博士寺尾は、教育省、文化、スポーツ、科学と技術の日本 [16 K 09709, 16 H 01497] 科学研究研究プロジェクトの補助金によって支えられました。優は日本の技術 [No.25293206, 号 22390181、15 H 05881、16 H 05322]; 科学省から科学研究研究プロジェクトの補助金によって支えられました。最高 rTMS 治療のパーキンソンの病気から、厚生省と日本福祉研究委員会からの助成金で厚生省のジストニアと日本の福祉研究委員会によって。

本研究の実験手続きをすべて承認、インフォームド コンセントの取得後に機関の人間研究倫理委員会のガイドラインによると実施します。
1. 件名および記録のための部屋を準備します。
<ol><li>低周囲の照明、光の十分な適応を許可する部屋の記録を実行します。</li>
	<li>注視点となるピンホールに埋め込まれた光発光ダイオード (Led) と眼球運動のパラダイムに使用するサッカード ターゲットを含む直径科目ドーム状ブラック、凹面の前に座って画面測定 90 cm があります。 注: Led は黒、凹面ドーム状スクリーンで、すなわち、もともと加藤によって考案されたセンターから 5 度の間隔で、センターから 45 度で区切って 8 方向に水平・垂直・斜め配列で並べら。行動生理学的研究のための20彦坂らによって人間の使用に変更します。21
</li>
	<li>眼球運動タスクを制御するには、サブジェクトを開始し、ボタンを押し作業試験を終了することができます、マイコンに接続されているマイクロ スイッチのボタンを押したまま各科目を作る。 注: タスクとデータ集録は、典型的な Windows PC 上で動作するカスタムメイド プログラムによって制御されます。</li>
	<li>あごとおでこにかかっている、およびヘッド バンドによって被写体の頭の位置を安定させます。</li>
</ol>2. 場所 EOG 用電極
<ol><li>銀-塩化銀カップ電極を使用して、直径 1.8 cm、厚さ 3.5 mm のある眼電図 (図 1) を記録するため。カップの底銀-塩化銀電極と外側の壁は皮膚に広い接触を有効にする 5 mm 厚のプラスチック製フリンジに囲まれています。</li>
	<li>アルコール綿で皮膚を拭きます。</li>
	<li>電極ペーストをカップを埋めます。</li>
	<li>安定してプラスチックの下に両面粘着テープを置くことによって皮膚に電極を固定し、フリンジを皮膚に添付します。</li>
	<li>眼球運動による水平方向のサッケードを記録するためには、目の二国間の canthi で電極を配置に対し垂直方向のサッケードを記録するための上と下の 1 つ目の電極を配置。</li>
</ol>3. 録画用にアンプを設定します。
<ol><li>直流 (DC) を使用して、-500 Hz でデジタル化された信号で、眼球運動を記録するためのアンプです。</li>
	<li>ビデオ式眼 500 1,000 Hz のサンプリング レートで、眼球固定位置データを記録するシステムを追跡を使用して同時に、VOG を記録します。</li>
	<li>水平・垂直眼球位置のアナログ出力をフィードし、20 hz 信号の低域通過フィルターとデータ集録システムのフィルターを設定します。</li>
	<li>また、筋電図、脳波などの高い中間周波数ノイズを減衰させるフィルターを設定します。 注: 解析、さらにスムージング処理は眼球位置データから眼球速度分布を計算するために必要な (ここでは、3 ポイントの平滑化を行った 3 回)。</li>
	<li>電極と皮膚の間のインピー ダンスを測定できれば、20 kΩ 下記保管してください。</li>
</ol>4. 光適応のため電極を配置した後の期間を待っています。
<ol><li>光の十分な適応が行われるまで、皮膚に EOG 電極を配置した後、10-20 分を待ちます。</li>
	<li>安定させるために記録と減少する電極ゲル間のインピー ダンスを許可します。</li>
</ol>5. EOG と VOG 信号を調整します。
<ol><li>5 事前に指定された場所を見て課題を持っていることによって各テスト セッションの前に目の動きの校正を実行します。</li>
	<li>具体的には、中央、上、左、右、20 度を表示および下方注視点、EOG と VOG の両方の視標を表示科目を作る。</li>
	<li>コンピューター画面に表示される現在の目の位置を監視するためのカスタム データ集録システムを使用して、画面に表示されるターゲットの位置を一致するようにこれらのスポットでじっと見つめる対象としての EOG のゲインを調整します。</li>
</ol>6. サッケード眼球運動のパラダイムを使用してを記録し、セッション中に必要に応じて、目の位置を再調整
<ol><li>眼球運動のパラダイムについて被験者に指示します。 注: 2 つの眼球運動タスクは通常視覚誘導眼球運動 (VGS) 臨床研究使用と (タスクとして) antisaccade。簡単に、vgs、被験者がボタンを押すときも、ドームの中央に中央のスポットが点灯しているし、まずこの場所に固執する必要がある対象。1.5-2 秒後、ターゲットはランダムに場所に 5、10、20、または 30 度水平方向を左または右、それ同時として提示中央固定のスポットが消滅しました。被験者は、その目標に向かってサッカードを作るよう指示されます。としてタスクの最初のボタンを押して、科目を作ると同じように中央の注視点に固執します。1.5-2 秒後に、ターゲットは、上記のようなそれの右または左にジャンプします。被験者は、中央固定スポット ミラー対称位置に向かってサッカードを作成する必要があります。</li>
	<li>科目試験を開始」とボタンがあります。</li>
	<li>セッション中にモニターに表示される現在の目の位置が常に同じの画面に同時に表示されるターゲットの位置に揃うようにタスク パフォーマンスの間に EOG のゲインを調整します。両方の眼球運動と VOG、調整実験期間中必要なときの再キャリブレーションを実行します。</li>
	<li>2 つの手法の性能を比較するには、特注プログラムによる直流増幅器と VOG からフィルター処理およびデジタル化された EOG の信号を分析し、同じトレースの眼球電図と VOG 信号を一緒に表示します。</li>
</ol>

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著者がこの研究に関して開示する何もありません。

この頃、サッケードを記録するため現行の法、VOG となっているが本研究の結果、EOG VOG (図 2) が正しく実装されている場合にほぼ匹敵する精度を達成することができます。EOG 法は、水平方向のサッケードを録音するとき、VOG と良い相関を達成するために示されている正常に同じグループ12,13,14,</s...

眼球運動、従来 EOG ビデオベースの目追跡システム、および、強膜サーチコイル (SSC) 法によって記録された VOG を記録する 3 つの主要な方法があります。その中で、そのシンプルさのため、1970 年代から患者の眼球運動を記録するため EOG によく使用されています。臨床人口に広く適用できる、このメソッド神経患者の診断に広く用いられている、障害1、2の基礎となる病態に関する有用な情報を提供して 3,4,5。さらに、それはまだ動けなかった (レム睡眠と眼球運動の他の形態の間に急速な目動き) の睡眠中の眼球運動を記録するために使用できる唯一のテクニックです。
眼球の後面を基準にして角膜を含むその前方の面で正荷電、ので角膜網膜電位と呼ばれる目の前部と後部の側面間の電圧差があります。この潜在的な存在のため右の電極が被験者が右に向かって視線を変わったら左より肯定的になるし、彼らは左に視線を向けるときにマイナスになります。左と右の電極間の電圧差は、水平方向のサッケードの眼球の回転角度と大幅相関、ので、水平方向の眼球運動を測定する使用できます。しかし、まだ垂直眼球運動は以下の6の目の動きを測定する使用できますがこの相関関係は、鉛直方向は保持しません。その一方で、いくつかの研究は、主に点滅を監視するため垂直眼球運動を使用します。
しかし、最近、VOG は 0.25 ・ 0.5 度まで達してその高い空間精度による眼球運動の場所を撮影が主、サッカード臨床設定の記録のための標準的な方法となっています。一方、EOG は空間の正確さ、せいぜい 0.5 度は VOG のそれに劣るので幾分旧式に、考慮するのに来ています。
ただし、臨床設定で使用される場合、VOG も自身の欠点をあります。VOG が実現可能なのではない場合があります。たとえば、視線は角膜の大きい領域がまぶたに遮蔽されたときなど裂狭目で科目で不正確になります。患者は白内障のレンズ、赤外光の異常な反射は視線方向の信頼性の高い記録を妨げます。さらに、EOG は誰のためいくつかの人々 のための運動障害は、VOG 記録の困難の利点を提供できます。さらに、VOG システムは、しばしば前者が普通の医療施設における使用できなくなります EOG のセットアップと比較してより高価です。
その一方で、SSC メソッドは眼球運動を測定するためのゴールド スタンダードとしてみなされます。VOG と眼電図と比べると、このメソッドは 0.1 度に最高の精度を提供します、記録を含む頭部運動に高周波6とき便利です。ただし、このメソッドは、可能性のある外来すなわち、痛みを伴うと、目に非常に刺激でき、約 30 分、8、7,短い9,10 の下で、短い期間だけのための記録.この短い期間によりそれメソッドの広範な臨床応用には不向きが、それはいくつかの専門にされた設備11で正常に使用されています。
同じグループ12,13,14,15,16,17、250 以上の神経学的な患者と 480 の健常人の記録以前の研究に基づく 18,19, 本研究を示しています、眼球運動、眼球運動記録の標準的な技術として十分な精度と VOG のさまざまな欠点を回避しながら、臨床の人口に広く適用できます。SSC。本稿では、記録方式、皮膚、コロジオン ・長い期間を記録するために頭皮に安全に接続されている脳波電極のようなワイドで安定した接触を許可するように広い縞電極を用いた安定した EOG について説明します。電極のインピー ダンスがダウンし、記録となるとともに、安定したそれにより効果的に顔の筋肉や脳波からの成果物を減らします。このメソッドは、同時に記録された VOG と比較されます。適切に準備し、実装、EOG は神経患者の記録のサッケードの精度の面で VOG と同じくらい良いと EOG はサッカード健常者で記録するのに向いているかもしれません。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Electrode</td><td>Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td><td>NS111-115</td><td>cup electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode paste</td><td>Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td><td>Gelaid Z-101BA</td><td>gel electrode paste to fill in the cup electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Adhesive tape&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td><td>H261</td><td>double-stick tape for fixating the electrode</td></tr><tr><td>DC-amplifier</td><td>Nihon-Kohden (Tokyo, Japan)</td><td>AN-601G</td><td>amplifier for EOG</td></tr><tr><td>video-based eye tracking system</td><td>SR research (Mississauga, Ontario, Canada)</td><td>Eyelink II</td><td>eye tracking system for recording VOG</td></tr><tr><td>Filter</td><td>NF corporation</td><td>MS-521</td><td>filter for the EOG signal</td></tr></tbody></table>

recording horizontal saccade performances accurately in neurological patients using electro-oculogram

眼電図 (EOG) は、ビデオ病症 (VOG) 主が起こった、それにともなって、その高い精度が臨床的眼球運動記録、特に水平方向のサッケードのため広く使用されています。しかし、EOG が VOG、狭い目裂や白内障のレンズを有する科目などの明確な利点を持っている場合があり、運動障害の患者。現在の説明は、正しく実装されている場合 EOG を達成できることと同じくらいよく VOG 実質的な安定性、記録のため精度 VOG 記録に関連する問題を回避します。本稿では、神経学的患者の眼球電図による安定性と高精度眼球運動のパラダイムを使用して水平方向のサッケードを記録するための実用的な方法について説明します。必要な措置は、ノイズを減少させることができる広いプラスチック フリンジ付き銀-塩化銀電極を使用して発生する十分な光適応を待ちます。この待機期間はまた電極と皮膚の間のインピー ダンスを下げるに役立ちますは、時間が経つにつれ記録安定した信号を確保します。さらに、タスク パフォーマンスの間に必要に応じて再キャリブレーションを実行します。このメソッドを使用すると、実験者は信号、ドリフトだけでなく、成果物または脳波、筋電図からのノイズの混入を避けることができるし、サッケードの臨床評価のための十分なデータを収集できます。したがって実装されると、EOG 法、神経学的な患者に広く適用できる実用性の高することができますが健常者の研究のためにも効果的な場合があります。

図 2は、正常者の眼球電図と VOG の代表的な同時記録を示します。VGS の 8 試験は EOG (灰色の曲線) と VOG (赤い曲線の重ね合わせ図 2A). 本法による校正、EOG と VOG データは 5-30 度の範囲で線形に知られて、データの空間精度は 0.5 度。
大きく 2 つの方法で取得されたレ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram at JoVE.com

Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram

眼電図を用いた神経患者の水平眼球運動性能を正確に記録

記事では、広いプラスチック フリンジ付きカップ銀-塩化銀電極を使用して、神経の患者で眼電図による高精度な水平方向の眼球運動を記録するための実用的な方法について説明します。安定した計測には、適切な選択と発生する光への適応と再校正の必要に応じて十分な時間を割いて、電極の固定が必要です。

Electro-oculogram (EOG) has been widely used for clinical eye movement recording, especially horizontal saccades, although the video-oculography (VOG) has ...

recording-horizontal-saccade-performances-accurately-neurological

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

10.6K ビュー.  Kyorin University. 記事では、広いプラスチック フリンジ付きカップ銀-塩化銀電極を使用して、神経の患者で眼電図による高精度な水平方向の眼球運動を記録するための実用的な方法について説明します。安定した計測には、適切な選択と発生する光への適応と再校正の必要に応じて十分な時間を割いて、電極の固定が必要です。

ビデオ: Recording Horizontal Saccade Performances Accurately in Neurological Patients Using Electro-oculogram

VisualEyes: A Modular Software System for Oculomotor Experimentation

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and dysfunctional brain.1 However, development of a platform to stimulate and store eye movements can require substantial programming, time and costs. Many systems do not offer the flexibility to program numerous stimuli for a variety of experimental needs. However, the VisualEyes System has a flexible architecture, allowing the operator to choose any background and foreground stimulus, program one or two screens for tandem or opposing eye movements and stimulate the left and right eye independently. This system can significantly reduce the programming development time needed to conduct an oculomotor study. The VisualEyes System will be discussed in three parts: 1) the oculomotor recording device to acquire eye movement responses, 2) the VisualEyes software written in LabView, to generate an array of stimuli and store responses as text files and 3) offline data analysis. Eye movements can be recorded by several types of instrumentation such as: a limbus tracking system, a sclera search coil, or a video image system. Typical eye movement stimuli such as saccadic steps, vergent ramps and vergent steps with the corresponding responses will be shown. In this video report, we demonstrate the flexibility of a system to create numerous visual stimuli and record eye movements that can be utilized by basic scientists and clinicians to study healthy as well as clinical populations.

Neural control and cognitive processes can be studied through eye movements. The VisualEyes software allows an operator to program stimuli on two computer screens independently using a simple, custom scripting language. The system can stimulate tandem eye movements (saccades and smooth pursuit) or opposing eye movements (vergence) or any combination.

VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

Eye movement studies have provided a strong foundation forming an understanding of how the brain acquires visual information in both the normal and ...

神経科学

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral motor impairments that are frequently dominated in the upper limb. In addition to a reduced movement capacity of the affected upper limb, several children with unilateral CP show a reduced awareness of the remaining movement capacity of that limb. This phenomenon of disregarding the preserved capacity of the affected upper limb is regularly referred to as Developmental Disregard (DD). Different theories have been postulated to explain DD, each suggesting slightly different guidelines for therapy. Still, cognitive processes that might additionally contribute to DD in children with unilateral CP have never been directly studied. The current protocol was developed to study cognitive aspects involved in upper limb control in children with unilateral CP with and without DD. This was done by recording event-related potentials (ERPs) extracted from the ongoing EEG during target-response tasks asking for a hand-movement response. ERPs consist of several components, each of them associated with a well-defined cognitive process (e.g., the N1 with early attention processes, the N2 with cognitive control and the P3 with cognitive load and mental effort). Due to its excellent temporal resolution, the ERP technique enables to study several covert cognitive processes preceding overt motor responses and thus allows insight into the cognitive processes that might contribute to the phenomenon of DD. Using this protocol adds a new level of explanation to existing behavioral studies and opens new avenues to the broader implementation of research on cognitive aspects of developmental movement restrictions in children.

Several children with unilateral Cerebral Palsy seem to disregard the preserved capacity of their affected upper limb. This Developmental Disregard is extensively described in the literature but the involved cognitive processes have not been studied. To study underlying cognitive factors of upper limb control, an event-related potential protocol was developed.

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

行動学

Eye-Tracking Control to Assess Cognitive Functions in Patients with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to progressive loss of motor and speech abilities. In addition, cognitive functions are impaired in a subset of patients. To evaluate these potential deficits in severely physically impaired ALS patients, eye-tracking is a promising means to conduct cognitive tests. The present article focuses on how eye movements, an indirect means of communication for physically disabled patients, can be utilized to allow for detailed neuropsychological assessment. The requirements, in terms of oculomotor parameters that have to be met for sufficient eye-tracking in ALS patients are presented. The properties of stimuli, including type of neuropsychological tests and style of presentation, best suited to successfully assess cognitive functioning, are also described. Furthermore, recommendations regarding procedural requirements are provided. Overall, this methodology provides a reliable, easy to administer and fast approach for assessing cognitive deficits in patients who are unable to speak or write such as patients with severe ALS. The only confounding factor might be deficits in voluntary eye movement control in a subset of ALS patients.

Cognitive deficits are common in about one third of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a neurological condition leading to progressive impairments in speech and movement abilities. To conduct cognitive tests in patients unable to speak or write a reliable and easy to administer eye-tracking paradigm was developed.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症の患者で認知機能を評価するために、アイトラッキング制御

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological involvement of upper and lower motoneurons, subsequently leading to ...

Video-oculography in Mice

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the mouse, have a limited capacity to lock their eyes onto a target. In contrast to these target directed eye movements, compensatory ocular eye movements are easily elicited in afoveate animals1,2,3,4. Compensatory ocular movements are generated by processing vestibular and optokinetic information into a command signal that will drive the eye muscles. The processing of the vestibular and optokinetic information can be investigated separately and together, allowing the specification of a deficit in the oculomotor system. The oculomotor system can be tested by evoking an optokinetic reflex (OKR), vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or a visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). The OKR is a reflex movement that compensates for "full-field" image movements on the retina, whereas the VOR is a reflex eye movement that compensates head movements. The VVOR is a reflex eye movement that uses both vestibular as well as optokinetic information to make the appropriate compensation. The cerebellum monitors and is able to adjust these compensatory eye movements. Therefore, oculography is a very powerful tool to investigate brain-behavior relationship under normal as well as under pathological conditions (f.e. of vestibular, ocular and/or cerebellar origin).
Testing the oculomotor system, as a behavioral paradigm, is interesting for several reasons. First, the oculomotor system is a well understood neural system5. Second, the oculomotor system is relative simple6; the amount of possible eye movement is limited by its ball-in-socket architecture ("single joint") and the three pairs of extra-ocular muscles7. Third, the behavioral output and sensory input can easily be measured, which makes this a highly accessible system for quantitative analysis8. Many behavioral tests lack this high level of quantitative power. And finally, both performance as well as plasticity of the oculomotor system can be tested, allowing research on learning and memory processes9.
Genetically modified mice are nowadays widely available and they form an important source for the exploration of brain functions at various levels10. In addition, they can be used as models to mimic human diseases. Applying oculography on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice8.

Video-oculography is a very quantitative method to investigate ocular motor performance as well as motor learning. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice. Applying this technique on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors.

マウスのビデオ眼球運動記録法

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the ...

Efficiently Recording the Eye-Hand Coordination to Incoordination Spectrum

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain injury. Quantitative recordings have a strong capacity to screen diagnostically. Concurrent examinations of the eye and upper limb movements directed toward shared functional goals (e.g., eye-hand coordination) serve as an additional robust biomarker-laden path to capture and interrogate neural injury, including acquired brain injury (ABI). While quantitative dual-effector recordings in 3-D afford ample opportunities within ocular-manual motor investigations in the setting of ABI, the feasibility of such dual recordings for both eye and hand is challenging in pathological settings, particularly when approached with research-grade rigor. Here we describe the integration of an eye tracking system with a motion tracking system intended primarily for limb control research to study a natural behavior. The protocol enables the investigation of unrestricted, three-dimensional (3D) eye-hand coordination tasks. More specifically, we review a method to assess eye-hand coordination in visually guided saccade-to-reach tasks in subjects with chronic middle cerebral artery (MCA) stroke and compare them to healthy controls. Special attention is paid to the specific eye- and limb-tracking system properties in order to obtain high fidelity data from participants post-injury. Sampling rate, accuracy, permissible head movement range given anticipated tolerance and the feasibility of use were several of the critical properties considered when selecting an eye tracker and an approach. The limb tracker was selected based on a similar rubric but included the need for 3-D recording, dynamic interaction and a miniaturized physical footprint. The quantitative data provided by this method and the overall approach when executed correctly has tremendous potential to further refine our mechanistic understanding of eye-hand control and help inform feasible diagnostic and pragmatic interventions within the neurological and rehabilitative practice.&#160;

Cerebral injury can damage both ocular and somatic motor systems. Characterization of motor control post-injury affords biomarkers that assist in disease detection, monitoring, and prognosis. We review a method to measure eye-hand movement control in health and in pathologic incoordination, with look-and-reach paradigms to assess coordination between eye and hand.

失調スペクトルに目と手のコーディネーションを効率的に記録

The objective analysis of eye movements has a significant history and has been long proven to be an important research tool in the setting of brain ...

Simultaneous Eye Tracking and Single-Neuron Recordings in Human Epilepsy Patients

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during active behavior. An important tool for quantifying behavior is eye tracking, which is an indispensable tool for studying visual attention. However, eye tracking is challenging to use concurrently with invasive electrophysiology and this approach has consequently been little used. Here, we present a proven experimental protocol to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We describe how the systems are connected and the optimal settings to record neurons and eye movements. To illustrate the utility of this method, we summarize results that were made possible by this setup. This data shows how using eye tracking in a memory-guided visual search task allowed us to describe a new class of neurons called target neurons, whose response was reflective of top-down attention to the current search target. Lastly, we discuss the significance and solutions to potential problems of this setup. Together, our protocol and results suggest that single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans are an effective method to study human brain function. It provides a key missing link between animal neurophysiology and human cognitive neuroscience.

We describe a method to conduct single-neuron recordings with simultaneous eye tracking in humans. We demonstrate the utility of this method and illustrate how we used this approach to obtain neurons in the human medial temporal lobe that encode targets of a visual search.

ヒトてんかん患者における同時アイトラッキングとシングルニューロン記録

Intracranial recordings from patients with intractable epilepsy provide a unique opportunity to study the activity of individual human neurons during ...

Using Saccadometry with Deep Brain Stimulation to Study Normal and Pathological Brain Function

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's and Huntington's can disrupt it. People with Parkinson's disease, for example, tend to have increased saccadic latencies. Consequently, the quantitative measurement of saccadic eye movements has received considerable attention as a potential biomarker for neurodegenerative conditions. A lot more can be learned about the brain in both health and disease by observing what happens to eye movements when the function of specific brain areas is perturbed. Deep brain stimulation is a surgical intervention used for the management of a range of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, in which stimulating electrodes are placed in specific brain areas including several sites in the basal ganglia. Eye movement measurements can then be made with the stimulator systems both off and on and the results compared. With suitable experimental design, this approach can be used to study the pathophysiology of the disease being treated, the mechanism by which DBS exerts it beneficial effects, and even aspects of normal neurophysiology.

This paper describes the use of quantitative measurement of eye movements in conjunction with stimulation of focal areas of the deep brain in order to study physiology, pathophysiology, and the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation.

正常および病的脳機能を研究するために脳深部刺激でSaccadometryを使用します

The oculomotor system involves a large number of brain areas including parts of the basal ganglia, and various neurodegenerative diseases including ...

医学

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy measurement of cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease will be helpful in detecting early cognitive decline. As a physiological metric, eye movement parameter is not confounded by the subject&#39;s attributes and intelligence and can function as a proxy marker if it correlates with cognitive functions. To this end, this study explored the relationship between the eye movement parameters and performance in cognitive tests in multiple domains. In the experiment, a visual search task with eye tracking was set up, where subjects were asked to look for a number embedded in an array of alphabets scattered randomly on a computer screen. The differentiation between the number and the alphabet is an overlearned task such that the confounding effect of cognitive ability on the eye movement parameters is minimized. The average saccadic amplitude and fixation duration were captured and calculated during the visual search task. The cognitive assessment battery covered domains of frontal-executive functions, attention, verbal and visual memory. It was found that prolonged fixation duration was associated with poorer performance in verbal fluency, visual and verbal memory, allowing further exploration on the use of eye movement parameters as proxy markers for cognitive function in Parkinson&#8217;s disease patients. The experimental paradigm has been found to be highly tolerable in our group of Parkinson&#39;s disease patients and could be applied transdiagnostically to other disease entities for similar research questions.

Here, we present a protocol to study the relationship between the eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented Parkinson&#39;s disease patients. The experiment used an eye tracker to measure the saccadic amplitude and fixation duration in a visual search task. The correlation with performance in multi-domain cognitive tasks was subsequently measured.

眼球追跡を用いた非認知症パーキンソン病患者における眼球運動パラメータと認知機能の関係の特徴付け

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy ...

マウスの視運動反射反応の評価:新しい高精度プロトコル

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

著者スポットライト:マウスの視運動反射の視覚特徴選択性を研究するための正確で定量的なアプローチ 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

眼電図を用いた神経患者の水平眼球運動性能を正確に記録

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VisualEyes：眼球運動実験のためのモジュラ式のソフトウェアシステム

ターゲット応答の作業中に事象関連電位片側脳性麻痺児の上肢利用の認知プロセスを研究するために

筋萎縮性側索硬化症の患者で認知機能を評価するために、アイトラッキング制御

マウスのビデオ眼球運動記録法

失調スペクトルに目と手のコーディネーションを効率的に記録

ヒトてんかん患者における同時アイトラッキングとシングルニューロン記録

正常および病的脳機能を研究するために脳深部刺激でSaccadometryを使用します

眼球追跡を用いた非認知症パーキンソン病患者における眼球運動パラメータと認知機能の関係の特徴付け

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化