この作品は、インド政府ニューデリー国立免疫学研究所生物資源科学部から受領したコアによって支えられました。博士バッタチャルジー現住所は消化器科、肝臓と栄養、子供のロサンゼルスの病院です。

このプロトコルで説明されている手順は、ニューデリー国立免疫学研究所の機関の動物倫理委員会によって承認されています。承認のシリアル番号は IAEC #319/13.
注: 一般的な手術手順20と齧歯動物の外科21のための特定のプロトコルに優秀な資源があります。初めて動物の外科手術を行うため、勧め広範囲の練習にダミーに手術動物で動作する前に。
1. 準備
<ol><li>実験前に滅菌リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) または生理食塩水の準備をしてください。</li>
	<li>はさみ、鋸歯鉗子、組織鉗子、コットン、綿棒、ナイロン スレッド、および異なるマイクロ ニードル ホルダーを含む手術キットを組み立てます。オートクレーブ手術キット。NOD は、免疫の低下した場合に、特別な注意が必要があります。SCID マウスは、プロトコルに含まれます。</li>
	<li>手術の最後に準備から実験手順を実行、バイオ安全クラス I 内閣。</li>
	<li>うなずきの重量を量る。6-8 週間手術前に古いの SCID マウス。14 18 g の間の重量を量るマウスは本研究で使用されます。</li>
	<li>髪トリマーにマウスの上部中央と肋腹部領域を剃る。髪のトリミングした毛を完全に削除にヘラで地域全体に均等にクリームを削除するを適用します。2-5 分後濡れた滅菌綿の部分のヘルプで軽く毛を削除します。</li>
	<li>イソフルラン チャンバーにマウスを置き、酸素ボンベのバルブのロックを解除します。4 L/分の速度で酸素の流れとイソフルラン気化麻酔を誘導するために 4% を維持します。<ol>
<li>マウスは、穏やかなつま先をつまんで適切に麻酔されていることを確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>キャビネット バイオセイフティ内手術ボードを配置します。マウスの腹側を向いているし、マウスの前方部分はイソフルランと酸素の供給に接続されている鼻の円錐形内に配置するように、動物を手術基板に配置します。</li>
	<li>イソフルラン気化の 2% を削減し、手術を通してそれを維持します。</li>
	<li>マウスの皮膚を消毒して、70% エタノールに浸した滅菌綿で拭くことによってそれを殺菌.</li>
</ol>2. 手術
<ol><li>
肝部分切除
	<ol>
<li>剣状突起と直線動作はさみの助けを借りて、胸部に平行に垂直、胸骨のすぐ下に皮膚の約 1 cm の横切開を加えます。</li>
		<li>鉗子や皮膚や腹部の筋肉の層を区別する湿らせた滅菌綿棒付け切開領域近傍の腹部の筋肉層で皮膚を優しきます。乾燥を避けるために滅菌綿棒を使用して PBS の皮地域を浸します。</li>
		<li>左葉の領域を剣のすぐ下に腹膜の層を介して横切開することによってスムーズに公開します。肝臓の左葉を持ち上げてを公開する 2 つの湿らせた綿棒を使用します。</li>
		<li>カットの腹部側に綿のヒントの一つに、ダイヤフラムの側面の別の綿のヒントを置きます。優しく、横隔膜に向かって配置ヒントを押すし、肝臓の左葉を持ち上げることによる他の先端スライド プッシュを与えます。</li>
		<li>リフトの左葉をループのナイロン糸を滑り、マイクロ鉗子または綿のヒントの助けを借りて、肺門の近くに左葉の底部に向けてループをスライドさせます。左の葉のベースにナイロン糸ループの下を軽く押します。</li>
		<li>マイクロサージャリー針ホルダーとマイクロ鉗子を使用して左の葉の上にナイロン糸の両端を結ぶ。反対側に 2 つの追加の結び目を作る。</li>
		<li>はさみの助けを借りて、結ばれた葉を分析します。スレッドに近い非常にカットしようとしないでください。場合に手順は、5 分以上続く、潤いを保つ腹腔内や臓器体液の損失のための乾燥を避けるために滅菌 PBS の。</li>
		<li>連続 4-0 腸線縫合糸を使用して縫合、腹膜を縫います。その後、できるだけ早く不連続縫合で皮膚を閉じます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>
細胞移植 注: GFP 発現肝細胞が GFP トランスジェニック マウスから分離された (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC GFP) 30 Scha/J)、李らによって記述された手順に従って。22と沈ら。23 24単球から分化したひと由来の肝細胞様細胞 (NeoHep) は、移植にも使用されました。ただし、他のソースから派生したセルは、プロトコルに使用もことがあります。<ol>
<li>20 万約 50 μ L Iscove の変更ダルベッコ媒体 (IMDM) の細胞を中断し、30 G 針でキャップ 1 mL インスリン注射器で吸引します。氷の上に置くことで、シリンジの寒さを維持します。</li>
		<li>手術を行う人に向かって左の外側部分が上を向くようにマウスを配置します。脾の領域を識別するそして横脾臓を公開する腹膜の層を介して短い切開に続けて、肋領域付近の皮膚を解剖します。</li>
		<li>優しく、脾臓を持ち上げて、2 つ PBS の助けを借りて共振器外には綿棒を湿らせた。</li>
		<li>片手で 2 つ綿棒で慎重に脾臓を押し、注射器の針を脾臓に正確に垂直に配置します。優しく脾臓に穴を開けるし、針を押して内部で非常にゆっくりと。針は、2 mm よりも深い取得しないでください。</li>
		<li>注射器のピストンをゆっくりと脾臓に細胞を注入するプッシュします。移植後注射器の針を安定に保つため、出血を避けるために脾臓または細胞の損失からゆっくりと取り外します。</li>
		<li>綿のヒントと腹腔内に脾臓を配置した後 4-0 腸線縫合糸で連続縫合により腹膜の層を閉じます。不連続同じ縫合と皮膚を縫います。皮膚を閉じるため傷クリップを使用しないでください。代わりに、4-0 縫合して閉じます。傷クリップがマウスの自然な動きを制限して多くの場合クリップが緩むし、すぐに出てくる。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>3. 手術後のケア
<ol><li>皮膚を閉じると後に、、ヨード溶液 (betadine) 滅菌綿棒を使用して縫合サイトの両方の周りを拭いてください。</li>
	<li>600 mg/kg 本体重量 (通常は、100 μ L の生理食塩水/マウスで 12 mg セフォタキシム) 腹腔内と抗生物質セフォタキシムの線量を注入 1 mL の注射器を使用しています。</li>
	<li>鎮痛剤メロキシカムの毎日の用量として与える 1 mg/kg 体重 (通常 12 μ g メロキシカム生理食塩水/マウスの 100 μ L の) 動物に腹腔内、手術後は、3 日間。</li>
	<li>手術の終了後、イソフルラン麻酔ガスの流れを止めるし、個別換気ケージに戻ってマウス カーソルを置きます。</li>
</ol>4. euthanization とキャラクタリゼーション
<ol><li>実験的エンドポイント (1 日、手術後 10 日) 後に、、動物倫理ガイドラインに従ってマウスを安楽死させます。</li>
	<li>末期眼ターミナル神経叢を穿刺、動物の出血によって血を収集します。</li>
	<li>血液から血清を分離します。</li>
</ol>

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肝部分切除は調査の肝再生に確立された技術と過剰な切除は AHF モデルを模倣に報告されました。AHF の動物モデルは、齧歯動物、特にマウスは最も研究のモデルがあります。70% 肝切除までのマウス肝障害モデルを取得するには、良い生存率25,26で報告されています。しかし裸や他の免疫不全マウスは、70% 肝切除を致命的なものとして報告された、2...

現在、重度の肝障害を有する患者の治療のための全体の臓器移植に代わるものとして肝細胞移植を提案する.それが全臓器移植1患者を埋めることができるといわれています。同種肝2、に加えてまた異種肝3と4幹細胞由来肝細胞を動物モデルで検討されています。このコンテキスト、ホーミングと生着受信者に移植細胞の潜在性は急性肝不全 (AHF) で基づく細胞療法の重要な基準です。
肝細胞の肝細胞様細胞5移植を調査、AHF が手術6か細胞移植薬理7手続、動物モデルで作成されます。薬理学的試薬、コンカナバリン A12、リポ多糖13, チオアセトアミド11四塩化炭素10アセトアミノフェン9d-ガラクトサミン8など多くの hepatotoxins によって AHF 動物モデルを作成するには、等.、使用されています。このリストからすべての試薬、AHF のユニークな一連の機能を生成しますが、単一試薬を人間 AHF 模倣ない残念なことに。また、hepatotoxins による AHF 慢性的なストレス下での動物を置く、長い時間がかかる、再現性のある結果が得にくい。
その一方で、肝部分切除 (PHx) の手術はスキル依存と再現性のある結果が必要なスキルを開発したら、入手しやすい。単独で外科的介入によって AHF を誘導して、肝臓の 70% 以上の切除が必要です。ただし、70% 肝切除は生着、増殖研究にまだ利用することができます未満は肝臓障害14中治療能力の分析の肝細胞を移植しました。肝細胞の移植は、腹膜15、16尾静脈、肝静脈17、または脾臓18を介して実行されるポスト肝切除をされています。現在、肝静脈注入と脾内移植肝細胞の最寄りの手順では、簡単に再現しています。
本稿でうなずきで 30% 部分肝切除のための手順を説明しました。SCID (うなずく。CB17-Prkdcscid/J) マウス肝臓の左葉が切除されます。それは、人間の起源は、脾臓で NeoHep19と同様、20 万の GFP 発現マウス (C57BL/6-Tg (UBC GFP) 30Scha/J) 肝細胞の移植が続きます。この手順は、肝臓移植細胞の生着につながります。この手順は、少なくとも侵襲的な少なくとも痛みを伴う方法です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Gas Anesthesia System</td><td>Ugo Basile; Italy</td><td>211000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Weighing machine</td><td>Goldtech ; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Biological safety cabinet ( Class I)</td><td>Kartos international;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Hair Trimmer</td><td>Panasonic ;&amp;nbsp; Japan&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ER-GY10&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight operating scissor with sharp /sharp blades</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Forceps with Serrations</td><td>Major Surgicals; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Micro needle holders&amp;nbsp; straight &amp;amp; curved&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mercian ;&amp;nbsp; England&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BS-13-8</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml insulin syringe with 30G *5/16 needles&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Dispo Van; India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml syringe with 26 G * 1/2 needle</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>REF 303060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nylon Threads&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Mighty ; India</td><td></td><td>(1-0) Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>MERSUTURES 4-0 Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture</td><td>Ethicon, Johnson &amp;amp; Johnson, India</td><td>NW 5047</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRUGUT 76 cm 4-0 absorbable surgical suture</td><td>Sutures India Pvt. Ltd; India</td><td>SN 5048</td><td>Sterilised Surgical Needled Suture Catgut Chromic</td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Buds</td><td>Pure Swabs Pvt Ltd ;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Local Procurement</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Tape</td><td>3M India ; India</td><td>1530-1</td><td>Micropore Surgical Tape</td></tr><tr><td>Microtome</td><td>Histo-Line Laboratories, Italy</td><td>MRS3500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shandon Cryotome E Cryostat</td><td>Thermo Electron Corporation ; US</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal laser scanning microscope</td><td>Carl Zeiss ; Germany&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LSM 510 META</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bright Field Microscope</td><td>Olympus, Japan</td><td>LX51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Automated analyser</td><td>Tulip, Alto Santracruz, India</td><td>Screen Maaster 3000</td><td>Biochemical analyser for liver functional test</td></tr><tr><td>Flow Cytometer</td><td>BD ; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD FACSverse</td><td>Assesment of presence of cells post transplantation</td></tr><tr><td>Veet hair removal cream&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Reckitt Benckiser , India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FORANE</td><td>Abbott ; US</td><td></td><td>isoflurane USP 99.9%&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Taxim</td><td>AlKem ; India</td><td></td><td>cefotaxime sodium injection</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone-Iodine solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Win-Medicare;&amp;nbsp; India</td><td></td><td>Betadine</td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>GRM 3660</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Iscove&#039;s Modified Dulbecco&#039;s Medium (IMDM)</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>12200-036</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>S0389</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek</td><td>Sakura; US</td><td>25608-930</td><td>O.C.T compound</td></tr><tr><td>DAPI</td><td>Himedia; India</td><td>MB 097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Albumin goat Polyclonal</td><td>Thermo Scientific,Pierce, US</td><td>PA126081</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-connexin 32/GJB1 Polyclonal</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab64609-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>antiGFP rabbit polyclonal&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Santa Cruz biotechnology; US</td><td>SC 8334</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 donkey anti-goat</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11058</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 488 donkey anti-sheep</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A11015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 594 chicken anti rabbit</td><td>&amp;nbsp;Molecular Probes , Thermo Fisher Scientific ;&amp;nbsp; US</td><td>A21442</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Goat anti rabbit IgG HRP</td><td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific; US&amp;nbsp;</td><td>65-6120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-Ki67 antibody</td><td>abcam, UK</td><td>ab15580</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antigen Unmasking Solution, Citric acid base</td><td>Vector laboratories, US</td><td>H-3300</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ProLong Diamond antifade mountant</td><td>Life technologies, Thermo Fisher scientific ; US</td><td>P36966</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGOT (ASAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SGPT (ALAT) KIT</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline Phosphatase Kit (DEA)</td><td>Coral Clinical System, India</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hematoxylin Solution, Mayer&#039;s</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>MHS16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eosin Y solution, alcoholic</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>HT110132</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DPX Mountant&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>6522</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Melonex (Pain Killer)</td><td>Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd; India</td><td></td><td>Meloxicam injection&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>DAB enhanced liquid substrate system tetrahydrochloride</td><td>Sigma ; US</td><td>D3939</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

intrasplenic transplantation of hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in nod.scid mice

肝切除は、肝再生と各種病態における細胞による治療の効果を研究する汎用性と再現性のある方法です。肝部分切除は加速新生血管と肝臓への細胞移行によってまた増加移植と移植細胞の増殖を促進します。ここでは、免疫不全のうなずきを組み合わせた非肥満糖尿病/重度の脾臓で 30% 肝切除や細胞移植を実行するための単純なプロトコルについて述べる.SCID (うなずく。CB17-Prkdcscid/J) マウス。
この手順では、2 つの小さな切開が作られています。最初の切開を公開し, 肝左葉を切除、脾内移植細胞の脾臓を公開するもう一つの小さな切開を行った。この手順は、すべての専門的な手術のスキルを必要はありません、少ないストレスと痛み、高速回復、生存率と 5-7 分で完了することができます。マウス (トランスジェニック C57BL/6-Tg (UBC GFP) 30Scha/J)、として部分的肝切除会釈で人間の起源 (NeoHep) の細胞のような肝細胞を表現する緑色蛍光タンパク質 (GFP) から分離された肝細胞の移植を行った。SCID マウス。

30% 肝部分切除後の肝細胞増殖:細胞増殖マーカー、Ki 67 の染色 (IHC) を免疫組織化学によって 30% 肝切除後肝残りの肝細胞の増殖を調べた。1 日ポスト肝マウスを安楽死させ、残りの肝葉摘出、およびパラフィン切片が得られました。西洋わさびペルオキシダーゼ (HRP) 共役二次抗体とラベリングに続いて、Ki 67 抗体染色しました。・ ディ ・ アミノ ベンジジン (軽打) は、染色の細?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice at JoVE.com

Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

ノドの部分肝切除 (PHx) と脾臓を介して細胞移植を実行するためのプロトコルを説明しました。SCID (うなずく。CB17-Prkdcscid/J) マウス。このプロトコルを公開し、脾細胞移植のための別の切開に続いて肝臓の左葉を切除する切開します。

うなずくにおける肝切除後肝脾内移植。SCID マウス

Partial hepatectomy is a versatile and reproducible method to study liver regeneration and the effect of cell based therapeutics in various pathological ...

intrasplenic-transplantation-hepatocytes-after-partial-hepatectomy

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

13.9K ビュー.  National Institute of Immunology. ノドの部分肝切除 (PHx) と脾臓を介して細胞移植を実行するためのプロトコルを説明しました。SCID (うなずく。CB17-Prkdcscid/J) マウス。このプロトコルを公開し、脾細胞移植のための別の切開に続いて肝臓の左葉を切除する切開します。

ビデオ: Intrasplenic Transplantation of Hepatocytes After Partial Hepatectomy in NOD.SCID Mice

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and development of innovative immunotherapeutic strategies. To develop an ideal animal model recapitulating human HCC, immunocompetent male C57BL/6J mice first receive a carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection to induce liver fibrosis, then receive histologically-normal oncogenic hepatocytes from young male SV40 T antigen (TAg)-transgenic mice (MTD2) by intra-splenic (ISPL) inoculation. Androgen generated in recipient male mice at puberty initiates TAg expression under control of a liver-specific promoter. As a result, the transferred hepatocytes become cancer cells and form tumor masses in the setting of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This novel model mimics human HCC initiation and progression in the context of liver fibrosis/cirrhosis and reflects the most typical features of human HCC including immune dysfunction.

Here, we describe the development of a clinically relevant murine model of liver cancer recapitulating the typical immune features of hepatocellular cancer (HCC).

肝炎症と線維症の設定に起因する肝細胞癌の腫瘍性肝細胞誘発性オルコトピックマウスモデル

The absence of a clinically relevant animal model addressing the typical immune characteristics of hepatocellular cancer (HCC) has significantly impeded ...

がん研究

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

免疫不全マウスの皮下および肝内ヒト肝細胞癌異種移植片の生成

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

医学

Partial Lobular Hepatectomy: A Surgical Model for Morphologic Liver Regeneration

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult liver regeneration after 70% partial hepatectomy results in hepatocyte hypertrophy with some replication in remaining lobes with restoration of metabolic activity, but with permanent loss of the injured lobe&#39;s morphology and architecture. Here, we detail a new surgical method in the neonate that leaves a physiologic environment conducive to regeneration. This model involves amputation of the left lobe apex and a subsequent conservative management regimen, and lacks the necessity for ligation of major liver vessels or chemical injury, leaving a physiologic environment where regeneration may occur. We extend this protocol to amputations on juvenile (P7-14) mice, during which the injured liver transitions from organ regeneration to compensatory growth by hypertrophy. The presented, brief 30 min protocol provides a framework to study the mechanisms of regeneration, its age-associated decline in mammals, and the characterization of putative hepatic stem or progenitors.

Here, we present a new method for partial resection of the left hepatic lobe in neonatal (day 0) mice. This new protocol is suitable for studying acute liver injury and injury response in the neonatal setting.

肺葉切除: 形態学的肝再生手術モデル

Morphological organ regeneration following acute tissue loss is common among lower vertebrates, but is rarely observed in mammalian postnatal life. Adult ...

発生生物学

A Familial Hypercholesterolemia Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Model Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Hepatocytes

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset cardiovascular disease due to marked elevation of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood. Statins are the first line of lipid-lowering drugs for treating FH and other types of hypercholesterolemia, but new approaches are emerging, in particular PCSK9 antibodies, which are now being tested in clinical trials. To explore novel therapeutic approaches for FH, either new drugs or new formulations, we need appropriate in vivo models. However, differences in the lipid metabolic profiles compared to humans are a key problem of the available animal models of FH. To address this issue, we have generated a human liver chimeric mouse model using FH induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived hepatocytes (iHeps). We used Ldlr-/-/Rag2-/-/Il2rg-/- (LRG) mice to avoid immune rejection of transplanted human cells and to assess the effect of LDLR-deficient iHeps in an LDLR null background. Transplanted FH iHeps could repopulate 5-10% of the LRG mouse liver based on human albumin staining. Moreover, the engrafted iHeps responded to lipid-lowering drugs and recapitulated clinical observations of increased efficacy of PCSK9 antibodies compared to statins. Our human liver chimeric model could thus be useful for preclinical testing of new therapies to FH. Using the same protocol, similar human liver chimeric mice for other FH genetic variants, or mutations corresponding to other inherited liver diseases, may also be generated.

Here, we present a protocol to generate a human liver chimeric mouse model of familial hypercholesterolemia using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived hepatocytes. This is a valuable model for testing new therapies for hypercholesterolemia.

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウス モデル

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is mostly caused by low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) mutations and results in an increased risk of early-onset ...

Generation of a Humanized Mouse Liver Using Human Hepatic Stem Cells

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in which the liver has been repopulated with functional human hepatocytes, could serve as a useful tool for investigating human hepatic cell biology, drug metabolism, and other preclinical applications. One of the key factors required for successful transplantation of human hepatocytes into mice is the elimination of the endogenous hepatocytes to prevent competition with the human cells and provide a suitable space and microenvironment for promoting human donor cell expansion and differentiation. To date, two major liver injury mouse models utilizing fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) and uroplasminogen activator (uPA) mice have been established. However, Fah mice are used mainly with mature hepatocytes and the application of the uPA model is limited by decreased breeding. To overcome these limitations, Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice were used for in vivo differentiation of immature human hepatocytes and humanized liver generation. Human hepatic stem cells (HpSCs) successfully repopulated the livers of Alb-TRECK/SCID mice that had developed lethal fulminant hepatic failure following diphtheria toxin (DT) treatment. This model of a humanized liver in Alb-TRECK/SCID mice will have functional applications in studies involving drug metabolism and drug-drug interactions and will promote other in vivo and in vitro studies.

Here, we present a novel humanized mouse liver model generated in Alb-toxin receptor mediated cell knockout (TRECK)/SCID mice following the transplantation of immature and expandable human hepatic stem cells.

ヒト肝幹細胞を用いたヒト化マウス肝臓の生成

A novel animal model involving chimeric mice with humanized livers established via human hepatocyte transplantation has been developed. These mice, in ...

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of their morbidity. The liver immunopathology caused by HIV-1 remains elusive. Small xenograft animal models with human hepatocytes and human immune system can recapitulate the human biology of the disease&#39;s pathogenesis. Herein, a protocol is described to establish a dual humanized mouse model through human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) transplantation, to study liver immunopathology as observed in HIV-infected patients. To achieve dual reconstitution, male TK-NOG (NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Sug Tg(Alb-TK)7-2/ShiJic) mice are intraperitoneally injected with ganciclovir (GCV) doses to eliminate mouse transgenic liver cells, and with treosulfan for nonmyeloablative conditioning, both of which facilitate human hepatocyte (HEP) engraftment and human immune system (HIS) development. Human albumin (ALB) levels are evaluated for liver engraftment, and the presence of human immune cells in blood detected by flow cytometry confirms the establishment of human immune system. The model developed using the protocol described here resembles multiple components of liver damage from HIV-1 infection. Its establishment could prove to be essential for studies of hepatitis virus co-infection and for the evaluation of antiviral and antiretroviral drugs.

This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.

HIV関連肝病因に対する二重ヒト化TK-NOGマウスモデルの確立

Despite the increased life expectancy of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), liver disease has emerged as a common cause of ...

免疫・感染学

A Mouse Model of Vascularized Heterotopic Spleen Transplantation for Studying Spleen Cell Biology and Transplant Immunity

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone splenectomy regardless of precipitating causes are prone to develop an overwhelming post-splenectomy infection and experience increased risks of deep venous thrombosis and malignancies. Recently, epidemiological studies indicated that splenectomy might be associated with the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases, suggesting that physiological functions of the spleen have not yet been fully recognized. Here, we introduce a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, which not only can be utilized to study the function and behavioral activity of splenic immune cell subsets in different biologic processes, but also can be a powerful tool to test the therapeutic potential of spleen transplantation in certain diseases. The main surgical steps of this model include donor spleen harvest, the removal of recipient native spleen, and spleen graft revascularization. Using congenic mouse strains (e.g., mice with CD45.1/CD45.2 backgrounds), we observed that after syngeneic transplantation, both donor-derived splenic lymphocytes and myeloid cells migrated out of the graft as early as post-operative day 1, concomitant with the influx of multiple types of recipient cells, thus generating a unique chimera. &#160;Despite relatively challenging techniques, this procedure can be performed with &#62;90% success rate. This model allows tracking the fate, longevity, and function of splenocytes during steady state and in a disease setting following a spleen transplantation, thereby offering a great opportunity to discover the distinct role for spleen-derived immune cells in different disease processes.

This protocol details the surgical steps of a mouse model of vascularized heterotopic spleen transplantation, a technically challenging model that can serve as a powerful tool in studying the fate and longevity of spleen cells, the mechanisms of distinct spleen cell populations in disease progression, and transplant immunity.

脾臓細胞生物学と移植免疫を研究するための血管化 Heterotopic 脾臓移植のマウスモデル

The spleen is a unique lymphoid organ that plays a critical role in the homeostasis of the immune and hematopoietic systems. Patients that have undergone ...

Minimizing Post-Infusion Portal Vein Bleeding during Intrahepatic Islet Transplantation in Mice

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the kidney capsule in most rodent preclinical islet transplantation studies. This model is commonly used because murine intrahepatic islet transplantation is technically challenging, and a high percentage of mice could die from surgical complications, especially bleeding from the injection site post-transplantation. In this study, two procedures that can minimize the incidence of post-infusion portal vein bleeding are demonstrated. The first method applies an absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge to the injection site, and the second method involves penetrating the islet injection needle through the fat tissue first and then into the portal vein by using the fat tissue as a physical barrier to stop bleeding. Both methods could effectively prevent bleeding-induced mouse death. The whole liver section showing islet distribution and evidence of islet thrombosis post-transplantation, a typical feature for intrahepatic islet transplantation, were presented. These improved protocols refine the intrahepatic islet transplantation procedures and may help laboratories set up the procedure to study islet survival and function in pre-clinical settings.

Here we present refined surgical procedures on successfully performing intraportal islet transplantation, a clinically relevant but technically challenging surgical procedure, in mice.

マウスの肝内膵島移植中の注入後門脈静脈出血の最小化

Although the liver is currently accepted as the primary transplantation site for human islets in clinical settings, islets are transplanted under the ...

Isolation of Regenerating Hepatocytes after Partial Hepatectomy in Mice

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream single-cell applications is challenging. A marked accumulation of lipids within regenerating hepatocytes is observed during the first 2 days of normal liver regeneration in mice. This so-called transient regeneration-associated steatosis (TRAS) is temporary but partially overlaps the major proliferative phase. Density-gradient purification is the backbone of most existing protocols for the isolation of primary hepatocytes. As gradient purification relies on the density and size of cells, it separates non-steatotic from steatotic hepatocyte populations. Therefore, fatty hepatocytes often are lost, yielding non-representative hepatocyte fractions. 
The presented protocol describes an easy and reliable method for the in vivo isolation of regenerating hepatocytes regardless of their lipid content. Hepatocytes from male C57BL/6 mice are isolated 24-48 h after hepatectomy by a classic two-step collagenase perfusion approach. A standard peristaltic pump drives the warmed solutions via the catheterized inferior vena cava into the remnant, using a retrograde perfusion technique with outflow through the portal vein. Hepatocytes are dissociated by collagenase for their release from the Glisson's capsule. After washing and careful centrifugation, the hepatocytes can be used for any downstream analyses. In conclusion, this paper describes a straightforward and reproducible technique for the isolation of a representative population of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice. The method may also aid the study of fatty liver disease.

Lipid-laden hepatocytes are inherent to liver regeneration but are usually lost upon density-gradient centrifugation. Here, we present an optimized cell isolation protocol that retains steatotic hepatocytes, yielding representative populations of regenerating hepatocytes after partial hepatectomy in mice.

マウスにおける肝部分切除後の再生肝細胞の単離

Partial hepatectomy has been widely used to investigate liver regeneration in mice, but the isolation of high yields of viable hepatocytes for downstream ...

マウスへの肝移植と同種移植片の開存性の分析

Successful Orthotopic Liver Transplantation in Mice Utilizing Microcomputed Tomography Angiography

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality images to be obtained of micro-vasculature and are high-fidelity tools in the field of organ transplantation. In this model of orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice, microCT affords the opportunity to evaluate allograft anastomosis in real time and has the added benefit of not having to sacrifice study animals. The choice of contrast, as well as image acquisition settings, create a high-definition image, which gives researchers invaluable information. This allows for evaluation of the technical aspects of the procedure as well as potentially evaluating different therapeutics over an extended duration of time. In this protocol, we detail an OLT model in mice in a stepwise fashion and finally describe a microCT protocol that can give high-quality images, which aid researchers in in-depth analysis of solid organ transplantation. We provide a step-by-step guide for liver transplantation in a mouse, as well as briefly discuss a protocol for evaluating the patency of the graft through microCT angiography.

著者スポットライト:マウスモデルにおけるMicroCT血管造影による移植研究の強化 

In this protocol, we discuss the implementation of a model of successful orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) in mice. Additionally, adjuvants to further analyze allograft patency after successful OLT in a mouse are discussed as well, specifically utilizing microcomputed tomography (microCT) scans.

マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影血管造影を用いたマウスの同所性肝移植の成功

Microcomputed tomography (microCT) angiography is an invaluable resource to researchers. New advances in this technology have allowed for high-quality ...

うなずくにおける肝切除後肝脾内移植。SCID マウス

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肝炎症と線維症の設定に起因する肝細胞癌の腫瘍性肝細胞誘発性オルコトピックマウスモデル

免疫不全マウスの皮下および肝内ヒト肝細胞癌異種移植片の生成

肺葉切除: 形態学的肝再生手術モデル

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウスモデル

ヒト肝幹細胞を用いたヒト化マウス肝臓の生成

HIV関連肝病因に対する二重ヒト化TK-NOGマウスモデルの確立

脾臓細胞生物学と移植免疫を研究するための血管化 Heterotopic 脾臓移植のマウスモデル

マウスの肝内膵島移植中の注入後門脈静脈出血の最小化

マウスにおける肝部分切除後の再生肝細胞の単離

マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影血管造影を用いたマウスの同所性肝移植の成功

うなずくにおける肝切除後肝脾内移植。SCID マウス

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

肝炎症と線維症の設定に起因する肝細胞癌の腫瘍性肝細胞誘発性オルコトピックマウスモデル

免疫不全マウスの皮下および肝内ヒト肝細胞癌異種移植片の生成

肺葉切除: 形態学的肝再生手術モデル

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウス モデル

ヒト肝幹細胞を用いたヒト化マウス肝臓の生成

HIV関連肝病因に対する二重ヒト化TK-NOGマウスモデルの確立

脾臓細胞生物学と移植免疫を研究するための血管化 Heterotopic 脾臓移植のマウスモデル

マウスの肝内膵島移植中の注入後門脈静脈出血の最小化

マウスにおける肝部分切除後の再生肝細胞の単離

マイクロコンピュータ断層撮影血管造影を用いたマウスの同所性肝移植の成功

誘導多能性幹細胞由来肝細胞を用いた家族性高コレステロール血症ひと肝臓キメラマウスモデル