Name: combustion chemistry of fuels: quantitative speciation data obtained from an atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor with coupled molecular-beam mass spectrometer
Uploaded: 2018-02-19T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 24 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectr

質量分析部ドイツで Luft und 航空 (DLR)、ドイツのシュトゥットガルトに燃焼技術研究所で実験を行った。作業はヘルムホルツ エネルギー-アライアンスではサポートも「合成液体炭化水素」、拠点「代替燃料」と DLR プロジェクト「未来の燃料」。ジェット燃料について実りある議論するパトリック ル日、Uwe リーデルを感謝致します。

1. 分子ビームの質量分析計 (MBMS) とフロー炉システムのセットアップ
<ol><li>熱オーブンを指定開始温度、所定寸法シリーズの最高温度であります。ジェット A-1 Φ での典型的な条件 = 1、850 ° C (~ 1,100 K) 以下の総酸化が観察されます。適切な開始温度の選択は調査の燃料および化学量論 (Φ) の化学的性質に依存します。</li>
	<li>中間的な種検出の飛行時間 (tof) 型分析計を準備します。TOF 分光器分子線に揃えて配置し、不安定種の確実な検出を提供します。 注: 質量分解能は、C、H、O システムの元素組成の定量に適しています。選んだソフトのイオン化条件の断片化を避けるために。通常 9.5、10.5 eV の値は燃焼中間体の典型的な調査に適して証明されています。</li>
	<li>四重極分析装置を主要種検出に備えます。 注: ので近くの分子ビーム MBMS システムの電離箱内四重極分析計 (RGA 残留ガス分析計とも呼ばれます) を配置すると、背景の壁に散らばってガスだけが測定されます。主要な種が安定しているので背景の圧力はよくサンプリング先端のそれらの濃度を反映しています。良い信号対雑音比、70 eV の高いイオン化エネルギーをここで選んだ。</li>
</ol>2. 燃料サンプルの調製
<ol><li>燃料供給のため金属のシリンジを準備します。 注意:燃料処理のためには、適切な個人用保護具を使用します。<ol>
<li>30 mL 気化器金属シリンジに燃料サンプルを入力します。</li>
		<li>バルブを開くが、システムに加圧空気を追加することによって燃料供給システム (金属シリンジ) 5 バーまでを加圧します。</li>
		<li>燃料供給ラインのバルブを開くことによって燃料ラインとコリオリ質量流量計をぶちまけます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>気化器とガス供給ラインを加熱します。指定したセットアップで高希釈による圧力の沸点をはるかに下回る温度を適用できます。燃料の最も高い沸点化合物の指定の温度での蒸気圧はガスの流れの分圧よりも高いことを確認します。通常、200 ° C は、ジェット A-1 に適しています。</li>
	<li>オーブン ガラス入口フランジをシステムで最も寒い場所には注意してください。燃料希釈がこの場所で recondense ことはできませんを確認します。典型的なジェット A-1 (99% 希釈) 設定の 80 ° C に冷却水は十分です。</li>
</ol>3. 測定およびデータ集録
<ol><li>オーブンをサンプリング位置に配置します。サンプリング コーンは、オーブンのセラミック チューブ内に配置しなければなりません。本実験は、サンプリング場所はオーブンの空間温度分布の高原値に近い。 注:図 1の画像は、コーンと原子炉を示します。加熱炉 (青) は石英コーンに向かってレール移動します。</li>
	<li>コリオリ質量流量計気体を追加して好みの希釈を開始します。 注: 質量流量計は、オリジナルのソフトウェア パッケージによって制御されます。ここでは、質量流量値を設定できます。通常、99% アルゴンを使用します。一般に、液体燃料用希釈溶剤の流れをコリ フロー 2 温水ラインを通過する並列追加のコリオリ質量流量計を使用して気化器と酸化剤ガスのストリームに分割あり、コリ フロー 3 から酸化ストリームに直接接続があります。</li>
	<li>指定された機器のソフトウェアを使用して連続データ記録 (TOF および四重極) を開始します。 注: をクリックしてスタート-四重極ソフトウェアでボタン。TOF ソフトウェアのスタート ボタンをクリックします。<ol>
<li>酸化剤 O2を追加するには、コリオリ流量計ソフトウェアの適切な流動状態を設定します。質量スペクトルの新しいピークとして着信の酸化剤を確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>燃料を追加するには、コリオリ質量流量計の適切な流動状態を設定します。<ol>
<li>スペクトルを確認します。赤身と化学量論的条件の場合完全酸化が達成された場合は、安定した CO2質量信号を観察します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>信号強度が安定して 4、5 測定、安定期間が終了します。安定化期間の後に、オーブンに通常-200 K/h の連続温度減衰ランプを適用します。これは代表的な測定回数測定実行あたり 2 h に します。<ol>
<li>ランプの中に特定のオーブンの温度で質量スペクトルの急激な変化を観察します。唯一の燃焼生成物 (H2O、CO2と CO、H2豊富な場合) 消え始めるし、小さな燃焼中間体となって検出。 注: さらに温度を下げると目に見える中間サイズは大きくなります。冷たいオーブン温度で燃料化合物および酸素のシグナルだけを観察できます。反応が行われていない原子炉の存在の滞留時間内。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>最終的な温度が安定したとき (通常 500 ° C; 10 分)、酸化剤をオフします。<ol>
<li>記録測定を続けます。燃料特性評価 (断片化の構成) 酸化剤なしの条件で測定を取得します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>値を 0 に設定してコリオリ質量流量計ソフトウェアで燃料を切り替えます。データはまだ記録される;バック グラウンド測定これらのスペクトルを使用します。</li>
	<li>データ、ソフトウェアの停止ボタンをクリックして録音を停止します。</li>
</ol>4. 校正測定
<ol><li>キャリブレーションの問題については、サンプリング コーンの前で密閉容器をマウントします。 注: 密閉容器は手でノズルの前にチューブです。</li>
	<li>ポンプに開いているバルブです。商工会議所は避難しました。</li>
	<li>混合 (関心と Ar の炭化水素) または商業校正校正用ガスを適用します。デモでは、CO、CO2とアルゴン混合でカスタマイズされたガスをここで使用します。</li>
	<li>信号対雑音比上と下の飽和信号強度を取得するニードル バルブで調整室内の圧力を調整します。</li>
	<li>データ記録として 3.5 で個々 に測定 TOF ソフトウェアで [スタート] ボタンをクリックして実行を開始することでキャリブレーション測定を開始します。</li>
</ol>5 データ処理
注: 変換後のスペクトルの時点でそれぞれのオーブンの温度にマッチしなければなりません。
<ol><li>それぞれの選択した種のそれぞれの記録された温度に対応する信号からそのモル分率を計算します。オーブンの温度 (図 3) 対モル分数プロファイルをプロットします。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Moore, R. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biofuel+blending+reduces+particle+emissions+from+aircraft+engines+at+cruise+conditions.">Biofuel blending reduces particle emissions from aircraft engines at cruise conditions.</a> Nature. 543 (7645), 411-415 (2017).</li><li>Braun-Unkhoff, M., Kathrotia, T., Rauch, B., Riedel, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=About+the+interaction+between+composition+and+performance+of+alternative+jet+fuels.">About the interaction between composition and performance of alternative jet fuels.</a> CEAS Aeronautical Journal. 7 (1), 83-94 (2016).</li><li>Egolfopoulos, F. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+and+challenges+in+laminar+flame+experiments+and+implications+for+combustion+chemistry.">Advances and challenges in laminar flame experiments and implications for combustion chemistry.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 43, 36-67 (2014).</li><li>Lynch, P. T., Troy, T. P., Ahmed, M., Tranter, R. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probing+combustion+chemistry+in+a+miniature+shock+tube+with+synchrotron+VUV+photo+ionization+mass+spectrometry.">Probing combustion chemistry in a miniature shock tube with synchrotron VUV photo ionization mass spectrometry.</a> Anal Chem. 87 (4), 2345-2352 (2015).</li><li>Pelucchi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+and+kinetic+modeling+study+of+the+pyrolysis+and+oxidation+of+n-C3C5+aldehydes+in+shock+tubes.">An experimental and kinetic modeling study of the pyrolysis and oxidation of n-C3C5 aldehydes in shock tubes.</a> Combust. Flame. 162 (2), 265-286 (2015).</li><li>Hanson, R. K., Davidson, D. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+advances+in+laser+absorption+and+shock+tube+methods+for+studies+of+combustion+chemistry.">Recent advances in laser absorption and shock tube methods for studies of combustion chemistry.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 44, 103-114 (2014).</li><li>Sung, C. -. J., Curran, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+rapid+compression+machines+for+chemical+kinetics+studies.">Using rapid compression machines for chemical kinetics studies.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 44, 1-18 (2014).</li><li>Kohse-H&#246;inghaus, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cover+Picture:+Biofuel+Combustion+Chemistry:+From+Ethanol+to+Biodiesel.">Cover Picture: Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel.</a> Angw Chem Int Edit. 49 (21), 3545 (2010).</li><li>K&#246;hler, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=1-,+2-+and+3-Pentanol+combustion+in+laminar+hydrogen+flames+-+A+comparative+experimental+and+modeling+study.">1-, 2- and 3-Pentanol combustion in laminar hydrogen flames - A comparative experimental and modeling study.</a> Combust. Flame. 162 (9), 3197-3209 (2015).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+Study+of+a+Fuel-Rich+Premixed+Toluene+Flame+at+Low+Pressure.">Experimental Study of a Fuel-Rich Premixed Toluene Flame at Low Pressure.</a> Energ Fuel. 23 (3), 1473-1485 (2009).</li><li>Yang, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+of+combustion+intermediates+in+isomeric+fuel-rich+premixed+butanol-oxygen+flames+at+low+pressure.">Identification of combustion intermediates in isomeric fuel-rich premixed butanol-oxygen flames at low pressure.</a> Combust. Flame. 148 (4), 198-209 (2007).</li><li>Reuter, C. B., Won, S. H., Ju, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flame+structure+and+ignition+limit+of+partially+premixed+cool+flames+in+a+counterflow+burner.">Flame structure and ignition limit of partially premixed cool flames in a counterflow burner.</a> P Combust Inst. 36 (1), 1513-1522 (2017).</li><li>Reuter, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+study+of+the+dynamics+and+structure+of+self-sustaining+premixed+cool+flames+using+a+counterflow+burner.">Experimental study of the dynamics and structure of self-sustaining premixed cool flames using a counterflow burner.</a> Combust. Flame. 166, 125-132 (2016).</li><li>Bufferand, H., Tosatto, L., La Mantia, B., Smooke, M. D., Gomez, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+computational+study+of+methane+counterflow+diffusion+flames+perturbed+by+trace+amounts+of+either+jet+fuel+or+a+6-component+surrogate+under+non-sooting+conditions.">Experimental and computational study of methane counterflow diffusion flames perturbed by trace amounts of either jet fuel or a 6-component surrogate under non-sooting conditions.</a> Combust. Flame. 156 (8), 1594-1603 (2009).</li><li>Lefkowitz, J. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemical+kinetic+study+of+tertiary-butanol+in+a+flow+reactor+and+a+counterflow+diffusion+flame.">A chemical kinetic study of tertiary-butanol in a flow reactor and a counterflow diffusion flame.</a> Combust. Flame. 159 (3), 968-978 (2012).</li><li>Dryer, F. L., Haas, F. M., Santner, J., Farouk, T. I., Chaos, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interpreting+chemical+kinetics+from+complex+reaction-advection-diffusion+systems:+Modeling+of+flow+reactors+and+related+experiments.">Interpreting chemical kinetics from complex reaction-advection-diffusion systems: Modeling of flow reactors and related experiments.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 44, 19-39 (2014).</li><li>Zhao, H., Yang, X., Ju, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetic+studies+of+ozone+assisted+low+temperature+oxidation+of+dimethyl+ether+in+a+flow+reactor+using+molecular-beam+mass+spectrometry.">Kinetic studies of ozone assisted low temperature oxidation of dimethyl ether in a flow reactor using molecular-beam mass spectrometry.</a> Combust. Flame. 173, 187-194 (2016).</li><li>O&#223;wald, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combustion+of+butanol+isomers+-+A+detailed+molecular+beam+mass+spectrometry+investigation+of+their+flame+chemistry.">Combustion of butanol isomers - A detailed molecular beam mass spectrometry investigation of their flame chemistry.</a> Combust. Flame. 158 (1), 2-15 (2011).</li><li>Herrmann, F., O&#223;wald, P., Kohse-H&#246;inghaus, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mass+spectrometric+investigation+of+the+low-temperature+dimethyl+ether+oxidation+in+an+atmospheric+pressure+laminar+flow+reactor.">Mass spectrometric investigation of the low-temperature dimethyl ether oxidation in an atmospheric pressure laminar flow reactor.</a> P Combust Inst. 34 (1), 771-778 (2013).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+and+kinetic+modeling+study+of+tetralin+pyrolysis+at+low+pressure.">Experimental and kinetic modeling study of tetralin pyrolysis at low pressure.</a> P Combust Inst. 34 (1), 1739-1748 (2013).</li><li>O&#223;wald, P., K&#246;hler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+atmospheric+pressure+high-temperature+laminar+flow+reactor+for+investigation+of+combustion+and+related+gas+phase+reaction+systems.">An atmospheric pressure high-temperature laminar flow reactor for investigation of combustion and related gas phase reaction systems.</a> Rev Sci Instum. 86 (10), 105109 (2015).</li><li>O&#223;wald, P., Whitside, R., Sch&#228;ffer, J., K&#246;hler, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+flow+reactor+study+of+the+combustion+kinetics+of+terpenoid+jet+fuel+compounds:+Farnesane,+p-menthane+and+p-cymene.">An experimental flow reactor study of the combustion kinetics of terpenoid jet fuel compounds: Farnesane, p-menthane and p-cymene.</a> Fuel. 187, 43-50 (2017).</li><li>Kathrotia, T., Naumann, C., O&#223;wald, P., K&#246;hler, M., Riedel, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinetics+of+Ethylene+Glycol:+The+first+validated+reaction+scheme+and+first+measurements+of+ignition+delay+times+and+speciation+data.">Kinetics of Ethylene Glycol: The first validated reaction scheme and first measurements of ignition delay times and speciation data.</a> Combust. Flame. 179, 172-184 (2017).</li><li>Hansen, N., Cool, T. A., Westmoreland, P. R., Kohse-H&#246;inghaus, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+contributions+of+flame-sampling+molecular-beam+mass+spectrometry+to+a+fundamental+understanding+of+combustion+chemistry.">Recent contributions of flame-sampling molecular-beam mass spectrometry to a fundamental understanding of combustion chemistry.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 35 (2), 168-191 (2009).</li><li>Qi, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combustion+chemistry+probed+by+synchrotron+VUV+photoionization+mass+spectrometry.">Combustion chemistry probed by synchrotron VUV photoionization mass spectrometry.</a> P Combust Inst. 34 (1), 33-63 (2013).</li><li>Biordi, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+beam+mass+spectrometry+for+studying+the+fundamental+chemistry+of+flames.">Molecular beam mass spectrometry for studying the fundamental chemistry of flames.</a> Prog Energ Combust. 3 (3), 151-173 (1977).</li><li>K&#246;hler, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speciation+data+for+fuel-rich+methane+oxy-combustion+and+reforming+under+prototypical+partial+oxidation+conditions.">Speciation data for fuel-rich methane oxy-combustion and reforming under prototypical partial oxidation conditions.</a> Chem Eng Sci. 139, 249-260 (2016).</li><li>O&#223;wald, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+flame+chemistry+tracing+by+imaging+photoelectron+photoion+coincidence+spectroscopy.">In situ flame chemistry tracing by imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy.</a> Rev Sci Instum. 85 (2), 025101 (2014).</li><li>O&#223;wald, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combustion+Chemistry+of+the+Butane+Isomers+in+Premixed+Low-Pressure+Flames.">Combustion Chemistry of the Butane Isomers in Premixed Low-Pressure Flames.</a> Zeitschrift f&#252;r Physikalische Chemie. 225, 1029 (2011).</li><li>Schenk, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detailed+mass+spectrometric+and+modeling+study+of+isomeric+butene+flames.">Detailed mass spectrometric and modeling study of isomeric butene flames.</a> Combust. Flame. 160 (3), 487-503 (2013).</li><li>Li, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+benzene-formation+paths+in+a+fuel-rich+cyclohexane+flame.">Multiple benzene-formation paths in a fuel-rich cyclohexane flame.</a> Combust. Flame. 158 (11), 2077-2089 (2011).</li><li>Bierkandt, T., Hemberger, P., Osswald, P., Kohler, M., Kasper, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+in+m-xylene+decomposition+under+fuel-rich+conditions+by+imaging+photoelectron+photoion+coincidence+spectroscopy.">Insights in m-xylene decomposition under fuel-rich conditions by imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectroscopy.</a> P Combust Inst. 36 (1), 1223-1232 (2017).</li><li>Taatjes, C. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enols+Are+Common+Intermediates+in+Hydrocarbon+Oxidation.">Enols Are Common Intermediates in Hydrocarbon Oxidation.</a> Science. 308 (5730), 1887-1889 (2005).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+experimental+study+of+the+rich+premixed+ethylbenzene+flame+at+low+pressure.">An experimental study of the rich premixed ethylbenzene flame at low pressure.</a> P Combust Inst. 32 (1), 647-655 (2009).</li><li>Yuan, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comprehensive+experimental+and+kinetic+modeling+study+of+ethylbenzene+combustion.">A comprehensive experimental and kinetic modeling study of ethylbenzene combustion.</a> Combust. Flame. 166, 255-265 (2016).</li><li>Hansen, N., Skeen, S. A., Michelsen, H. A., Wilson, K. R., Kohse-Hoinghaus, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flame+experiments+at+the+advanced+light+source:+new+insights+into+soot+formation+processes.">Flame experiments at the advanced light source: new insights into soot formation processes.</a> J Vis Exp. (87), e51369 (2014).</li><li>Qi, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isomeric+identification+of+polycyclic+aromatic+hydrocarbons+formed+in+combustion+with+tunable+vacuum+ultraviolet+photoionization.">Isomeric identification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons formed in combustion with tunable vacuum ultraviolet photoionization.</a> Rev Sci Instum. 77 (8), 084101 (2006).</li><li>Hansen, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2D-imaging+of+sampling-probe+perturbations+in+laminar+premixed+flames+using+Kr+X-ray+fluorescence.">2D-imaging of sampling-probe perturbations in laminar premixed flames using Kr X-ray fluorescence.</a> Combust. Flame. 181, 214-224 (2017).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

動作条件の範囲の分子線質量分析検出システムにより定量的な種分化データと大気の高温流動炉の提示の組み合わせ。いくつか研究21,22,23,27実証実験条件関連する豊富なメタン部分酸化現象から始まっての柔軟性 (φ = 2.5)、調査する、現代のジェット燃料化合物の燃焼化学 farnesane が好きです。こ?...

モダンなのきっかけに燃焼プロセスを理解するには、再生可能な資源から低公害燃料は今日の社会生態学的な経済的な話題の挑戦です。彼らは化石燃料への依存度を削減し、CO2排出量をオフセットすすなどの有毒な前駆物質の1有害な汚染物質の排出量に肯定的な影響がある可能性があります。この急成長分野利用と組み合わせることでモダンな燃焼システムで、支配の化学および物理的なプロセスの基本的な理解の需要は劇的に増加2。今日でも、ラジカル連鎖反応から生じる複雑な化学反応のネットワークはまだ完全に理解しました。分析、さらに汚染物質の形成や (自動) 自着火燃焼過程のような現象を制御するには、化学反応ネットワークの詳細な知識は、3のパズルの重要な部分です。
調査し、それらの化学反応ネットワークを理解、実験的・数値的アプローチが必須です。実験的に、燃焼化学通常適用対象とする特定の質問の簡体字とうまく制御フロー環境実験によって検討しました。高い複雑さと個々 のサブプロセスのダイナミクス、基礎実験によって技術的な燃焼の条件の正確な複製を防ぐため、温度、圧力、熱など指定のキー機能の追跡を可能にしながらリリース、または化学種。早い段階で、さまざまな実験的アプローチの必要性が明らかになるそれぞれ特定の質問に取り組むと燃焼化学の世界全体の写真に寄与する情報のそれに続くセットを提供します。条件の完全な範囲をカバーし、様々 なアプローチの技術的なシステムで発生する複雑な条件を記述するそれらの後続情報セットを収集して開発に成功しました。十分に確立された技術があります。
<ul><li>ショック チューブ4,5,6と急速圧縮機7。これらのデバイスは、高制御圧力および温度の広い範囲を提供します。ただし、アクセスの反応時間と適切な分析手法は、制限されます。</li>
	<li>層流予混合火炎3,8,9,10、11単純な流れ場との組み合わせで高温を得るために最適です。反応領域の空間の次元は、圧力の増加と共に減少、予混合火炎が種分化用低圧条件下で通常について検討した.</li>
	<li>対向流拡散炎12,13,14,15乱流燃焼の火炎政権の調査に最適です。彼らは本当の乱流流れの不均一性によるひずみを模倣がスペシエーション分析技術の高度制限、再び。</li>
	<li>様々 な原子炉実験16,17,18 (静的、攪拌とプラグ流) 炎の環境と比較して、温度が通常より低い環境を高圧へのアクセスを提供します。一般的なアプローチは次のとおりです。<ul>
<li>静的原子炉パルス光分解実験などは広く使用されるが一般に長い滞留時間と低温によって制限されます。</li>
		<li>ジェット攪拌・脱珪、すなわちガス バージョン完全に攪拌反応器 (PSR) の気相の効率的な混合に依存して一定の滞留時間、温度、圧力、モデルに簡単に安定した状態で運転できます。しかし、分子は高温の表面に移行し、不均一反応を受ける時間にあります。</li>
		<li>フロー炉のアプローチを多数として知られている、プラグ流リアクトル (PFR) 円筒形状の連続、流れるシステムで化学反応を記述するための最も人気のある方法の 1 つ。理想的な Pfr の位置の機能としてプラグの固定の滞留時間と前提条件は定常状態での流れを差し込みます。</li>
	</ul>
</li>
</ul>燃焼実験動力学の分野でこれらの貴重な技術を補完するもの、高温層流炉実験19,20トレース用分子線質量 (MBMS) 技術を用いた種における詳細は、21,22本が提示されます。層流条件、大気圧およびアクセス可能な温度 1,800 K までの作業は、機密の MBMS テクニックは燃焼のほぼすべての化学種の検出ができますフロー炉の主な特徴プロセス。これはラジカルなどの反応性の高い種が含まれていますまたはその他の検出方法とほとんどトレーサブルです。MBMS 手法は広くアルコールまたはエーテル23,24,25など、従来および現代の代替燃料の火炎における反応ネットワークの詳細な調査のため使用されであることが実証現代のキネティック モデル開発のための大きな価値。
図 1サンプリング プローブ (A) の拡大フレーム高温流動炉の概略図、全体的な実験 (B) とプローブを強調表示 2 つの画像の設定 (C)。システムは、2 つのセグメントに分けることができる: 最初に、ガスの供給と気化器システム 2 番目と高温流動炉、MBMS 飛行時間検出システム。操作、フロー チューブの出口は MBMS 系サンプリング ノズルに直接設置します。ガスは原子炉出口から直接サンプリングし、高真空検出システムに転送します。ここでは、イオン化は、その後の飛行時間検出電子イオン化によって実行されます。
原子炉が (例えば、下呂、型 HTRH 40-1000) 高温のオーブンで配置 1,497 mm の内径 40 mm のセラミック (Al2O3) パイプです。合計加熱されたセクションは全長 1,000 mm です。ガスは強化フランジ (通常鍛えて ~ 80 ° C) によって予混合、反応器にあらかじめ気化を与え。非常に希釈 (ca. 99 vol %ar)、層流流れ反応混合物 (温度特性の詳細については後述します) 既知の温度プロファイルを通過。オーブンの温度の関数として炉出口ガス組成の検出の起こる。単調減少温度ランプ (-200 K/h) で異なる温度を測定する場合、同じ効果を得ることがあります 1,800 K、600 k. ノートの範囲でオーブンに適用しながら、一定の吸気質量流量で測定が実行されます。等温オーブンの温度と熱慣性が適切と見なされます。システムの熱安定化まだいくつかの時間がかかる、温度ランプが (非常に小さい) の小さい温度の増加のための時間とシリーズごとの総測定時間の平均の妥協点として選択されます。平均時間 (45 s)、MBMS 2.5 K に対応して結果の滞留時間は約 2 秒 (1,000 K) 条件を指定します。最後に、現在の原子炉実験のため、温度再現性により測定温度の ± 5 K の精度以上の相対を記述できます。
技術的なジェット燃料などのさらに複雑な炭化水素混合物を調査するために最適化された、気化システムの概略図を図 2に示します。すべての入力ストリームがコリオリ質量流量計高精度 (精度 ± 0.5%) で計量します。温商業気化器システムで燃料の気化を実現 200 ° C まで事前に気化した燃料とすべての供給ラインは同時に熱分解を回避しながら液体燃料の結露を防ぐために通常 150 ° C の温度で予熱します。完全な安定した気化が定期的にチェックし、もそれぞれの燃料の標準沸点以下の温度で発生する可能性があります。完全な蒸発は小さな燃料率および低圧によって保障された (通常 100 以下 Pa) 必要があります。
ガスは、図 1の拡大枠で詳しく見られる石英コーン周囲圧 (約 960 hPa) で原子炉出口の中心線でサンプリングされます。ノズル先端が 50 μ m 開口部、約 30 mm の反応ゾーンの終わりにセラミック チューブ内に配置されています。サンプリング位置が入口に関して固定されることに注意してください。オーブン管の熱膨張は機械的に反応のセグメントの温度独立した長さでサンプリング ・ システムに接続されていないコンセントでだけ起こる。すべての反応はすぐに分子ビームの形成による焼入れした高真空 (2 つの差動ポンプ段階; 10-2と 10-4 Pa)25,26に展開するガス。このサンプルは、電子衝撃 (EI) 飛行時間 (tof 型) 質量分析計のイオン源に導かれ (質量分解能 R = 3,000) C/H 内元素組成を決定する適切な精度で本種の正確な質量を決定することができます。/O システム。電子のエネルギーは、イオン化プロセスによる断片化を最小限に抑えるために低値 (通常 9.5 10.5 eV) に設定されます。希釈剤およびリファレンス種アルゴンは依然として電離電子 (1.4 eV 半値幅) の広いエネルギー分布による検出に注意してください。プロファイルは現在大幅な低濃度で Ar 測定が可能で良い S/N と低電子エネルギーが主要種 (H2O、CO2CO、H2O2、および燃料) の十分な決意を許可しません.
TOF による検出、に加えて、残留ガス分析器 (RGA)、すなわち四重極の質量分析計は MBMS TOF 測定値と同時に高い電子エネルギー (70 eV) と上記 6 種を監視する電離箱に置かれます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Time-Of-Flight MBMS</td><td>Kaesdorf</td><td>n.a.</td><td>custom design</td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Beam Samling Interface</td><td>self made</td><td>n.a.</td><td>custom design</td></tr><tr><td>Laminar Flow Reactor</td><td>Gero</td><td>Type HTRH 40-1000</td><td>custom design</td></tr><tr><td>Quadrupole MS</td><td>Hiden</td><td>HAL/3F 301</td><td>adapted to ionization chamber</td></tr><tr><td>Vaporizer</td><td>Bronkhorst</td><td>CEM</td><td>Vaporizer</td></tr><tr><td>Mass Flow Meter</td><td>Bronkhorst</td><td>Mini Cori-Flow M12, M13, M14</td><td>Flow Controller</td></tr><tr><td>Jet A-1</td><td>n.a.</td><td>n.a.</td><td>Standard Jet fuel of interest</td></tr><tr><td>Metal syringe</td><td>Hugo Sachs</td><td>70-2252</td><td>Fuel Supply</td></tr><tr><td>Heating Hoses</td><td>Hillesheim</td><td>HMI series</td><td>Gas Preheating</td></tr><tr><td>Gas</td><td>Linde</td><td>Ar, O2</td><td>Diluent, Oxidizer</td></tr></tbody></table>

combustion chemistry of fuels: quantitative speciation data obtained from an atmospheric high-temperature flow reactor with coupled molecular-beam mass spectrometer

本稿では、強力な分子ビーム質量分析 (MBMS) 技術と結合した高温流動炉実験について説明します。この柔軟なツールでは、制御された条件下での反応流れの化学気相反応の詳細な観察を提供しています。層流炉で使用できる動作条件の広大な範囲は、火炎実験によって達成は通常異常な燃焼アプリケーションにアクセスできます。低温酸化政権または複雑な技術的な燃料の調査を支配する過酸化物化学ガス化プロセスの高温関連する豊富な条件が含まれます。提示のセットアップには、燃焼、ガス化、熱分解プロセスの反応化学の体系的に一般的な理解を可能にしながら反応モデルの検証のための定量的形態データの測定が可能します。反応モデルの検証は通常純粋な化合物の燃焼プロセスを調べることで行われます。フロー反応器は、すす前駆物質または汚染物質のような発生する燃焼中間体の現象学的分析のために技術的な燃料 (例えばジェット A-1 のような多成分混合物) に合うように強化されています。実験的なデザインによって提供される制御と匹敵する境界条件汚染物質形成傾向の予測を可能にします。冷たい反応は予 (Ar で約 99 vol %) の高い希薄化後自立燃焼反応を抑制するためにリアクターに供給されています。層流流れ反応混合物は、ガス組成は炉排気でオーブンの温度の関数として決定される既知の温度フィールドを通過します。フロー反応器が最大 1,800 k. の温度と大気圧で運営してください。測定自体は単調-200 K/h の速度で温度を減少させることによって実行されます。機密の MBMS 技術詳細スペシエーション データの集録し、ラジカル種を含む反応プロセスのほぼすべての化学種を数値化します。

採取ガス組成の典型的な質量スペクトルを図 3に示します。M/z まで種約 3,000 の質量分解能の指定されたセットアップを = 260 C/H/O システム内で検出できる場合。質量校正手順の後ピークは解決の下で信号を評価するためのデコンボリューション アルゴリズムと各電荷質量 (m/z) 比に統合されます。背景と断片化の修正後知られている concertation (通...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectr

Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

燃料の燃焼化学: と大気の高温流動反応器から得られる定量的な種分化データ結合分子線質量分析計

新規バイオ燃料、燃料コンポーネント、またはデータが送信される定量的な種分化の比較によるジェット燃料の酸化燃焼化学の調査。データは速度論的モデルの検証に使用できる、燃料評価戦略を可能します。この原稿は大気の高温流動反応器をについて説明し、その機能を示します。

This manuscript describes a high-temperature flow reactor experiment coupled to the powerful molecular beam mass spectrometry (MBMS) technique. This ...

combustion-chemistry-fuels-quantitative-speciation-data-obtained-from

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

10.0K ビュー.  German Aerospace Center (DLR). 新規バイオ燃料、燃料コンポーネント、またはデータが送信される定量的な種分化の比較によるジェット燃料の酸化燃焼化学の調査。データは速度論的モデルの検証に使用できる、燃料評価戦略を可能します。この原稿は大気の高温流動反応器をについて説明し、その機能を示します。

ビデオ: Combustion Chemistry of Fuels: Quantitative Speciation Data Obtained from an Atmospheric High-temperature Flow Reactor with Coupled Molecular-beam Mass Spectrometer

Flame Experiments at the Advanced Light Source: New Insights into Soot Formation Processes

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics Beamline of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory1-4. This video demonstrates how the complex chemical structures of laboratory-based model flames are analyzed using flame-sampling mass spectrometry with tunable synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. This experimental approach combines isomer-resolving capabilities with high sensitivity and a large dynamic range5,6. The first part of the video describes experiments involving burner-stabilized, reduced-pressure (20-80 mbar) laminar premixed flames. A small hydrocarbon fuel was used for the selected flame to demonstrate the general experimental approach. It is shown how species&#8217; profiles are acquired as a function of distance from the burner surface and how the tunability of the VUV photon energy is used advantageously to identify many combustion intermediates based on their ionization energies. For example, this technique has been used to study gas-phase aspects of the soot-formation processes, and the video shows how the resonance-stabilized radicals, such as C3H3, C3H5, and i-C4H5, are identified as important intermediates7. The work has been focused on soot formation processes, and, from the chemical point of view, this process is very intriguing because chemical structures containing millions of carbon atoms are assembled from a fuel molecule possessing only a few carbon atoms in just milliseconds. The second part of the video highlights a new experiment, in which an opposed-flow diffusion flame and synchrotron-based aerosol mass spectrometry are used to study the chemical composition of the combustion-generated soot particles4. The experimental results indicate that the widely accepted H-abstraction-C2H2-addition (HACA) mechanism is not the sole molecular growth process responsible for the formation of the observed large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Gas sampling from laboratory-scale flames with online analysis of all species by mass spectrometry is a powerful method to investigate the complex mixture of chemical compounds occurring during combustion processes. Coupled with tunable soft ionization via synchrotron-generated vacuum-ultraviolet radiation, this technique provides isomer-resolved information and potentially fragment-free mass spectra.

先進ライトソースで難実験：すす生成プロセスに新たな洞察

The following experimental protocols and the accompanying video are concerned with the flame experiments that are performed at the Chemical Dynamics ...

工学

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the balls. Among other applications, it is a versatile technique that allows for effective preparation of gasless reactive nanostructured materials with high energy density per volume (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C). The structural transformations of reactive media, which take place during HEBM, define the reaction mechanism in the produced energetic&#160;composites. Varying the processing conditions permits fine tuning of the milling-induced microstructures of the fabricated composite particles. In turn, the reactivity, i.e., self-ignition temperature, ignition delay time, as well as reaction kinetics, of high energy density materials depends on its microstructure. Analysis of the milling-induced microstructures suggests that the formation of fresh oxygen-free intimate high surface area contacts between the reagents is responsible for the enhancement of their reactivity. This manifests itself in a reduction of ignition temperature and delay time, an increased rate of chemical reaction, and an overall decrease of the effective activation energy of the reaction. The protocol provides a detailed description for the preparation of reactive nanocomposites with tailored microstructure using short-term HEBM method. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging technique to determine the ignition/combustion characteristics of the energetic materials. The protocol can be adapted to preparation and characterization of a variety of nanostructured energetic composites.

This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.

Gaslessナノエネルギー物質の調製と反応性

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

Production and Measurement of Organic Particulate Matter in a Flow Tube Reactor

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the production of synthetic PM for laboratory studies have become a widespread necessity. Herein, experimental protocols demonstrate approaches to produce aerosolized organic PM by &#945;-pinene ozonolysis in a flow tube reactor. Methods are described for measuring the size distributions and morphology of the aerosol particles. The video demonstrates basic operations of the flow tube reactor and related instrumentation. The first part of the video shows the procedure for preparing gas-phase reactants, ozonolysis, and production of organic PM. The second part of the video shows the procedures for determining the properties of the produced particle population. The particle number-diameter distributions show different stages of particle growth, namely condensation, coagulation, or a combination of both, depending on reaction conditions. The particle morphology is characterized by an aerosol particle mass analyzer (APM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results confirm the existence of non-spherical particles that have grown from coagulation for specific reaction conditions. The experimental results also indicate that the flow tube reactor can be used to study the physical and chemical properties of organic PM for relatively high concentrations and short time frames.

This paper describes the operation procedure for the flow tube reactor and related data collection. It shows the protocols for setting the experiments, recording data and generating the number-diameter distribution as well as the particle mass information, which gives useful information about chemical and physical properties of the organic aerosols.

生産と流管炉の粒子状有機物の測定

Organic particulate matter (PM) is increasingly recognized as important to the Earth's climate system as well as public health in urban regions, and the ...

環境学

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several technological changes to fulfill environmental and economic requirements. These developments have resulted in increasingly severe operating conditions whose suitability for conventional and alternative fuels needs to be addressed. For example, fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) introduced as biodiesel are more prone to oxidation and may lead to deposit formation. Although several methods exist to evaluate fuel stability (induction period, peroxides, acids, and insolubles), no technique allows one to monitor the real-time oxidation mechanism and to measure the formation of oxidation intermediates that may lead to deposit formation. In this article, we developed an advanced oxidation procedure (AOP) based on two existing reactors. This procedure allows the simulation of different oxidation conditions and the monitoring of the oxidation progress by the means of macroscopic parameters, such as total acid number (TAN) and advanced analytical methods like gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared - Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR-ATR). We successfully applied AOP to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics of a model molecule (methyl oleate) and commercial diesel and biodiesel fuels. These developments represent a key strategy for fuel quality monitoring during logistics and on-board utilization.

Oxidation stability of transport fuels has become a concern for future fuel development. This work presents an original methodology developed by IFP Energies Nouvelles for assessing fuel stability using two different reactors. This methodology was successfully applied to gain an in-depth understanding of the oxidation kinetics and pathways of model molecules and commercial fuels.

交通燃料の安定性を評価するためのオリジナル実験的アプローチ

The study of fuel oxidation stability is an important issue for the development of future fuels. Diesel and kerosene fuel systems have undergone several ...

化学

Experimental Methodology for Estimation of Local Heat Fluxes and Burning Rates in Steady Laminar Boundary Layer Diffusion Flames

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex interactions occurring at the interface between gas-phase flames and condensed-phase fuels. The current research provides a technique to explore the dynamic relationship between a combustible condensed fuel surface and gas-phase flames in laminar boundary layers. Experiments have previously been conducted in both forced and free convective environments over both solid and liquid fuels. A unique methodology, based on the Reynolds Analogy, was used to estimate local mass burning rates and flame heat fluxes for these laminar boundary layer diffusion flames utilizing local temperature gradients at the fuel surface. Local mass burning rates and convective and radiative heat feedback from the flames were measured in both the pyrolysis and plume regions by using temperature gradients mapped near the wall by a two-axis traverse system. These experiments are time-consuming and can be challenging to design as the condensed fuel surface burns steadily for only a limited period of time following ignition. The temperature profiles near the fuel surface need to be mapped during steady burning of a condensed fuel surface at a very high spatial resolution in order to capture reasonable estimates of local temperature gradients. Careful corrections for radiative heat losses from the thermocouples are also essential for accurate measurements. For these reasons, the whole experimental setup needs to be automated with a computer-controlled traverse mechanism, eliminating most errors due to positioning of a micro-thermocouple. An outline of steps to reproducibly capture near-wall temperature gradients and use them to assess local burning rates and heat fluxes is provided.

We describe the use of micro-thermocouples to estimate local temperature gradients in steady laminar boundary layer diffusion flames. By extension of the Reynolds Analogy, local temperature gradients can be further used to estimate the local mass burning rates and heat fluxes in such flames with high accuracy.

定常流境界層の拡散火炎における局所熱フラックスとバーニング料金の推定のための実験的方法論

Modeling the realistic burning behavior of condensed-phase fuels has remained out of reach, in part because of an inability to resolve the complex ...

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose of efficiently driving non-equilibrium chemistry is discussed. The advantage of a flowing plasma reactor is that continuous chemical processes can be driven with the flexibility of startup times in the seconds timescale. The plasma approach is generically suitable for conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. Here the reduction of CO2 to CO is used as a model system: the complementary diagnostics illustrate how a baseline thermodynamic equilibrium conversion can be exceeded by the intrinsic non-equilibrium from high vibrational excitation. Laser (Rayleigh) scattering is used to measure the reactor temperature and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to characterize in situ internal (vibrational) excitation as well as the effluent composition to monitor conversion and selectivity.

This article describes a flowing microwave reactor that is used to drive efficient non-equilibrium chemistry for the application of conversion/activation of stable molecules such as CO2, N2 and CH4. The goal of the procedure described here is to measure the in situ gas temperature and gas conversion.

効率的な高温化学反応のための非平衡マイクロ波プラズマ

A flowing microwave plasma based methodology for converting electric energy into internal and/or translational modes of stable molecules with the purpose ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

マイクロ管状火炎補助燃料電池用燃焼特性とモデル燃料開発

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated species. The synthesis approach inhibits the topochemical effect promoting rapid hydration when exposed to the relative humidity of ambient air. This stable, amorphous, nano-particle material was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and showed an exothermic energy release at low temperature (i.e., 180 &#176;C) for the transformation of I4O9 into I2O5. This additional exothermic energy release contributes to an increase in overall reactivity of I4O9 when dry mixed with nano-aluminum (Al) powder, resulting in a minimum of 150% increase in flame speed compared to Al + I2O5. This study shows that as an oxidizer, I4O9 has more reactive potential than other forms of iodine(V) oxide when combined with Al, especially if I4O9 can be passivated to inhibit absorption of water from its surrounding environment.

Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures

A protocol for measuring flame speeds of a reactive mixture composed of tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) and aluminum (Al) is presented. A method for resolving reaction kinetics using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) is also presented. It was found that I4O9 is 150% more reactive than other iodine(V) oxides.

反応速度と私の燃焼ダイナミクス<sub&gt; 4</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 9</sub&gt;とアルミニウムの混合物

Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated ...

Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure

A technique to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine using a novel fuel grain structure is presented. This technique utilizes the different regression rates of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and paraffin-based fuels, which increase the exchanges of both matter and energy by swirl flow and recirculation zones formed at the grooves between the adjacent vanes. The centrifugal casting technique is used to cast the paraffin-based fuel into an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene substrate made by three-dimensional printing. Using oxygen as the oxidizer, a series of tests were conducted to investigate the combustion performance of the novel fuel grain. In comparison to paraffin-based fuel grains, the fuel grain with a nested helical structure, which can be maintained throughout the combustion process, showed significant improvement in the regression rate and great potential in improvement of combustion efficiency.

A technique utilizing a solid fuel grain with a novel nested helical structure to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine is presented.

ネストされたらせん構造を持つ新規燃料粒子を用いたハイブリッドロケットエンジンの燃焼性能の向上

A technique to improve the combustion performance of a hybrid rocket engine using a novel fuel grain structure is presented. This technique utilizes the ...

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen flame. However, the challenge lay in finding the most effective way to introduce the sample into the flame. It wasn&#39;t until 1929, when Lundegardh introduced a nebulizer, that a significant breakthrough was made, allowing a reproducible introduction of the sample into the flame.
In flame emission spectrometry, the nebulizer converts a liquid sample into a fine mist or aerosol. This is achieved by passing a high-pressure gas stream over the end of a capillary tube containing the sample and aspirating it into a spray chamber. The aerosol produced is then passed to the burner, where flame heat desolvates it, forming dry particles that volatilize and produce free atoms for analysis.
Early instruments utilized quartz prism spectrographs and photographic recording to disperse and capture atomic emission lines. However, advancements in optical filters and electrical photodetectors replaced these components, improving precision and convenience.
Flame photometry involves introducing the sample solution into a nebulizer, which converts it into a fine mist or aerosol. The atomized sample then enters the flame, along with air or oxygen and a fuel gas such as propane or acetylene. The flame provides the thermal excitation necessary to energize the atoms in the sample. As these excited atoms relax, their emitted radiation is detected by a photocell or photomultiplier.
Flame photometry is particularly effective in measuring sodium, potassium, lithium, and calcium elements. The flame used in flame photometry is typically a propane-air flame with a temperature range of 1900-2000 &#176;C, although alternative flames like butane-air or natural gas-air can also be used. Flame photometry has some limitations that can be overcome by using higher temperatures and more reducing flames, such as air-acetylene, along with higher-resolution spectrometric detection. However, these approaches are not cost-competitive compared to the more broadly applicable flame atomic absorption spectrometry or AAS technique.

Flame Photometry:概要

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a ...