td>
			<td>4A0506-20</td>
			<td>PATRIOT System component</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuroimaging field methods using functional near infrared spectroscopy (nirs) neuroimaging to study global child development: rural sub-saharan africa

ポータブル神経イメージング研究のアプローチは、脳機能と脳の発達以前にアクセスできない人口および遠隔地での研究に新たな進歩を提供します。本稿はコートジボワールの田舎の村の設定で子供の研究にフィールド機能的近赤外分光 (fNIRS) イメージングの開発言語、読書と認知発達を示します。方法と文化的に適切な神経イメージング研究プロトコルの開発の革新は、脳の発達と流環境で子どもたちの学習の成果に初めて見てを許可します。ニューロ イメージングの開発ガイド プレゼント同意プロシージャおよび意味のある建物と本稿を転送するためのプロトコルを示すし、研究所脳病態対フィールドに関する考慮事項携帯電話の研究を設定する長期地元の政府と科学のパートナーと連携。ポータブル神経画像診断法は、複雑な子開発コンテキスト、大幅な貧困と脳の発達に逆境の影響などを研究する使用ことができます。ここで提示されたプロトコルは、コートジボワール、ココアの世界の一次ソースで使用するため発展しており、子のレポートがココアのセクターの労働が多い。まだ、少しは脳の発達と学習に関する児童労働の影響について知られています。フィールド神経画像診断法には、世界的にこのような緊急の問題と子どもの発達に新しい洞察力をもたらす可能性があります。

標準脳テンプレートには、3 D デジタイザー (図 2) によって得られるプローブ位置データを視覚化できます。FNIRS MNI 空間放医研 SPM のスタンドアロン登録関数25を使用してチャネルを登録します。MNI 座標、解剖学的ラベル、および最大限に各チャンネルによって表されるブロードマンの領域空間の登録関数を生成します。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa at JoVE.c

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

ポータブル イメージング手法 (機能的近赤外分光) 提供以前はアクセスできない領域では、脳の研究の進歩ここでは、農村のコートジボワール。メソッドおよびニューロ イメージングの文化的に適切なプロトコルの開発の技術革新は重要な貧困と逆境環境で脳の発達と子どもの学習成果の小説研究を許可します。

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロ イメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

neuroimaging-field-methods-using-functional-near-infrared

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

14.8K ビュー.  University of Delaware. ポータブル イメージング手法 (機能的近赤外分光) 提供以前はアクセスできない領域では、脳の研究の進歩ここでは、農村のコートジボワール。メソッドおよびニューロ イメージングの文化的に適切なプロトコルの開発の技術革新は重要な貧困と逆境環境で脳の発達と子どもの学習成果の小説研究を許可します。

ビデオ: Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Basics of Multivariate Analysis in Neuroimaging Data

Multivariate analysis techniques for neuroimaging data have recently received increasing attention as they have many attractive features that cannot be easily realized by the more commonly used univariate, voxel-wise, techniques1,5,6,7,8,9. Multivariate approaches evaluate correlation/covariance of activation across brain regions, rather than proceeding on a voxel-by-voxel basis. Thus, their results can be more easily interpreted as a signature of neural networks. Univariate approaches, on the other hand, cannot directly address interregional correlation in the brain. Multivariate approaches can also result in greater statistical power when compared with univariate techniques, which are forced to employ very stringent corrections for voxel-wise multiple comparisons. Further, multivariate techniques also lend themselves much better to prospective application of results from the analysis of one dataset to entirely new datasets. Multivariate techniques are thus well placed to provide information about mean differences and correlations with behavior, similarly to univariate approaches, with potentially greater statistical power and better reproducibility checks. In contrast to these advantages is the high barrier of entry to the use of multivariate approaches, preventing more widespread application in the community. To the neuroscientist becoming familiar with multivariate analysis techniques, an initial survey of the field might present a bewildering variety of approaches that, although algorithmically similar, are presented with different emphases, typically by people with mathematics backgrounds. We believe that multivariate analysis techniques have sufficient potential to warrant better dissemination. Researchers should be able to employ them in an informed and accessible manner. The current article is an attempt at a didactic introduction of multivariate techniques for the novice. A conceptual introduction is followed with a very simple application to a diagnostic data set from the Alzheimer s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), clearly demonstrating the superior performance of the multivariate approach.

The current article describes the basics of multivariate analysis and contrasts it to the more commonly used voxel-wise univariate analysis. Both types of analysis are applied to a clinical-neuroscience data set. Supplementary split-half simulations show better replication of the multivariate results in independent data sets.

データを神経画像の多変量解析の基礎

Multivariate analysis techniques for neuroimaging data have recently received increasing attention as they have many attractive features that cannot be ...

神経科学

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted virtual 3D environments, track a participants' behavioral performance within the virtual environment and synchronize with external devices for physiological and neuroimaging measures, including electroencephalogram and eye tracking.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables continuous, noninvasive, and portable monitoring of changes in cerebral blood oxygenation related to human brain functions2-7. Over the last decade fNIR is used to effectively monitor cognitive tasks such as attention, working memory and problem solving7-11. fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device; it has the capacity to monitor brain activity in ecologically valid environments. 
Cognitive functions assessed through task performance involve patterns of brain activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that vary from the initial novel task performance, after practice and during retention12. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Van Horn and colleagues found that regional cerebral blood flow was activated in the right frontal lobe during the encoding (i.e., initial na&iuml;ve performance) of spatial navigation of virtual mazes while there was little to no activation of the frontal regions after practice and during retention tests. Furthermore, the effects of contextual interference, a learning phenomenon related to organization of practice, are evident when individuals acquire multiple tasks under different practice schedules13,14. High contextual interference (random practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a non-sequential, unpredictable order. Low contextual interference (blocked practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a predictable order.
Our goal here is twofold: first to illustrate the experimental protocol design process and the use of MazeSuite, and second, to demonstrate the setup and deployment of the fNIR brain activity monitoring system using Cognitive Optical Brain Imaging (COBI) Studio software15. To illustrate our goals, a subsample from a study is reported to show the use of both MazeSuite and COBI Studio in a single experiment. The study involves the assessment of cognitive activity of the PFC during the acquisition and learning of computer maze tasks for blocked and random orders. Two right-handed adults (one male, one female) performed 315 acquisition, 30 retention and 20 transfer trials across four days. Design, implementation, data acquisition and analysis phases of the study were explained with the intention to provide a guideline for future studies.

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables noninvasive and portable monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation changes. This paper summarizes collective use of MazeSuite and fNIR within a cognitive processing learning paradigm.

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.
The Drosophila larva is an established model system to study thermal nociception, a sensory response to potentially harmful temperatures that is evolutionarily conserved across species1,2. The advantages of Drosophila for such studies are the relative simplicity of its nervous system and the sophistication of the genetic techniques that can be used to dissect the molecular basis of the underlying biology4-6 In Drosophila, as in all metazoans, the response to noxious thermal stimuli generally involves a "nocifensive" aversive withdrawal to the presented stimulus7. Such stimuli are detected through free nerve endings or nociceptors and the amplitude of the organismal response depends on the number of nociceptors receiving the noxious stimulus8. In Drosophila, it is the class IV dendritic arborization sensory neurons that detect noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli9 in addition to their recently discovered role as photoreceptors10. These neurons, which have been very well studied at the developmental level, arborize over the barrier epidermal sheet and make contacts with nearly all epidermal cells11,12. The single axon of each class IV neuron projects into the ventral nerve cord of the central nervous system11 where they may connect to second-order neurons that project to the brain.
Under baseline conditions, nociceptive sensory neurons will not fire until a relatively high threshold is reached. The assays described here allow the investigator to quantify baseline behavioral responses or, presumably, the sensitization that ensues following tissue damage. Each assay provokes distinct but related locomotory behavioral responses to noxious thermal stimuli and permits the researcher to visualize and quantify various aspects of thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. The assays can be applied to larvae of desired genotypes or to larvae raised under different environmental conditions that might impact nociception. Since thermal nociception is conserved across species, the findings gleaned from genetic dissection in Drosophila will likely inform our understanding of thermal nociception in other species, including vertebrates.

Local and Global Methods of Assessing Thermal Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of thermal nociceptors1,2 while the second involves a wholesale (global) activation of most or all such neurons3. Together, these techniques allow visualization and quantification of the behavioral functions of Drosophila nociceptive sensory neurons.

に温痛覚を評価するためのローカルおよびグローバルメソッド<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

In this article, we demonstrate assays to study thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae. One assay involves spatially-restricted (local) stimulation of ...

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains technically challenging. One approach, Activation-Induced Manganese-enhanced MRI (AIM MRI), has been used successfully to map neuronal activity in rodents 1-5. In AIM MRI, Mn2+ acts a calcium analog and accumulates in depolarized neurons 6,7. Because Mn2+ shortens the T1 tissue property, regions of elevated neuronal activity will enhance in MRI. Furthermore, Mn2+ clears slowly from the activated regions; therefore, stimulation can be performed outside the magnet prior to imaging, enabling greater experimental flexibility. However, because Mn2+ does not readily cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the need to open the BBB has limited the use of AIM MRI, especially in mice.
One tool for opening the BBB is ultrasound. Though potentially damaging, if ultrasound is administered in combination with gas-filled microbubbles (i.e., ultrasound contrast agents), the acoustic pressure required for BBB opening is considerably lower. This combination of ultrasound and microbubbles can be used to reliably open the BBB without causing tissue damage 8-11.
Here, a method is presented for performing AIM MRI by using microbubbles and ultrasound to open the BBB. After an intravenous injection of perflutren microbubbles, an unfocused pulsed ultrasound beam is applied to the shaved mouse head for 3 minutes. For simplicity, we refer to this technique of BBB Opening with Microbubbles and UltraSound as BOMUS 12. Using BOMUS to open the BBB throughout both cerebral hemispheres, manganese is administered to the whole mouse brain. After experimental stimulation of the lightly sedated mice, AIM MRI is used to map the neuronal response.
To demonstrate this approach, herein BOMUS and AIM MRI are used to map unilateral mechanical stimulation of the vibrissae in lightly sedated mice 13. Because BOMUS can open the BBB throughout both hemispheres, the unstimulated side of the brain is used to control for nonspecific background stimulation. The resultant 3D activation map agrees well with published representations of the vibrissae regions of the barrel field cortex 14. The ultrasonic opening of the BBB is fast, noninvasive, and reversible; and thus this approach is suitable for high-throughput and/or longitudinal studies in awake mice.

A technique is described for broadly opening the blood-brain barrier in the mouse using microbubbles and ultrasound. Using this technique, manganese can be administered to the mouse brain. Because manganese is an MRI contrast agent that accumulates in depolarized neurons, this approach enables imaging of neuronal activity.

超音波血液脳関門の破壊とマンガン増強MRIを用いた脳機能イメージングの試み

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

New Methods to Study Gustatory Coding

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons (GRNs) detect tastant molecules, they encode information about the identity and concentration of the tastant as patterns of electrical activity that then propagate to follower neurons in the brain. These patterns constitute internal representations of the tastant, which then allow the animal to select actions and form memories. The use of relatively simple animal models has been a powerful tool to study basic principles in sensory coding. Here, we propose three new methods to study gustatory coding using the moth Manduca sexta. First, we present a dissection procedure for exposing the maxillary nerves and the subesophageal zone (SEZ), allowing recording of the activity of GRNs from their axons. Second, we describe the use of extracellular electrodes to record the activity of multiple GRNs by placing tetrode wires directly into the maxillary nerve. Third, we present a new system for delivering and monitoring, with high temporal precision, pulses of different tastants. These methods allow the characterization of neuronal responses in vivo directly from GRNs before, during and after tastants are delivered. We provide examples of voltage traces recorded from multiple GRNs, and present an example of how a spike sorting technique can be applied to the data to identify the responses of individual neurons. Finally, to validate our recording approach, we compare extracellular recordings obtained from GRNs with tetrodes to intracellular recordings obtained with sharp glass electrodes.

We present three new methods to study gustatory coding. Using a simple animal, the moth Manduca sexta (Manduca), we describe a dissection protocol, the use of extracellular tetrodes to record the activity of multiple gustatory receptor neurons, and a system for delivering and monitoring precisely timed pulses of tastants.

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

The sense of taste allows animals to detect chemicals in the environment, giving rise to behaviors critical for survival. When Gustatory Receptor Neurons ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Conducting Concurrent Electroencephalography and Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Recordings with a Flanker Task

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by inspecting the relationship between the neural and hemodynamic signals. EEG is an electrophysiological technology that can measure the rapid neuronal activity of the cortex, whereas fNIRS relies on the hemodynamic responses to infer brain activation. The combination of EEG and fNIRS neuroimaging techniques can identify more features and reveal more information associated with the functioning of the brain. In this protocol, fused EEG-fNIRS measurements were performed for concurrent recordings of evoked-electrical potentials and hemodynamic responses during a Flanker task. In addition, the critical steps for setting up the hardware and software system as well as the procedures for data acquisition and analysis were provided and discussed in detail. It is expected that the present protocol can pave a new avenue for improving the understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive processes by using the EEG and fNIRS signals.

The present protocol describes how to perform concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings and how to inspect the relationship between the EEG and fNIRS data.&#160;

フランカータスクによる同時脳波と機能的近赤外分光記録の実施

Concurrent EEG and fNIRS recordings offer an excellent opportunity to gain a full understanding of the neural mechanism of cognitive processing by ...

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of benign and malignant lesions through a natural anatomical extra-cranial pathway, represented by the nasal cavities, avoiding brain retraction and neurovascular manipulation. This is reflected by the patients' prompt clinical recovery and the low risk of permanent neurological sequelae, representing the main caveat of conventional skull base surgery. This surgery must be tailored to each specific case, considering its features and relationship with surrounding neural structures, mostly based on preoperative neuroimaging. Advanced MRI techniques, such as tractography, have been rarely adopted in skull base surgery due to technical issues: lengthy and complicated processes to generate reliable reconstructions for inclusion in the neuronavigation system. 
This paper aims to present the protocol implemented in the institution and highlights the synergistic collaboration and teamwork between neurosurgeons and the neuroimaging team (neurologists, neuroradiologists, neuropsychologists, physicists, and bioengineers) with the final goal of selecting the optimal treatment for each patient, improving the surgical results and pursuing the advancement of personalized medicine in this field.

We present a protocol to integrate diffusion MRI tractography in patient work-up to endoscopic endonasal surgery for a skull base tumor. The methods for adopting these neuroimaging studies in the pre- and intra-operative phases are described.

内視鏡内視鏡頭蓋基外科における拡散MRIトラクトグラフィーの役割

Endoscopic endonasal surgery has gained a prominent role in the management of complex skull base tumors. It allows the resection of a large group of ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロイメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

データを神経画像の多変量解析の基礎

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

に温痛覚を評価するためのローカルおよびグローバルメソッド

超音波血液脳関門の破壊とマンガン増強MRIを用いた脳機能イメージングの試み

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

フランカータスクによる同時脳波と機能的近赤外分光記録の実施

内視鏡内視鏡頭蓋基外科における拡散MRIトラクトグラフィーの役割

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

資源の限られた環境における経頭蓋磁気刺激の活用による脳と行動の関係の確立

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロ イメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

データを神経画像の多変量解析の基礎

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

に温痛覚を評価するためのローカルおよびグローバルメソッド

超音波血液脳関門の破壊とマンガン増強MRIを用いた脳機能イメージングの試み

味覚コーディングを研究する新しい方法

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

フランカータスクによる同時脳波と機能的近赤外分光記録の実施

内視鏡内視鏡頭蓋基外科における拡散MRIトラクトグラフィーの役割

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

資源の限られた環境における経頭蓋磁気刺激の活用による脳と行動の関係の確立

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロイメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村