著者は、夫人ポーレット ・ マッケナと秘書のサポート、この研究ではリサ Pezzino 氏フィル アウエルバッハをテクニカル サポートありがちましょう。著者も培養で分離されたヘッド準備にご紹介夫妻マイケル アリエルとマイケル ・ s ・ ジョーンズ (セントルイス大学医学部) に感謝します。この共同作業のサポートのための資金は、ラファイエット大学で神経科学プログラム、学術研究委員会生物学科 (ロバート ・ s. チェイス基金) によって提供されました。最後に、この作品は 2016 年 9 月 28 日に亡くなった氏フィル アウエルバッハに捧げられて彼は走査型電子顕微鏡を使用停止し、このプロトコルで使用するため、5 軸ステージの有用性を認識しました。彼の友情と機知を大幅に惜しまれるでしょう。

<ol>
	<li>Kikillus, K. H., Hare, K. M., Hartley, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Minimizing+false-negatives+when+predicting+the+potential+distribution+of+an+invasive+species:+A+bioclimatic+envelope+for+the+red-eared+slider+at+global+and+regional+scales.">Minimizing false-negatives when predicting the potential distribution of an invasive species: A bioclimatic envelope for the red-eared slider at global and regional scales.</a> Anim Conserv. 13, 5-15 (2010).</li><li>Lutz, P. L., Rosenthal, M., Sick, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Living+without+oxygen:+turtle+brain+as+a+model+of+anaerobic+metabolism.">Living without oxygen: turtle brain as a model of anaerobic metabolism.</a> Mol Physiol. 8, 411-425 (1985).</li><li>Lutz, P. L., Milton, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Negotiating+brain+anoxia+survival+in+the+turtle.">Negotiating brain anoxia survival in the turtle.</a> J Exp Biol. 207, 3141-3147 (2004).</li><li>Storey, K. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anoxia+tolerance+in+turtles:+Metabolic+regulation+and+gene+expression.">Anoxia tolerance in turtles: Metabolic regulation and gene expression.</a> Comp Biochem Physiol A-Mol Integr Physiol. 147 (2), 263-276 (2007).</li><li>Granda, A. M., Dearworth, J. R., Subramaniam, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Balanced+interactions+in+ganglion-cell+receptive+fields.">Balanced interactions in ganglion-cell receptive fields.</a> Vis Neurosci. 16, 319-332 (1999).</li><li>Dearworth, J. R., Granda, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiplied+functions+unify+shapes+of+ganglion-cell+receptive+fields+in+retina+of+turtle.">Multiplied functions unify shapes of ganglion-cell receptive fields in retina of turtle.</a> J Vis. 2 (3), 204-217 (2002).</li><li>Nesbit, S. C., Van Hoof, A. G., Le, C. C., Dearworth Jr, J. 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F., Ariel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+model+for+optokinetic+eye+movements+in+turtles+that+incorporates+properties+of+retinal+slip+neurons.">A model for optokinetic eye movements in turtles that incorporates properties of retinal slip neurons.</a> Vis Neurosci. 13, 375-383 (1996).</li><li>Ariel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-loop+optokinetic+responses+of+the+turtle.">Open-loop optokinetic responses of the turtle.</a> Vis Res. 37, 925-933 (1997).</li><li>Anderson, C. W., Keifer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Properties+of+conditioned+abducens+nerve+responses+in+a+highly+reduced+in+vitro+brainstem+preparation+from+the+turtle.">Properties of conditioned abducens nerve responses in a highly reduced in vitro brainstem preparation from the turtle.</a> J Neurophysiol. 81, 1242-1250 (1999).</li><li>Keifer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+classical+conditioning+of+the+turtle+eyeblink+reflex:+Approaching+cellular+mechanisms+of+acquisition.">In vitro classical conditioning of the turtle eyeblink reflex: Approaching cellular mechanisms of acquisition.</a> Cerebell. 2, 55-61 (2003).</li><li>Zhu, D., Keifer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathways+controlling+trigeminal+and+auditory+nerve-evoked+abducens+eyeblink+reflexes+in+pond+turtles.">Pathways controlling trigeminal and auditory nerve-evoked abducens eyeblink reflexes in pond turtles.</a> Brain Behav Evol. 64, 207-222 (2004).</li><li>Jones, M. S., Ariel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+unilateral+eighth+nerve+block+on+fictive+VOR+in+the+turtle.">The effects of unilateral eighth nerve block on fictive VOR in the turtle.</a> Br Res. 1094, 149-162 (2006).</li><li>Jones, M. S., Ariel, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology,+intrinsic+membrane+properties,+and+rotation-evoked+responses+of+trochlear+motoneurons+in+the+turtle.">Morphology, intrinsic membrane properties, and rotation-evoked responses of trochlear motoneurons in the turtle.</a> J Neurophysiol. 99 (3), 1187-1200 (2008).</li><li>Krenz, J. G., Naylor, G. J. P., Shaffer, H. B., Janzen, F. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

重要なステップ:
このプロトコルの中で重要な手順次のとおりです: 1) 解剖および切断の神経の生存を維持するために取られる心配2) 一貫した応答を提供するために脳神経に吸引電極によるサイズのマッチング・ 3) の目の回転の適切な校正を提供するジンバル ヘッドの配置。
トラブルシューティング。
解剖は、挑戦することができ?...

電気生理学的実験ではミシシッピアカミミガメ カメを使用するための理論的根拠:
ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメ (Trachemys scripta elegans) の世界の最悪の侵略的な種の1つと考えられ、生態系が困っていることを示すことができます。ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメが成功した理由はよくわかっていないが、その耐性の生理と低酸素の条件2,3,4 の下で生き残ることができる神経組織の所有物のための一部ことがあります。.実験は自分の番号を脅かすことはない、最小限の努力、電気生理学的製剤残ることができる実行可能な拡張の期間、18 時間5,6限り上を使用します。メリットは、これも酸素8の低レベルに耐える能力を持っているザリガニ7など無脊椎動物の動物を使用する利点に似ています。
眼球運動の測定方法:
ヒト以外の霊長類を用いた前頭葉目動物の眼球運動を測定する方法は、よく発達した9をされています。3 軸軌道回転目: 水平方向、垂直方向、およびねじり。磁気サーチコイル法は一般的に測定の回転の最も信頼性の高いと見なされますが、動物10,11scleras に挿入される小さなコイルを必要とする侵襲的です。ビデオ ベースのシステムは、回転を測定し、非侵襲的であることの利点を持っていることができます。革新的な画像処理と一緒により良いカメラの開発、拡張、機能12,13,14を考慮する魅力的な代替ビデオ ベースのシステムを作るします。
Nonmammals 中の眼球運動を測定するための技術は大いにより少なく重要なされています。対策は、いずれか低解像度または回転15,16,17,18の一部のみを記述します。開発の欠如は、部分的に視標に従う訓練 nonmammals の難しさのせいにできます。眼球運動はミシシッピアカミミガメ カメ19,20,21,22,23,24,25 でよく研究されているが、26,27,28,29,30、ターゲットを追跡する訓練動物の挑戦のための眼球運動の正確な運動が不十分で理解しました。
ミシシッピアカミミガメのカメでは、脊椎動物の外側眼が考えられているが、甲による横方向の視野の重要な咬合が32を発生します彼らのシェル31に頭完全に撤回することができます、ため。結果は視覚的視界正面目の哺乳類のように動作し、正面に向かってならないこと。したがって、眼球運動を測定するためのアプローチを開発するためのモデルとして使用する際は、独自の進化論的視点を提供しています。
この作品で説明されているプロトコルは、ミシシッピアカミミガメ カメにおける眼球運動の運動学を識別するために培養で分離されたヘッド準備を使用します。脳は脳神経をそのまま頭蓋骨から解剖しました。頭は、目の筋肉を支配する脳神経の電気刺激による眼球運動を調整し、応答を換起するジンバルに配置されます。目の回転の措置は、暗い瞳孔と虹彩のマーキングを追跡、ソフトウェア アルゴリズムを使ってビデオ ベースのシステムによって行われます。(すなわち、水平方向、垂直方向、およびねじり回転) 両方の眼の運動を測定する機会を提供する、32と眼内 (すなわち瞳孔の変化)33動き。
遠心性神経経路の解析のモデル システム:
一般的に、どのように遠心性の神経信号を勉強する機会眼球運動を生成は、筋肉がリラックスした状態から開始脳32、によって処理される統合された感覚情報のない状態で捜査官を提供するアプローチ 33。したがって、のみ残して脳と筋肉に synapsing 遠心性の神経線維によって処理される、モデル系で目の運動を調べることができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Red-eared slider turtles</td><td>Kons Scientific</td><td>&lt;em&gt;Trachemys scripta elegans&lt;/em&gt;</td><td>Large size (carapace length 15-20 cm)</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>S5886</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>P5405</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium choride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>M7304</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium bicarbonate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>S5761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dextrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>C5767</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Concentrated hydrochloric acid</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>H7020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Calcium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>C7902</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pH meter</td><td>Oakton</td><td>pH 6+</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suction stimulation electrode</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>573000</td><td>Bipolar suction electrode. Note that 573000 has been replaced with 573050.</td></tr><tr><td>Capillary glass</td><td>A-M systems</td><td>626000</td><td>Single-barrel borosilicate capillary glass without microfilament, length 10 cm, outside diameter 1.0 mm, inner diameter 0.50 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative suction stimulation electrode</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>573050</td><td>Bipolar suction electrode. Requires larger diameter capillary glass: 627000, outside diameter 1.2 mm, inner diameter 0.68 mm</td></tr><tr><td>Stereoscope</td><td>Lieca</td><td>GZ7</td><td>Magnification range, 10x &amp;ndash; 70x</td></tr><tr><td>Fiber optic light source</td><td>Amscope</td><td>HL250-A</td><td>150W Fiber optical microscope illuminator light box</td></tr><tr><td>Rongeurs</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td><td>625654</td><td>stainless steel, straight spring, 5.25&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Blunt dissection probe</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td><td>627405</td><td>Huber mall probe, double-ended probe and seeker, 6&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Microscissors</td><td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td><td>623555</td><td>Iris microdissecting scissors, stainless steel, 0.5&quot; blades, 4.75&quot; long</td></tr><tr><td>Fine forceps</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>F6521</td><td>Jewelers forceps, dumont No. 5, inox alloy, 4.25&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Curved forceps</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>Z168696</td><td>Medium tip, curved forceps, stainless steel, 4&quot;</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel handle</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>S2896</td><td>Scalpel handles, No. 3, stainless steel</td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel blade</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC.</td><td>S2771</td><td>Scalpel blades, No. 11, steel</td></tr><tr><td>Guillotine</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>73-1918</td><td>Kleine guillotine type 7575</td></tr><tr><td>Spatula</td><td>Sigma</td><td>Z648299</td><td>Micro spoon and spatula weighing set. Use small spatula: 5.9&amp;rdquo; long x 0.07&amp;rdquo; diameter handle with square end: 0.17&amp;rdquo; x 1.3&amp;rdquo; long, other end round: 0.17&amp;rdquo; x 1.27&amp;rdquo; long</td></tr><tr><td>Hook</td><td>Autozone</td><td>98069</td><td>SureBilt hook and pick set. Use grinder to dull sharp points of hook to prevent injury to animals mouth.</td></tr><tr><td>95/5% O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;/CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Airgas, Inc.</td><td>X02OX95C2003102</td><td>5% Carbon dioxide balance oxygen certified standard gas mixture, size 200 Cylinder, CGA-296</td></tr><tr><td>Regulator</td><td>Airgas, Inc.</td><td>Y11244D296-AG</td><td>Single stage brass 0-100 psi analytical cylinder regulator CGA-296 with needle outlet. Use brass adjustable airline pipe valve to go from 3/8&quot;, inner diameter, vinyl airline tubing connected to regulator to a 3/16&quot;, inner diameter, airline connection going to airstone or glass pasteur pipette.</td></tr><tr><td>Adjustable airline pipe valve</td><td>Doctors Foster and Smith</td><td>CD-12061</td><td>Brass valve</td></tr><tr><td>Rigid table</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Auto-clave door laid on top of a sturdy table. Nine 5&quot; diameter tennis balls isolate vibrations from the top surface of the table.</td></tr><tr><td>5&quot; tennis ball</td><td>Petco Animal Supplies, Inc.</td><td>712868</td><td>Petco Jumbo Pet Tennis Ball: balls are unsliced and held within an integrated frame on the underside part of the autoclave door.</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative vibration isolation table</td><td>Newport Corporation</td><td>INT1-36-6-N</td><td>Rigid vibration control system, integrity 1: Surface dimensions, 3&#039; x 6&#039;</td></tr><tr><td>Gimbal</td><td>ISI, International Scientific Instruments, Inc.</td><td>Stage from SUPER III-A Scanning EM</td><td>5-axis eucentric stage: X, Y, and Z linear movements, &amp;plusmn;20 mm, 0.1 mm precision; Rotations, vertical, &amp;plusmn;10&amp;deg;, and horizontal, &amp;plusmn;12.5&amp;deg;, with 1.25&amp;deg; precision. Note: from decommission instrument.</td></tr><tr><td>Chuck for gimbal</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Unknown</td><td>Chuck from an old microtome of unknown manufacture was machined to fit the shaft of the specimen holder of the Scanning EM stage</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative gimbal</td><td>ThorLabs, Inc.</td><td>GN2/M with MBT602/M</td><td>Dual-axis goniometer (GN2/M) mounted on 3-axis microblock stage with thumbscrew adjusters (MBT602/M): design a chuck to hold turtle head with eye at 12.7 mm above top surface of goniometer (distance to point of rotation)</td></tr><tr><td>Video-based eye tracking system</td><td>Arrington Research, Inc.</td><td>ViewPoint EyeTracker, PC-60</td><td>Tracking method: Infrared video by dark pupil; Black and white camera (Item BC02): 30 Hz, 640 x 480; System requirements: Windows 2000, XP, 7, 8, 8.1, 10; Visual range: Horizontal +/- 44&amp;deg;; vertical +/- 20&amp;deg;; Accuracy ~0.5&amp;deg;; Spatial resolution ~0.15&amp;deg;; Pupil size resolution ~0.03 mm; Eye data: X, Y position of gaze, pupil height and width, torsion, delta time, total time, and regions of interest (ROI); Real-time communication (Item 0022): 4-Channel AnalogOut with eight TTL input channels to mark codes into the data file</td></tr><tr><td>Multi-position magnetic base</td><td>Harbor Freight Tools</td><td>Pittsburg, item #5645</td><td>Magnetic holder reaches up to 12&quot; and produces 45 lbs. of magnetic pull. Use to position camera. Machine thread holes onto the end of the rod to mount cameras.</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Kopf</td><td>900</td><td>5 axis manipulation for mount of suction electrode: X, Y, Z linear travel, 2 axis of rotation</td></tr><tr><td>Dissection scope on boom</td><td>Lieca</td><td>GZ6</td><td>Magnification range, 6.7x &amp;ndash; 40x</td></tr><tr><td>Nerve/muscle stimulator</td><td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td><td>Grass S88</td><td>Dual pulse voltage stimulator: two output channels that can be operated independently or synchronized to generate non-isolated constant voltage pulses (10 mv to 150 V). Pulses can be single (10 &amp;mu;sec to 10 sec), repetitive (0.01 Hz to 1 KHz), and trains (1 ms to 10 s) and synchronized with TTL inputs and output. Send TTL outputs via the output channels of a DB25 connector to the TTL input channels of the ViewPoint EyeTracker. Note: Astro-Med Grass Telefactor is no longer in business.</td></tr><tr><td>Current isolation device</td><td>Astro-Med Grass Telefactor</td><td>PSIU6</td><td>Current stimulus isolation unit: enables safe delivery of constant currents by the S88 to the preparation. The PSIU6 connects by a BNC cable to one of the output channels of the S88. Multiplier switches on the PSIU6 allow the S88 to generate a wide array of current amplitudes ranging from 0.1 &amp;micro;A to 15 mA.</td></tr><tr><td>Alternative nerve/muscle stimulator with isolation</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>2100</td><td>Isolated Pulse Stimulator: Unit has built-in isolator to produce constant currents.</td></tr></tbody></table>

ocular kinematics measured by in vitro stimulation of the cranial nerves in the turtle

動物を安楽死させた後死ぬこと彼らの組織を始めます。温血脊椎動物と比べると、カメは彼らの組織の長期生存時間のため利点を提供しています。このため、彼らのターゲットの行動の神経信号を調査する時間の延長期間のカメでの in vitro実験を実行できます。分離ヘッド準備を使用して、カメ、眼球運動の運動を測定したし、脳神経によって運ばれる電気信号によって彼らの変調。脳が頭蓋骨から削除されたり、脳神経のインスタンスはそのままにして、この切り裂かれた頭は眼球運動を調整するジンバルに置かれました。ガラス電極は、脳神経に接続されていた (眼球運動, 滑車神経, と外転)、眼球運動を喚起する電流で刺激。赤外線ビデオ システムと目の定量化された回転を追跡眼球運動を監視しました。電流パルス振幅、周波数の範囲と、電車の時間が応答に及ぼす影響を観察するために使用されました。準備は脳から切り離されているため筋ターゲットに遠心性経路を一元的に処理された感覚情報の欠如の神経シグナリングを調査する単独で調べることができます。

図 1は、解剖を説明するビデオから撮影した画像の静止画を示しています。画像は、前に切断し、脳からの神経の代表的な場所を提供します。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56864/56864fig1.jpg"> 図 1: 解剖のビデオからキャプチャしたイメージの (nII) 視神経、動眼神経 (nIII)、滑車神?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle at JoVE.com

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

このプロトコルでは、目の動きの運動を測定するため体外に分離されたカメ頭の準備を使用する方法について説明します。頭蓋から脳を除去した後回転目と瞳孔径の変化を定量化する電流脳神経を刺激することができます。

カメの中で脳神経のIn Vitro刺激を用いて眼球運動

After animals are euthanized, their tissues begin to die. Turtles offer an advantage because of a longer survival time of their tissues, especially when ...

ocular-kinematics-measured-vitro-stimulation-cranial-nerves

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

8.4K ビュー.  Lafayette College. このプロトコルでは、目の動きの運動を測定するため体外に分離されたカメ頭の準備を使用する方法について説明します。頭蓋から脳を除去した後回転目と瞳孔径の変化を定量化する電流脳神経を刺激することができます。

ビデオ: Ocular Kinematics Measured by In Vitro Stimulation of the Cranial Nerves in the Turtle

VisioTracker, an Innovative Automated Approach to Oculomotor Analysis

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, robust, and simple to manipulate. A suitable model has been found in the optokinetic response (OKR), a reflexive behavior present in all vertebrates due to its high selection value. The OKR involves slow stimulus-following movements of eyes alternated with rapid resetting saccades. The measurement of this behavior is easily carried out in zebrafish larvae, due to its early and stable onset (fully developed after 96 hours post fertilization (hpf)), and benefitting from the thorough knowledge about zebrafish genetics, for decades one of the favored model organisms in this field. Meanwhile the analysis of similar mechanisms in adult fish has gained importance, particularly for pharmacological and toxicological applications.
Here we describe VisioTracker, a fully automated, high-throughput system for quantitative analysis of visual performance. The system is based on research carried out in the group of Prof. Stephan Neuhauss and was re-designed by TSE Systems. It consists of an immobilizing device for small fish monitored by a high-quality video camera equipped with a high-resolution zoom lens. The fish container is surrounded by a drum screen, upon which computer-generated stimulus patterns can be projected. Eye movements are recorded and automatically analyzed by the VisioTracker software package in real time.
Data analysis enables immediate recognition of parameters such as slow and fast phase duration, movement cycle frequency, slow-phase gain, visual acuity, and contrast sensitivity.
Typical results allow for example the rapid identification of visual system mutants that show no apparent alteration in wild type morphology, or the determination of quantitative effects of pharmacological or toxic and mutagenic agents on visual system performance.

The VisioTracker is an automated system for the quantitative analysis of visual performance of larval and small adult fish based on the recording of eye movements. It features full control over visual stimulus properties and real-time analysis, enabling high-throughput research in fields such as visual system development and function, pharmacology, neural circuit studies and sensorimotor integration.

VisioTracker、眼球運動解析への革新的な自動化されたアプローチ

Investigations into the visual system development and function necessitate quantifiable behavioral models of visual performance that are easy to elicit, ...

神経科学

Video-oculography in Mice

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the mouse, have a limited capacity to lock their eyes onto a target. In contrast to these target directed eye movements, compensatory ocular eye movements are easily elicited in afoveate animals1,2,3,4. Compensatory ocular movements are generated by processing vestibular and optokinetic information into a command signal that will drive the eye muscles. The processing of the vestibular and optokinetic information can be investigated separately and together, allowing the specification of a deficit in the oculomotor system. The oculomotor system can be tested by evoking an optokinetic reflex (OKR), vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or a visually-enhanced vestibulo-ocular reflex (VVOR). The OKR is a reflex movement that compensates for "full-field" image movements on the retina, whereas the VOR is a reflex eye movement that compensates head movements. The VVOR is a reflex eye movement that uses both vestibular as well as optokinetic information to make the appropriate compensation. The cerebellum monitors and is able to adjust these compensatory eye movements. Therefore, oculography is a very powerful tool to investigate brain-behavior relationship under normal as well as under pathological conditions (f.e. of vestibular, ocular and/or cerebellar origin).
Testing the oculomotor system, as a behavioral paradigm, is interesting for several reasons. First, the oculomotor system is a well understood neural system5. Second, the oculomotor system is relative simple6; the amount of possible eye movement is limited by its ball-in-socket architecture ("single joint") and the three pairs of extra-ocular muscles7. Third, the behavioral output and sensory input can easily be measured, which makes this a highly accessible system for quantitative analysis8. Many behavioral tests lack this high level of quantitative power. And finally, both performance as well as plasticity of the oculomotor system can be tested, allowing research on learning and memory processes9.
Genetically modified mice are nowadays widely available and they form an important source for the exploration of brain functions at various levels10. In addition, they can be used as models to mimic human diseases. Applying oculography on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors under normal and pathological conditions. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice8.

Video-oculography is a very quantitative method to investigate ocular motor performance as well as motor learning. Here, we describe how to measure video-oculography in mice. Applying this technique on normal, pharmacologically-treated or genetically modified mice is a powerful research tool to explore the underlying physiology of motor behaviors.

マウスのビデオ眼球運動記録法

Eye movements are very important in order to track an object or to stabilize an image on the retina during movement. Animals without a fovea, such as the ...

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the vestibular organ results in mild to severe equilibrium problems, such as vertigo, dizziness, oscillopsia, gait unsteadiness nausea and/or vomiting. A good and frequently used measure to quantify gaze stabilization is the gain, which is defined as the magnitude of compensatory eye movements with respect to imposed head movements. To test vestibular function more fully one has to realize that 3D VOR ideally generates compensatory ocular rotations not only with a magnitude (gain) equal and opposite to the head rotation but also about an axis that is co-linear with the head rotation axis (alignment). Abnormal vestibular function thus results in changes in gain and changes in alignment of the 3D VOR response.
Here we describe a method to measure 3D VOR using whole body rotation on a 6DF motion platform. Although the method also allows testing translation VOR responses 1, we limit ourselves to a discussion of the method to measure 3D angular VOR. In addition, we restrict ourselves here to description of data collected in healthy subjects in response to angular sinusoidal and impulse stimulation.
Subjects are sitting upright and receive whole-body small amplitude sinusoidal and constant acceleration impulses. Sinusoidal stimuli (f = 1 Hz, A = 4&deg;) were delivered about the vertical axis and about axes in the horizontal plane varying between roll and pitch at increments of 22.5&deg; in azimuth. Impulses were delivered in yaw, roll and pitch and in the vertical canal planes. Eye movements were measured using the scleral search coil technique 2. Search coil signals were sampled at a frequency of 1 kHz.
The input-output ratio (gain) and misalignment (co-linearity) of the 3D VOR were calculated from the eye coil signals 3.
Gain and co-linearity of 3D VOR depended on the orientation of the stimulus axis. Systematic deviations were found in particular during horizontal axis stimulation. In the light the eye rotation axis was properly aligned with the stimulus axis at orientations 0&deg; and 90&deg; azimuth, but gradually deviated more and more towards 45&deg; azimuth.
The systematic deviations in misalignment for intermediate axes can be explained by a low gain for torsion (X-axis or roll-axis rotation) and a high gain for vertical eye movements (Y-axis or pitch-axis rotation (see Figure 2). Because intermediate axis stimulation leads a compensatory response based on vector summation of the individual eye rotation components, the net response axis will deviate because the gain for X- and Y-axis are different.
In darkness the gain of all eye rotation components had lower values. The result was that the misalignment in darkness and for impulses had different peaks and troughs than in the light: its minimum value was reached for pitch axis stimulation and its maximum for roll axis stimulation.
Case Presentation
Nine subjects participated in the experiment. All subjects gave their informed consent. The experimental procedure was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Erasmus University Medical Center and adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki for research involving human subjects.
Six subjects served as controls. Three subjects had a unilateral vestibular impairment due to a vestibular schwannoma. The age of control subjects (six males and three females) ranged from 22 to 55 years. None of the controls had visual or vestibular complaints due to neurological, cardio vascular and ophthalmic disorders.
The age of the patients with schwannoma varied between 44 and 64 years (two males and one female). All schwannoma subjects were under medical surveillance and/or had received treatment by a multidisciplinary team consisting of an othorhinolaryngologist and a neurosurgeon of the Erasmus University Medical Center. Tested patients all had a right side vestibular schwannoma and underwent a wait and watch policy (Table 1; subjects N1-N3) after being diagnosed with vestibular schwannoma. Their tumors had been stabile for over 8-10 years on magnetic resonance imaging.

A method is described to measure three-dimensional vestibulo ocular reflexes (3D VOR) in humans using a six degrees of freedom (6DF) motion simulator. The gain and misalignment of the 3D angular VOR provide a direct measure of the quality of vestibular function. Representative data on healthy subjects are provided

フリーダムモーションプラットフォーム度6を使用した三次元前庭眼反射テスト

The vestibular organ is a sensor that measures angular and linear accelerations with six degrees of freedom (6DF). Complete or partial defects in the ...

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response is a vision-based, reflexive behavior that has been observed in all vertebrates tested. Tadpole eyes are small so the tail flip response was used as alternative measure, which requires a trained technician to record the subtle response. We developed an alternative behavior assay based on the fact that tadpoles prefer to swim on the white side of a tank when placed in a tank with both black and white sides. The assay presented here is an inexpensive, simple alternative that creates a response that is easily measured. The setup consists of a tripod, webcam and nested testing tanks, readily available in most Xenopus laboratories. This article includes a movie showing the behavior of tadpoles, before and after severing the optic nerve. In order to test the function of one eye, we also include representative results of a tadpole in which each eye underwent retinal axotomy on consecutive days. Future studies could develop an automated version of this assay for testing the vision of many tadpoles at once.

A Simple Behavioral Assay for Testing Visual Function in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus laevis tadpoles prefer swimming on the white side of a black/white tank. This behavior is guided by their vision. Based on this behavior, we present a simple assay to test the visual function of tadpoles.

テスト視機能のための簡単​​な行動アッセイ<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em

Measurement of the visual function in the tadpoles of the frog, Xenopus laevis, allows screening for blindness in live animals. The optokinetic response ...

Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Optokinetic Response As Structural and Functional Visual System Readouts in Mice and Rats

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for the investigation of processes of neurodegeneration, neuroprotection and neuro-repair involving the visual system, as these often correlate well with retinal changes. As a functional readout, visually evoked compensatory eye and head movements are commonly used in experimental models involving the visual function. Combining both techniques allows a quantitative in vivo investigation of structure and function, which can be used to investigate the pathological conditions or to evaluate the potential of novel therapeutics. A great benefit of the presented techniques is the possibility to perform longitudinal analyses allowing the investigation of dynamic processes, reducing variability and cuts down the number of animals needed for the experiments. The protocol described aims to provide a manual for acquisition and analysis of high quality retinal scans of mice and rats using a low cost customized holder with an option to deliver inhalational anesthesia. Additionally, the proposed guide is intended as an instructional manual for researchers using optokinetic response (OKR) analysis in rodents, which can be adapted to their specific needs and interests.

A detailed protocol for the assessment of structural and visual readouts in rodents by optical coherence tomography and optokinetic response is presented. The results provide valuable insights for ophthalmologic as well as neurologic research.

マウスおよびラットの視覚系の構造と機能読み出しとして光干渉断層計と動視反応を使用してください。

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, non-invasive, interferometric technique allowing high-resolution retinal imaging. It is an ideal tool for ...

Ex Vivo Oculomotor Slice Culture from Embryonic GFP-Expressing Mice for Time-Lapse Imaging of Oculomotor Nerve Outgrowth

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon guidance, has not been fully elucidated. This is partly due to technical limitations of traditional axon guidance assays. To identify additional axon guidance cues influencing the oculomotor nerve, an ex vivo slice assay to image the oculomotor nerve in real-time as it grows towards the eye was developed. E10.5 IslMN-GFP embryos are used to generate ex vivo slices by embedding them in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, then growing them in a microscope stage-top incubator with time-lapse photomicroscopy for 24-72 h. Control slices recapitulate the in vivo timing of outgrowth of axons from the nucleus to the orbit. Small molecule inhibitors or recombinant proteins can be added to the culture media to assess the role of different axon guidance pathways. This method has the advantages of maintaining more of the local microenvironment through which axons traverse, not axotomizing the growing axons, and assessing the axons at multiple points along their trajectory. It can also identify effects on specific subsets of axons. For example, inhibition of CXCR4 causes axons still within the midbrain to grow dorsally rather than ventrally, but axons that have already exited ventrally are not affected.

An ex vivo slice assay allows oculomotor nerve outgrowth to be imaged in real time. Slices are generated by embedding E10.5 IslMN:GFP embryos in agarose, slicing on a vibratome, and growing in a stage-top incubator. The role of axon guidance pathways is assessed by adding inhibitors to the culture media.

オキュロ運動神経増殖のタイムラプスイメージングのための胚性GFP発現マウスからのEx Vivo Oculomotorスライス培養

Accurate eye movements are crucial for vision, but the development of the ocular motor system, especially the molecular pathways controlling axon ...

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury are essential for translating novel therapeutic strategies from rodent models to clinical application due to their closer similarities to humans in size and anatomy. Here we describe some in vivo methods to evaluate the function and structure of the retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve (ON) in large animals, including visual evoked potential (VEP), pattern electroretinogram (PERG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Both goat and non-human primate were employed in this study. By presenting these in vivo methods step by step, we hope to increase experimental reproducibility among different labs and facilitate the usage of large animal models of optic neuropathies.

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

Here we demostrate several in vivo tests (flash visual evoked potential, pattern electroretinogram and optic coherence tomography) in goat and rhesus macaque to understand the structure and function of the optic nerve and its neurons.

イン・ヴィヴォ 大型動物の眼球神経節細胞と視神経機能と構造を評価する方法

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury ...

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement associated with OKN is commonly used as a measure of visual function in rodents. To record OKN responses in normal and experimental rats, a simple and inexpensive apparatus has been developed. This setup uses two tablet screens to display the OKN visual stimulus consisting of high contrast black and white stripes generated using the OKN Stripes Visualization Web Application, a freely available software. The rat is placed inside a clear Plexiglass holder that limits&#160;movement so that the&#160;rat&#39;s head continuously faces the OKN display screen. The position of the rat holder can be changed to adjust the distance between the rat and the display screen. A micro-camera positioned above the rat holder is used to record the rat&#39;s visual activities. These recordings can be used for quantitative assessments. Based on the presence or absence of clear head-tracking, the OKN responses at different spatial frequencies can be determined. The collected data demonstrates a novel technique for reliable measurement of visual acuity in normal and retinal degenerate rats.

The Optokinetic Nystagmus (OKN) behavioral testing method is used for the assessment of visual acuity in rodents. Here a simple method is demonstrated that can be easily set up in research laboratories for a reliable assessment of visual function in both normal and experimental rats.

Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a reflexive eye movement initiated by the motion of visual stimuli in the field of vision. The head-tracking movement ...

マウスの視運動反射反応の評価:新しい高精度プロトコル

Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

著者スポットライト:マウスの視運動反射の視覚特徴選択性を研究するための正確で定量的なアプローチ 

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize ...

カメの中で脳神経のIn Vitro刺激を用いて眼球運動

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

VisioTracker、眼球運動解析への革新的な自動化されたアプローチ

マウスのビデオ眼球運動記録法

フリーダムモーションプラットフォーム度6を使用した三次元前庭眼反射テスト

テスト視機能のための簡単な行動アッセイ

マウスおよびラットの視覚系の構造と機能読み出しとして光干渉断層計と動視反応を使用してください。

オキュロ運動神経増殖のタイムラプスイメージングのための胚性GFP発現マウスからのEx Vivo Oculomotorスライス培養

イン・ヴィヴォ大型動物の眼球神経節細胞と視神経機能と構造を評価する方法

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

カメの中で脳神経のIn Vitro刺激を用いて眼球運動

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

VisioTracker、眼球運動解析への革新的な自動化されたアプローチ

マウスのビデオ眼球運動記録法

フリーダムモーションプラットフォーム度6を使用した三次元前庭眼反射テスト

テスト視機能のための簡単​​な行動アッセイ

マウスおよびラットの視覚系の構造と機能読み出しとして光干渉断層計と動視反応を使用してください。

オキュロ運動神経増殖のタイムラプスイメージングのための胚性GFP発現マウスからのEx Vivo Oculomotorスライス培養

イン・ヴィヴォ 大型動物の眼球神経節細胞と視神経機能と構造を評価する方法

A New Optokinetic Testing Method to Measure Rat Vision

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

マウスにおける視運動性反射の視覚特徴選択性の定量化

テスト視機能のための簡単な行動アッセイ

イン・ヴィヴォ大型動物の眼球神経節細胞と視神経機能と構造を評価する方法