MCherry ヒストン H2B と GFP-α-チューブリンを安定発現 HeLa 細胞を共有するため東北大学の田中幸三に感謝しております。この作品は、DV (R00CA178188) に NCI の助成金、ノースウェスタン大学からスタートアップ資金にサポートされていました。

1. 二重チミジン ブロックおよび解放: 試薬の準備
<ol><li>ダルベッコ修飾イーグル培地 (DMEM) 培 10 %fbs、ペニシリン、ストレプトマイシンと 500 mL を作る。</li>
	<li>チミジンの 100 mM の在庫は、滅菌水と因数-80 ° C でストア</li>
</ol>2 細胞分裂の進行 (図 1 a) の固定セルイメージ投射のためのプロトコル
<ol><li>日 1、5 HeLa 細胞の 10 倍 ~ 2 種 (70% エタノールと紫外線照射による殺菌) カバー スリップと DMEM 培地 2 mL 6 ウェル プレートのウェルに。37 ° C、5% CO2で 24 時間加湿のインキュベーターで細胞を成長します。</li>
	<li>1stチミジン ブロック: 2 日目、徹底的に新鮮な DMEM メディア (100 mM 在庫、2 mM 最終濃度) のチミジンの必要量を混ぜます。</li>
	<li>チミジンを含む 2 mL を追加メディア 6 ウェルの細胞をプレートし、18 時間孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>3 日目、培地を吸引し、2 mL の 1x PBS で 2 回細胞と新鮮な prewarmed DMEM; に一度洗う9 h ブロックから細胞を解放する新鮮な prewarmed DMEM 培地で細胞を育ちます。</li>
	<li>2ndチミジン ブロック: チミジンを含む 2 mL を再び追加メディア (最終濃度が 2 mM) 6 ウェル プレートの各ウェル内のセルにします。</li>
	<li>さらに 18 時間孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>4 日目、培地を吸引し、2 mL の 1x PBS で 2 回細胞と新鮮な prewarmed DMEM を洗ってください。</li>
	<li>一緒にそれらをミックスし、室温 20 分間インキュベート希薄 Sirna (制御と Cdt1) と血清無料で 10 分間個別に培地にトランスフェクション試薬各トランスフェクションに使用する siRNA の最終濃度が 100 nM。チミジンから洗浄されたセルに反応混合物を追加します。</li>
	<li>インキュベート細胞ブロックから解放し、4% とカバー スリップ上のセルを修復する 9-10 h の 37 ° C で室温に 20 分間 PFA 注意: PFA は有毒である、適切な保護具を着用します。</li>
	<li>
Immunostain セル、常温の 10 分の 0.5% (v/v) 洗剤イオンと 5 分の 1 × PBS で 2 回細胞を洗浄後。
	<ol>
<li>1% (w/v) で一次抗体 (マウス抗 α-チューブリン抗体希釈 1:1, 000、1: 400、1: 300 で希釈した抗リン ɣ H2AX マウスで希釈ウサギ抗 Zwint1 抗体) の 50 μ L とセルを扱う続く RT で 1 h の 1x PBS で 1 %bsa (w/v) で細胞をブロックします。37 oc 以上で 1 h の 1x PBS で BSA</li>
		<li>1x PBS で細胞を 3 回洗浄した後室温 1 時間各カバー ガラス (アレクサ 488 と 1: 250 の 1% (w/v) BSA 1x PBS で希釈でローダミン レッド) 二次抗体の 50 μ L で細胞を治療します。</li>
		<li>2 回各 5 分の 1 × PBS のセルを洗浄した後セル DAPI を扱う (0.1µg/mL の 1x PBS で) 右で 5 分間</li>
		<li>2 回各 5 分の 1 × PBS のセルを洗浄した後クリア顕微鏡スライド上の適切なマウント メディアにセルに直面してカバー スリップを配置します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>60 X 100 X 1.4 NA 計画アポクロマート DIC 油浸対物レンズと immunostained タンパク質の細胞が必要なイメージの品質に応じて適切なカメラを装備して逆の高分解能共焦点顕微鏡にマウントされているイメージ。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡用ソフトウェアを用いた 0.2 μ m 厚の z スタックが適切なは、室温で画像を取得します。</li>
</ol>3. 細胞分裂の進行 (図 3 a) の生きているセルイメージ投射のためのプロトコル
<ol><li>1 日に 1.5 mL DMEM 培地で 35 mm ガラス底培養皿に mCherry H2B と GFP-α-チューブリン (少しセルの種類および蛋白質の表現に基づいて変数) を安定発現約 0.5-1 x 105 HeLa 細胞を播くし、加湿のそれらを育てる37 oC と 5% CO2で 24 h のためのインキュベーター。</li>
	<li>1stチミジン ブロック: 2 日目、チミジンを含む 1.5 mL を加える料理 (100 mM チミジン、2 mM 最終濃度) のセルにメディア。</li>
	<li>18 時間孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>3 日目、チミジンを含む培地を吸引し、2 mL の 1x PBS で 2 回と新鮮な prewarmed DMEM 三度、セルを洗浄します。</li>
	<li>一緒にそれらをミックスし、室温 20 分間インキュベート希薄 Sirna (制御と Hec1) と 10 分ごとに個別に血清フリー培地でのトランスフェクション試薬各トランスフェクションに使用する siRNA の最終濃度が 100 nM。チミジンから洗浄されたセルに反応混合物を追加します。</li>
	<li>1.5 mL 8 h ブロックから細胞を解放する新鮮な prewarmed DMEM 培地で細胞を成長します。</li>
	<li>2ndチミジン ブロック: チミジンを含む 1.5 mL を追加料理のセルにメディア (2 mM 最終濃度)。</li>
	<li>さらに 18 時間孵化させなさい。</li>
	<li>4 日目、培地を吸引し、2 mL の 1x PBS で 2 回と新鮮な prewarmed DMEM 三度、セルを洗浄します。細胞を成長し、新鮮な prewarmed ・ リーボヴィッツの (L-15) 媒体補われる 10 %fbs と 20 mM HEPES pH 7.0 8 h ブロックから細胞を解放します。</li>
	<li>既にステージと実験の温度を安定させるためにイメージングを開始する前に少なくとも 30 分間点灯する高分解能共焦点顕微鏡で設定温度制御チャンバーに皿を置きます。</li>
	<li>セルが表示される、まで 60 × 対物と明るいフィールドにフォーカスし、手動で選択した領域に、ステージ上でふるいにかけます。</li>
	<li>光とレーザー パワー/露出、画像集録パラメーターと選択の顕微鏡画像集録ソフトウェアを使用してテスト期間を設定します。GFP (488 励起; 385 nm 発光) と mCherry (561 nm 励起と 385 nm 発光) 画像を取得するためのフィルターを使用します。</li>
	<li>タイムラプスの実験を実行するには、別に 16 h までの期間にパルス送信される光と蛍光画像 10 分ごとを取得します。</li>
	<li>12 1.0 μ m で区切られたソフトウェアを使用して二重チミジン ブロックからのリリース後 9 h z-飛行機の顕微鏡に適切なは、画像を取得します。</li>
	<li>細胞分裂の進行を追跡画像を解析し、最終的にソース ソフトウェア フィジー/ImageJ で対応する映画を組み立てます。</li>
</ol>

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著者は、彼らが競合する財務持分を有してないことを宣言します。

二重チミジン同期の最も重要な利点は、染色体の整列、バイポーラの解析もでき、一斉に有糸分裂を入力これらの細胞の多くは短時間の窓の分裂期細胞の増加し、サンプル サイズを提供すること主軸形成と染色体分配のエネルギー効率の向上。
多くの規定する蛋白質複合体とシグナル伝達経路有糸分裂を通して通常進行を確保するために専念しているし、このプロセス?...

細胞周期細胞は彼らのゲノムと増殖の正確な重複規制の厳しいと一時的制御イベントのシリーズを受けます。哺乳類細胞周期の間期と M 期ので構成されます。中間期の 3 つの段階 - G1、S から成っている、セル G2 のゲノムを複製し、正常な細胞周期進行1,2のために必要な成長を経る。(前期 prometaphase、中期、後期、終期) 有糸分裂と細胞質分裂から成る M 相親細胞は遺伝的に同一の 2 つの娘細胞を生成します。続いて中期プレート (中期) の整列の有糸分裂、姉妹染色分け体重複ゲノムの凝縮 (前期)、組み立て有糸分裂紡錘体 (prometaphase) の微小管による自分の体に取得されたドライブの姉妹染色分け体のに向かって分割し、反対側のスピンドルに運ばれる極 (後期) とき偏析と等しい。2 つの娘細胞は、アクチンに基づく収縮環 (終期と細胞質分裂) の活動によって物理的に分かれています。動原体染色分け体のセントロメア領域で組み立てて特殊なタンパク質の構造は、紡錘体微小管の添付ファイルをサイトとして.その主な機能は、染色体キャプチャ、配置を駆動し、染色体分離3,4の忠実性を維持するために紡錘アセンブリ チェックポイントを仲介しながら、不適切なスピンドル微小管の添付ファイルを修正することを支援することです。
セル同期の手法は、細胞周期の進行に関与する分子と構造のイベントを理解するための理想的なツールとして機能します。このアプローチは、さまざまな種類の解析、遺伝子発現のプロファイリングを含む細胞の生化学的なプロセスの解析とタンパク質の細胞内局在性の検出の特定のフェーズでセル人口を豊かに使用されています。個々 の遺伝子産物の研究のみならず遺伝子式5、miRNA 発現パターン6のマイクロ アレイ解析を含む全体のゲノムの解析を伴うアプローチ同期の哺乳類細胞を使用できます。翻訳制御7、および蛋白質の変更8のプロテオーム解析。同期は、細胞周期の進行に及ぼす影響の遺伝子発現やタンパク質ノックダウンまたはノックアウト、または化学物質の研究にも使用できます。
細胞は、細胞周期の異なった段階で同期できます。物理的、化学的、広くセル同期に使用されます。セル同期の最も重要な基準は、同期する必要があります noncytotoxic と可逆であること。潜在的な不利な細胞結果の薬理学的エージェントによってセルを同期する、ため化学依存メソッドはキー細胞周期イベントの勉強のために有利にできます。たとえば、ヒドロキシウレア、amphidicolin、ミモシン、ロバスタチン、G1/S 期の細胞の同期に使用できるが、彼らを阻害する生化学的経路の効果のために彼らは細胞周期チェックポイント機構をアクティブにし、重要なを殺すセル9,10の割合です。その一方で、「チミジン ブロック」として知られている成長媒体にチミジンを追加して DNA 複製のフィードバック阻害は特定ポイント11,12,13で細胞周期を挙げることが出来る。セルは、ノコダゾールと RO 33069,14と扱うことによって G2/m 期で同期できます。微小管重合を防ぐノコダゾールが比較的高い細胞毒性です。また、ノコダゾール逮捕細胞分裂すべりによって中間期の早期に返すことができます。二重チミジン ブロック逮捕セル G1/S 段階およびブロックからの解放後、細胞はある G2 から、有糸分裂に同期的に続行します。細胞周期細胞チミジン ブロックから解放のための通常の進行は、セル固定またはライブ イメージングによる高分解能共焦点顕微鏡の下で観察できます。セルを入力し、二重チミジン ブロックからリリース後有糸分裂に進むときに具体的に、有糸分裂蛋白質の摂動の効果を学ぶことができます。Cdt1、多機能性蛋白質、DNA 複製が G1 期でライセンスを起源に関与する有糸分裂15の中にも動原体微小管の添付ファイル必要です。有糸分裂 Cdt1 の機能を研究、レプリケーション ライセンス G1 フェーズ G2/M フェーズのみで具体的にその枯渇に影響を与えて同時に一方で、枯渇の影響を回避する手法を採用する必要があります。ここでは、固定と生細胞イメージングによる蛋白質の細胞周期の異なった段階の間に複数の機能を実行するの分裂の役割を研究する二重チミジン ブロックに基づく詳細なプロトコルを提案する.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS (1X)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>14190-144</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leibovitz&#8217;s (1X) L-15 medium</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>21083-027</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serum reduced medium (Opti-MEM)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>319-85-070</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin and streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>15070-063 (Pen Strep)</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dharmafect2</td>
			<td>GE Dharmacon</td>
			<td>T-2002-02</td>
			<td>Store at 4 degree C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thymidine</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals LLC</td>
			<td>103056</td>
			<td>Dissolved in sterile distiled water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cdt1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hec1 siRNA</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Ref 13</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells expressing GFP-H2B</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HeLa cells expressing GFP-&#945;-tubulin and mCherry H2B</td>
			<td>Generous gift from Dr. Kozo Tanaka of Tohoku university, Japan</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formaldehyde solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Corporation</td>
			<td>F8775</td>
			<td>Toxic, needs caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich Corporation</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>Toxic, needs caution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-&#945;-tubulin</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology</td>
			<td>Sc32293</td>
			<td>1:1000 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit ant-Zwint1</td>
			<td>Bethyl</td>
			<td>A300-781A</td>
			<td>1:400 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse anti-phospho-&#947;H2AX (Ser139)</td>
			<td>Upstate Biotechnology</td>
			<td>05-626, clone JBW301</td>
			<td>1:300 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa 488</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodamine Red-X</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1:250 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BioLite 6 well multidish</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>130184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>35MM Glass bottom dish</td>
			<td>MatTek Corporation</td>
			<td>P35GCOL-1.5-14-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nikon Eclipse TiE inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spinning disc for confocal</td>
			<td>Yokagawa</td>
			<td>CSU-X1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra 888 EM-CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Andor</td>
			<td>iXon Ultra EMCCD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4 wave length laser</td>
			<td>Agilent Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubation System for Microscopes</td>
			<td>Tokai Hit</td>
			<td>TIZB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NIS-elements software</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combining mitotic cell synchronization and high resolution confocal microscopy to study the role of multifunctional cell cycle proteins during mitosis

位相依存的に細胞周期の様々 な規制のイベントの研究は、細胞増殖と分裂についての明確な理解を提供します。細胞周期の特定の段階のセル人口の同期は、このような実験的努力で非常に役に立つ発見されています。比較的より少なく有毒な化学薬品処理による細胞の同期は、結果として細胞周期イベントの選択した分裂段階の特定の濃縮を得ようと研究の薬理学的阻害薬の使用上有利なすることができます。ここで、セルのさまざまな段階で同期のひと細胞周期 S 期と M 段階二重チミジン ブロックの両方を含むと染色体の整列の有糸分裂蛋白質の機能を研究するための手順をリリース プロトコルを説明します。分離。このプロトコルは、確立された界面の機能を持つ多機能タンパク質の細胞分裂の役割を研究するため非常に便利になっています。私たちのケースでは Cdt1、レプリケーション元ライセンス G1 期での重要な蛋白質の細胞分裂の役割を効果的に学ぶことができます G2/M 固有 Cdt1 が枯渇することができる場合にのみ。二重チミジンの同期を使用して特定の G2/M Cdt1 の枯渇のための詳しいプロトコルについて述べる。また、セル固定のプロトコルを説明し、チミジン リリース後高分解能共焦点顕微鏡を用いた細胞イメージングを住んでいます。メソッドは Hec1、複雑な Ndc80 のコンポーネントのように生理と摂動条件下で細胞分裂蛋白質の機能を分析し固定と生きている細胞の分裂期の細胞の大規模なサンプル サイズを取得することができるため便利分析も紹介します。

有糸分裂の進行と細胞内微小管の安定性に関する研究は二重チミジン ブロックからリリース後固定 Cdt1 は G1 期に DNA の複製の起源のライセンスに関与しています。それは S 期は劣化が、G2/m 期で再蓄積します。有糸分裂におけるその役割を研究、内因性 Cdt1 を使用して最も適したセル同期方式の二重チミジン ブロック15G/M 段階で具体?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis at JoVE

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

高分解能共焦点顕微鏡を用いた解析に続いて HeLa 細胞の二重チミジン同期するためのプロトコルを提案します。このメソッドは、多数の有糸分裂、また界面機能を有する多機能性蛋白質の細胞分裂の役割の解明を可能にする S 期から同期的に進めるセルを取得するキーです。

有糸分裂の多機能の細胞周期蛋白質の役割を研究する有糸分裂細胞同期と高分解能共焦点顕微鏡を組み合わせた

Study of the various regulatory events of the cell cycle in a phase-dependent manner provides a clear understanding about cell growth and division. The ...

combining-mitotic-cell-synchronization-high-resolution-confocal

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

14.2K ビュー.  Northwestern University. 高分解能共焦点顕微鏡を用いた解析に続いて HeLa 細胞の二重チミジン同期するためのプロトコルを提案します。このメソッドは、多数の有糸分裂、また界面機能を有する多機能性蛋白質の細胞分裂の役割の解明を可能にする S 期から同期的に進めるセルを取得するキーです。

ビデオ: Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Fluorescence-based Measurement of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Live Cells: from Cultured Cancer Cell to Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to replenish depleted endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ stores1,2. Since Ca2+ is a ubiquitous second messenger, it is not surprising to see that SOCE plays important roles in a variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, gene transcription and motility. Due to its wide occurrence in nearly all cell types, including epithelial cells and skeletal muscles, this pathway has received great interest3,4. However, the heterogeneity of SOCE characteristics in different cell types and the physiological function are still not clear5-7.
The functional channel properties of SOCE can be revealed by patch-clamp studies, whereas a large body of knowledge about this pathway has been gained by fluorescence-based intracellular Ca2+ measurements because of its convenience and feasibility for high-throughput screening. The objective of this report is to summarize a few fluorescence-based methods to measure the activation of SOCE in monolayer cells, suspended cells and muscle fibers5,8-10. The most commonly used of these fluorescence methods is to directly monitor the dynamics of intracellular Ca2+ using the ratio of F340nm and F380nm (510 nm for emission wavelength) of the ratiometric Ca2+ indicator Fura-2. To isolate the activity of unidirectional SOCE from intracellular Ca2+ release and Ca2+ extrusion, a Mn2+ quenching assay is frequently used. Mn2+ is known to be able to permeate into cells via SOCE while it is impervious to the surface membrane extrusion processes or to ER uptake by Ca2+ pumps due to its very high affinity with Fura-2. As a result, the quenching of Fura-2 fluorescence induced by the entry of extracellular Mn2+ into the cells represents a measurement of activity of SOCE9. Ratiometric measurement and the Mn+2 quenching assays can be performed on a cuvette-based spectrofluorometer in a cell population mode or in a microscope-based system to visualize single cells. The advantage of single cell measurements is that individual cells subjected to gene manipulations can be selected using GFP or RFP reporters, allowing studies in genetically modified or mutated cells. The spatiotemporal characteristics of SOCE in structurally specialized skeletal muscle can be achieved in skinned muscle fibers by simultaneously monitoring the fluorescence of two low affinity Ca2+ indicators targeted to specific compartments of the muscle fiber, such as Fluo-5N in the SR and Rhod-5N in the transverse tubules9,11,12.

The extent of store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) can be monitored using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators. Mn2+ quenching of such indicators assays SOCE in cultured cells and skeletal muscle fibers. A technique allowing spatial and temporal resolution of SOCE by confocal imaging of mechanically skinned muscle fibers is also described.

生細胞におけるストア作動性カルシウムエントリの蛍光ベースの測定：培養癌細胞から骨格筋線維に

Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), earlier termed capacitative Ca2+ entry, is a tightly regulated mechanism for influx of extracellular Ca2+ into cells to ...

生物学

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

Imaging in vivo dynamics of cellular behavior throughout a developmental sequence can be a powerful technique for understanding the mechanics of tissue patterning. During animal development, key cell proliferation and patterning events occur very quickly. For instance, in Caenorhabditis elegans all cell divisions required for the larval body plan are completed within six hours after fertilization, with seven mitotic cycles1; the sixteen or more mitoses of Drosophila embryogenesis occur in less than 24 hr2. In contrast, cell divisions during plant development are slow, typically on the order of a day 3,4,5 . This imposes a unique challenge and a need for long-term live imaging for documenting dynamic behaviors of cell division and differentiation events during plant organogenesis. Arabidopsis epidermis is an excellent model system for investigating signaling, cell fate, and development in plants. In the cotyledon, this tissue consists of air- and water-resistant pavement cells interspersed with evenly distributed stomata, valves that open and close to control gas exchange and water loss. Proper spacing of these stomata is critical to their function, and their development follows a sequence of asymmetric division and cell differentiation steps to produce the organized epidermis (Fig. 1).
This protocol allows observation of cells and proteins in the epidermis over several days of development. This time frame enables precise documentation of stem-cell divisions and differentiation of epidermal cells, including stomata and epidermal pavement cells. Fluorescent proteins can be fused to proteins of interest to assess their dynamics during cell division and differentiation processes. This technique allows us to understand the localization of a novel protein, POLAR6, during the proliferation stage of stomatal-lineage cells in the Arabidopsis cotyledon epidermis, where it is expressed in cells preceding asymmetric division events and moves to a characteristic area of the cell cortex shortly before division occurs. Images can be registered and streamlined video easily produced using public domain software to visualize dynamic protein localization and cell types as they change over time.

Long-term, High-resolution Confocal Time Lapse Imaging of Arabidopsis Cotyledon Epidermis during Germination

We describe a protocol using chamber slides and media to immobilize plant cotyledons for confocal imaging of the epidermis over several days of development, documenting stomatal differentiation. Fluorophore-tagged proteins can be tracked dynamically by expression and subcellular localization, increasing understanding of their possible roles during cell division and cell-type differentiation.

の長期、高分解能共焦点タイムラプスイメージング<em&gt;シロイヌナズナ子葉</em発芽過程&gt;表皮

Imaging in vivo dynamics of cellular behavior throughout a developmental sequence can be a powerful technique for understanding the mechanics of tissue ...

Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical clarity and amenability to genetic manipulation, the zebrafish embryo has become a popular model organism with which to perform time-lapse analysis of morphogenesis in living embryos. Confocal imaging of a live zebrafish embryo requires that a tissue of interest is persistently labeled with a fluorescent marker, such as a transgene or injected dye. The process demands that the embryo is anesthetized and held in place in such a way that healthy development proceeds normally. Parameters for imaging must be set to account for three-dimensional growth and to balance the demands of resolving individual cells while getting quick snapshots of development. Our results demonstrate the ability to perform long-term in vivo imaging of fluorescence-labeled zebrafish embryos and to detect varied tissue behaviors in the cranial neural crest that cause craniofacial abnormalities. Developmental delays caused by anesthesia and mounting are minimal, and embryos are unharmed by the process. Time-lapse imaged embryos can be returned to liquid medium and subsequently imaged or fixed at later points in development. With an increasing abundance of transgenic zebrafish lines and well-characterized fate mapping and transplantation techniques, imaging any desired tissue is possible. As such, time-lapse in vivo imaging combines powerfully with zebrafish genetic methods, including analyses of mutant and microinjected embryos.

Time-lapse confocal imaging is a powerful technique useful for characterizing embryonic development. Here, we describe the methodology and characterize craniofacial morphogenesis in wild-type, as well as pdgfra, smad5, and smo mutant embryos.

4D共焦点顕微鏡を用いたゼブラフィッシュにおける顔面形態形成を分析する

Time-lapse imaging is a technique that allows for the direct observation of the process of morphogenesis, or the generation of shape. Due to their optical ...

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an excellent model system for examining mechanisms and consequences of genome instability. Information gained from this yeast model is relevant to many organisms, including humans, since DNA repair and DNA damage response factors are well conserved across diverse species. However, S. cerevisiae has not yet been used to fully address whether the rate of accumulating mutations changes with increasing replicative (mitotic) age due to technical constraints. For instance, measurements of yeast replicative lifespan through micromanipulation involve very small populations of cells, which prohibit detection of rare mutations. Genetic methods to enrich for mother cells in populations by inducing death of daughter cells have been developed, but population sizes are still limited by the frequency with which random mutations that compromise the selection systems occur. The current protocol takes advantage of magnetic sorting of surface-labeled yeast mother cells to obtain large enough populations of aging mother cells to quantify rare mutations through phenotypic selections. Mutation rates, measured through fluctuation tests, and mutation frequencies are first established for young cells and used to predict the frequency of mutations in mother cells of various replicative ages. Mutation frequencies are then determined for sorted mother cells, and the age of the mother cells is determined using flow cytometry by staining with a fluorescent reagent that detects bud scars formed on their cell surfaces during cell division. Comparison of predicted mutation frequencies based on the number of cell divisions to the frequencies experimentally observed for mother cells of a given replicative age can then identify whether there are age-related changes in the rate of accumulating mutations. Variations of this basic protocol provide the means to investigate the influence of alterations in specific gene functions or specific environmental conditions on mutation accumulation to address mechanisms underlying genome instability during replicative aging.

Combining Magnetic Sorting of Mother Cells and Fluctuation Tests to Analyze Genome Instability During Mitotic Cell Aging in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Mutation rates in young Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells measured through fluctuation tests are used to predict mutation frequencies for mother cells of different replicative ages. Magnetic sorting and flow cytometry are then used to measure actual mutation frequencies and age of mother cells to identify any deviations from predicted mutation frequencies.

母細胞と変動試験の磁気ソーティングを組み合わせることでの有糸分裂細胞老化中に、ゲノム不安定性を分析するために<em&gt;サッカロマイセス·セレビシエ</em

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been an excellent model system for examining mechanisms and consequences of genome instability. Information gained from this ...

Synchronization of Caulobacter Crescentus for Investigation of the Bacterial Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is important for growth, genome replication, and development in all cells. In bacteria, studies of the cell cycle have focused largely on unsynchronized cells making it difficult to order the temporal events required for cell cycle progression, genome replication, and division. Caulobacter crescentus provides an excellent model system for the bacterial cell cycle whereby cells can be rapidly synchronized in a G0 state by density centrifugation. Cell cycle synchronization experiments have been used to establish the molecular events governing chromosome replication and segregation, to map a genetic regulatory network controlling cell cycle progression, and to identify the establishment of polar signaling complexes required for asymmetric cell division. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the rapid synchronization of Caulobacter NA1000 cells. Synchronization can be performed in a large-scale format for gene expression profiling and western blot assays, as well as a small-scale format for microscopy or FACS assays. The rapid synchronizability and high cell yields of Caulobacter make this organism a powerful model system for studies of the bacterial cell cycle.

Synchronization of Caulobacter Crescentus for Investigation of the Bacterial Cell Cycle

Synchronization of bacterial cells is essential for studies of the bacterial cell cycle and development. Caulobacter crescentus is synchronizable through density centrifugation allowing a rapid and powerful tool for studies of the bacterial cell cycle. Here we provide a detailed protocol for the synchronization of Caulobacter cells.

の同期<em&gt;カウロバクターCrescentus</em&gt;細菌細胞周期の調査のため

The cell cycle is important for growth, genome replication, and development in all cells.  In bacteria, studies of the cell cycle have focused largely on ...

Temporal Tracking of Cell Cycle Progression Using Flow Cytometry without the Need for Synchronization

This protocol describes a method to permit the tracking of cells through the cell cycle without requiring the cells to be synchronized. Achieving cell synchronization can be difficult for many cell systems. Standard practice is to block cell cycle progression at a specific stage and then release the accumulated cells producing a wave of cells progressing through the cycle in unison. However, some cell types find this block toxic resulting in abnormal cell cycling, or even mass death. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake can be used to track the cell cycle stage of individual cells. Cells incorporate this synthetic thymidine analog, while synthesizing new DNA during S phase. By providing BrdU for a brief period it is possible to mark a pool of cells that were in S phase while the BrdU was present. These cells can then be tracked through the remainder of the cell cycle and into the next round of replication, permitting the duration of the cell cycle phases to be determined without the need to induce a potentially toxic cell cycle block. It is also possible to determine and correlate the expression of both internal and external proteins during subsequent stages of the cell cycle. These can be used to further refine the assignment of cell cycle stage or assess effects on other cellular functions such as checkpoint activation or cell death.

This protocol describes the use of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) uptake to permit the temporal tracking of cells that were in S phase at a specific point in time. Addition of DNA dyes and antibody labeling facilitates detailed analysis of the fate of the S phase cells at later times.

同期を必要とせずに、フローサイトメトリーを用いた細胞周期の進行の時間追跡

This protocol describes a method to permit the tracking of cells through the cell cycle without requiring the cells to be synchronized. Achieving cell ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

無細胞アッセイは、有糸分裂の終了時クロマチン脱凝縮を勉強します

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

Advanced Confocal Microscopy Techniques to Study Protein-protein Interactions and Kinetics at DNA Lesions

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological approach to analyzing protein kinetics at DNA lesions over time or protein-protein interactions on locally microirradiated chromatin. We also show how to recognize individual phases of the cell cycle using the Fucci cellular system to study cell-cycle-dependent protein kinetics at DNA lesions. A methodological description of the use of two UV lasers (355 nm and 405 nm) to induce different types of DNA damage is also presented. Only the cells microirradiated by the 405-nm diode laser proceeded through mitosis normally and were devoid of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs). We also show how microirradiated cells can be fixed at a given time point to perform immunodetection of the endogenous proteins of interest. For the DNA repair studies, we additionally describe the use of biophysical methods including FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) and FLIM (Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy) in cells with spontaneously occurring DNA damage foci. We also show an application of FLIM-FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) in experimental studies of protein-protein interactions.

Laser microirradiation is a useful tool for studies of DNA repair in living cells. A methodological approach for the use of UVA lasers to induce various DNA lesions is shown. We have optimized a method for local microirradiation that maintains the normal cell cycle; thus, irradiated cells proceed through mitosis.

タンパク質-タンパク質相互作用や DNA 損傷速度論を研究する共焦点の顕微鏡検査の技術を高度な

Local microirradiation with lasers represents a useful tool for studies of DNA-repair-related processes in live cells. Here, we describe a methodological ...

Live Cell Fluorescence Microscopy to Observe Essential Processes During Microbial Cell Growth

Core cellular processes such as DNA replication and segregation, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cell division rely on the function of proteins which are essential for bacterial survival. A series of target-specific dyes can be used as probes to better understand these processes. Staining with lipophilic dyes enables the observation of membrane structure, visualization of lipid microdomains, and detection of membrane blebs. Use of fluorescent-d-amino acids (FDAAs) to probe the sites of peptidoglycan biosynthesis can indicate potential defects in cell wall biogenesis or cell growth patterning. Finally, nucleic acid stains can indicate possible defects in DNA replication or chromosome segregation. Cyanine DNA stains label living cells and are suitable for time-lapse microscopy enabling real-time observations of nucleoid morphology during cell growth. Protocols for cell labeling can be applied to protein depletion mutants to identify defects in membrane structure, cell wall biogenesis, or chromosome segregation. Furthermore, time-lapse microscopy can be used to monitor morphological changes as an essential protein is removed and can provide additional insights into protein function. For example, the depletion of essential cell division proteins results in filamentation or branching, whereas the depletion of cell growth proteins may cause cells to become shorter or rounder. Here, protocols for cell growth, target-specific labeling, and time-lapse microscopy are provided for the bacterial plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Together, target-specific dyes and time-lapse microscopy enable characterization of essential processes in A. tumefaciens. Finally, the protocols provided can be readily modified to probe essential processes in other bacteria.

Understanding the function of essential processes in bacteria is challenging. Fluorescence microscopy with target-specific dyes can provide key insights into microbial cell growth and cell cycle progression. Here, Agrobacterium tumefaciens is used as a model bacterium to highlight methods for live cell imaging for characterization of essential processes.

微生物細胞の成長に不可欠なプロセスを遵守する細胞蛍光顕微鏡をライブします。

Core cellular processes such as DNA replication and segregation, protein synthesis, cell wall biosynthesis, and cell division rely on the function of ...

The Microscopy-Based Assay to Study and Analyze the Recycling Endosomes using SNARE Trafficking

Recycling endosomes (REs) are tubular-vesicular organelles generated from early/sorting endosomes in all cell types. These organelles play a key role in the biogenesis of melanosomes, a lysosome-related organelle produced by melanocytes. REs deliver the melanocyte-specific cargo to premature melanosomes during their formation. Blockage in the generation of REs, observed in several mutants of Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, results in hypopigmentation of skin, hair, and eye. Therefore, studying the dynamics (refer to number and length) of REs is useful to understand the function of these organelles in normal and disease conditions. In this study, we aim to measure the RE dynamics using a resident SNARE STX13.

Recycling endosomes are part of the endosomal tubular network. Here we present a method to quantify the dynamics of recycling endosomes using GFP-STX13 as an organelle marker.

SNARE人身売買を用いた循環型の内視鏡分析法

Recycling endosomes (REs) are tubular-vesicular organelles generated from early/sorting endosomes in all cell types. These organelles play a key role in ...

有糸分裂の多機能の細胞周期蛋白質の役割を研究する有糸分裂細胞同期と高分解能共焦点顕微鏡を組み合わせた

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