ビデオ コンテンツのヘルプについてスタニスラフ Lazopulo に感謝しております。

1 測定飛行運動を使用してショウジョウバエ活動モニター (ダム) 注: 詳細については、参照 5 を参照してください。。
<ol><li>個々 の準備は 1 つの端に食物と一緒にチューブを飛ぶ、他のコットンします。食品とは、食品の乾燥を防ぐためにシーリングをします。
	<ol><li>は、50 mL ビーカーにはえの食糧の 5-6 g を置きます。それを溶けやすくするために小さな断片に食べ物をカット</li>
		<li>ゴムバンドを接続 32 個々 のガラス チューブ</li>。
		<li>ビーカーに食品をすべて 5 10 15 s. 停止電子レンジの電子レンジで加熱することによって溶かす s 食品の等しい融解ようにビーカーを慎重に振ると</li>。
		食べ物はまだ液体食品とビーカーに準備の個々 のチューブを入れている間は <li>。彼らは同じように満ちているので、チューブを上下に移動します</li>。
		<li>許可を冷やすのため、約 1 h. の固める食品</li>
		<li>食品が固体、ビーカーから食糧とチューブを削除します</li>。
		<li>シールのワックスを使用して食品を含む端。まず、慎重にきれいなペーパー タオルを使用してチューブを押してワックスに対してチューブ。視覚的に、シールの品質をチェックし、必要に応じて繰り返してシール再び</li>。
		<li>綿でチューブのもう一方の端を閉じる; 綿は、ハエを維持管でロックされている間、通過する空気を許可します</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>各個々 の管で 1 つのフライを配置し、ダムの管を配置します</li>。
	<li>の場所は、一定の温度と湿度を維持するインキュベーターで監視します。実験に基づく、適切な照明条件を設定します。
	<ol><li>/暗い実験が全体の実験の明暗サイクルにハエを保つため。分析測定の最初の日は使用しないでください</li>。
		<li>暗黒実験のため最初に同調し、時計の同期の明/暗条件で 2 日間ハエを保持し、暗黒に切り替えた。解析で暗黒の最初の日からの測定値を使用しないでください</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>解析に使用することができますデータの少なくとも 4 日間を収集します 。
	メモ: ダム システムはモニターですべてのハエの歩行記録と 1 つのファイルに出力されます</li>。
</ol> 2。データ分析 <ol><li>複数飛ぶアクティビティが 1 つのファイルに出力ファイルのモニター; 各ファイルは、1 つの列をする必要があります分割 &#39; .txt &#39; 個々 のフライ歩行測定ファイル</li>。
	<li>実行 &#39; ModelFitPS3.m &#39; 次の入力パラメーターを持つ Matlab コマンド ウィンドウで関数: <ol><li>の サンプリング、データ サンプリング時間間隔を秒単位で設定します。たとえば、アクティビティでは、毎分を測定した場合入力 60 として、サンプリング</li>。
		<li>Bin_interval 分をデータは視覚化に適したビン分割される; 推奨箱間隔は 20-30 分の時間間隔を設定</li>
		<li>傾向、入力 &#34; 1 &#34; データ基準の傾向を示す場合、&#34; 0 &#34;; それ以外の場合の傾向とデータは 2 次多項式を適合し、データからそれを引いて最初前が</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>ポップアップ ウィンドウで飛ぶアクティビティが 1 つのファイルを選択します 。
	注: 最初のプロット、データのパワー スペクトルと理解活動のプロットではないです。プロットのパワー スペクトルから決定一次周期 T 0: 概日ピークにマウスの左ボタンまたは第 2 高調波のピークをマウスの右ボタンでクリックして (T 0 の周り/2).</li>
	<li>オープン データ プロットのチェックかどうかは朝と夜のピークも可視化します。ない場合は、グラフの任意の場所右クリックし、新しい bin_interval 値ダイアログ ボックスでを入力する bin_interval 値を変更します。プログラムは、間隔の新しい値を使用してデータを再描画されます。Bin_interval 値を受け入れるがどこでもグラフをクリック左します</li>。
	<li>プログラムは再度データを再描画し、活動の最初の 5 日を表示します。このプロットでは、(時々 1 つまたは 2 つの日をスキップする必要は) 分析で使用される最初の M ピークをクリックします 。
	注: プログラムが選んだ朝ピークからグラフを再描画されます。青と赤のラインが表示されます E ピークと次の日 M ピークのおおよその位置、それぞれステップ 2.4 に定める期間に基づいてします</li>。
	<li>同じグラフ モデルとデータの予備的なフィット感のためのデータを選択: 次の点をクリックして (この注文; クリックした位置、下部に赤い星を表示に注意してください): (i) トップの M ピーク;(ii) 末 M ピーク;(iii); E ピークの開始(iv); E ピークの上(v) 末 E ピーク;(次の日の M ピークの頂上 vi).</li>
	<li>プログラムが今パワー スペクトルを示すに注意してください 。
	注: x 軸は周波数で与えられた今。
	<ol><li>パワー スペクトルで開いたウィンドウでのモデルのパワー スペクトルの解析的な式をフィッティングに使用する点を選択します。手順 2.4 で検出された期間は、赤い線でマークされます。点列のフィッティングを選択するには、最初約は、2.4 の手順と同様、主な期間を決定します。継ぎ手を指すので、一次期間微調整スライダーを使用して値 (スライダーを移動した後表示されます赤い円で示されて) ピーク値が閉じられます</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>ビジュアル ピーク選択後クリックして &#34; 同意 &#34; プログラムは、モデル パラメーターを計算する解析式と選択したポイントをフィットします</li>。
	<li>パラメーターとスペクトル適合エラーがファイルに保存されている注 &#34; model_fit_parameters.txtŔ プログラム、運動データとそのパワー スペクトルのフィットを付けて 2 数字がまた</li>。
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Pittendrigh, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+systems:+general+perspective.">Circadian systems: general perspective.</a> Biological Rhythms. II, 57-80 (1981).</li><li>Zhang, E. E., Kay, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clocks+not+winding+down:+unravelling+circadian+networks.">Clocks not winding down: unravelling circadian networks.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 11 (11), 764-776 (2010).</li><li>Tataroglu, O., Emery, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+molecular+ticks+of+the+Drosophila+circadian+clock.">The molecular ticks of the Drosophila circadian clock.</a> Curr Opin Insect Sci. 7, 51-57 (2015).</li><li>Plautz, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+Drosophila+period+gene+transcription+in+living+animals.">Quantitative analysis of Drosophila period gene transcription in living animals.</a> J Biol Rhythms. 12 (3), 204-217 (1997).</li><li>Chiu, J. C., Low, K. H., Pike, D. H., Yildirim, E., Edery, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assaying+locomotor+activity+to+study+circadian+rhythms+and+sleep+parameters+in+Drosophila.">Assaying locomotor activity to study circadian rhythms and sleep parameters in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (43), e2157 (2010).</li><li>Helfrich-F&#246;rster, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+control+of+morning+and+evening+components+in+the+activity+rhythm+of+Drosophila+melanogaster--sex-specific+differences+suggest+a+different+quality+of+activity.">Differential control of morning and evening components in the activity rhythm of Drosophila melanogaster--sex-specific differences suggest a different quality of activity.</a> J Biol Rhythms. 15 (2), 135-154 (2000).</li><li>Dautzenberg, F. M., Neysari, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Irreversible+binding+kinetics+of+neuropeptide+Y+ligands+to+Y2+but+not+to+Y1+and+Y5+receptors.">Irreversible binding kinetics of neuropeptide Y ligands to Y2 but not to Y1 and Y5 receptors.</a> Pharmacology. 75 (1), 21-29 (2005).</li><li>Lazopulo, A., Syed, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mathematical+model+provides+mechanistic+links+to+temporal+patterns+in+Drosophila+daily+activity.">A mathematical model provides mechanistic links to temporal patterns in Drosophila daily activity.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 17 (1), 14 (2016).</li><li>Donelson, N., Kim, E. Z., Slawson, J. B., Vecsey, C. G., Huber, R., Griffith, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+positional+tracking+for+long-term+analysis+of+Drosophila+sleep+and+locomotion+using+the+&amp;#34;tracker&amp;#34;+program.">High-resolution positional tracking for long-term analysis of Drosophila sleep and locomotion using the &amp;#34;tracker&amp;#34; program.</a> PloS ONE. 7 (5), e37250 (2012).</li><li>Schlichting, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Neural+Network+Underlying+Circadian+Entrainment+and+Photoperiodic+Adjustment+of+Sleep+and+Activity+in+Drosophila.">A Neural Network Underlying Circadian Entrainment and Photoperiodic Adjustment of Sleep and Activity in Drosophila.</a> J Neurosci. 36 (35), 9084-9096 (2016).</li><li>Guo, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+neuron+feedback+controls+the+Drosophila+sleep-activity+profile.">Circadian neuron feedback controls the Drosophila sleep-activity profile.</a> Nature. 536 (7616), 292-297 (2016).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

この作品は、フライの歩行パターンの定量的説明計算ツールを使用する手順を示します。ツールは、一緒に形状と M と E のピークのサイズを記述する 4 つの指数言葉から成る数学モデルと歩行データをフィットします。モデル パラメーターの最終値は生データの使用は、ビニングまたはフィルタ リング データがパラメーター値に課すことができる artefactual の効果を避けることが、データの...

概日時計約 24 時間周期で内因性の生化学的発振器です、ほとんどすべての動物と植物の1,2。時計は、生物の内部プロセスと外部ライト暗い周期に動作を同期するのに役立ちます。体内時計の遺伝子構造は、1960 年代から広く研究されているミバエ、キイロショウジョウバエを用いたします。この昆虫の体内時計の中核は、4 つの蛋白質から成り: 期間、タイムレス、クロック、およびサイクル。一緒に他の分子のこれらのコア コンポーネントは、時計遺伝子3,4のほぼ正弦波の振動を生成するフィード バック ループを形成します。ハエの体内時計では、個々 のチューブ5の中間を渡る単一の赤外線ビームを飛ぶアクティビティが検出される、複数日の歩行記録を使用して広く検討されています。記録典型的なハエがよく区別ピークをもつ複雑な二峰: 夜の終わりから開始し、最大は、ライトがオン; 朝のピーク (M)一日の終わりから始まり、最大は、ライトをオフに6夜ピーク (E)。興味深いことに、このような行動の記録の形が観測された時間的パターンに貢献する付加的なメカニズムのアクションを示唆して、分子レベルで観察される単純な正弦波振動と非常に異なって。これらの隠されたメカニズムについて、時系列パターンの定量的説明計算ツールを開発しました。
私たちの仕事の歩行リズムはフライの活動パターンを模した波形に基づいて定義されます。活動の観察されたリズミカルな変化をモデル化する単純な正弦波を使用できない、ため録音に見られるすべての顕著な特徴をキャプチャする最も単純な 1 つを選択する様々 な信号波形をテストしました。ショウジョウバエ概日行動は、多くの場合アクティブ化および非アクティブ化の7の指数パターンがあります時計ニューロンの活動によって制御されます。指数のダイナミクスと、データの視覚的な分析指数の条件 9 つの独立したパラメーターで 4 つの指数から成ると飛ぶ活動パターン8を密接に似ているモデルを構築する私たちの動機。運動データに加えて、そのパワー スペクトルを分析もできます。典型的な飛行活動のスペクトルは、高調波 T02、T03、等、概日周期 T0で期待される基礎的ピークに加えて複数のピークを示しています。フーリエの定理によると純粋な正弦波だけより複雑な波形は (図 1) のプライマリの期間の高調波で複数スペクトルのピークを表示しながらパワー スペクトルのピークを生成します。多ピーク スペクトル データ飛ぶ活動8の非正弦波の時空間パターンを考えると、したがって、数学的に予想される、複数振動の期間の存在を必ずしも意味しません。重要なは、提案モデル波形のスペクトルはまた一次周期、高忠実度モデル説明飛ぶデータを時間と周波数の両方を強調するためハエの歩行録音と同様のすべての高調波でピークを示しています。
数分以内飛ぶ活動時間解像度でデータが騒々しい、生データから直接パラメーターを抽出する困難に表示されます。長い時間間隔に合算データは騒音レベルを減らすことができますが、モデルのパラメーターの推定に影響を与えることができる方法でデータを変更することができます。我々 したがって、録音のパワー スペクトルからモデル関数8 (参照8の追加ファイル 1 を参照) のフーリエ変換から計算された予想されるスペクトルの解析式を使用してパラメーターを取得します。パワー スペクトルからのパラメーターの取得は、このアプローチには、ビニングまたは生アクティビティ データのフィルタ リングなどの任意の追加操作することがなく正確なパラメーター値が得られます。モデルとアプリケーションを野生型と変異型のデータの数学的な詳細は、参照8で説明されます。プロトコルはここで計算ツールを使用する手順に焦点を当てて紹介。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1389">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Drosophila Activity Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">TriKinetics</td>
			<td style="width:201px;">DAM2, DAM5</td>
			<td style="width:811px;">Measures fly locootion using single infrared beam</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:296px;">MatLab</td>
			<td style="width:81px;">Mathworks</td>
			<td style="width:201px;"></td>
			<td>Computing environment and programming language, MatLab should include Optimization and Symbolic Math toolboxes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:21px;width:296px;">Drosophila melanogaster&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:81px;"></td>
			<td style="width:201px;">per[S], per[L], iso31(wild type)</td>
			<td>Our analysis can be performed with fly mutants of any circadian period</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a computational method to quantify fly circadian activity

ほとんどの動物と植物の概日時計は行動および分子プロセスを調整し、毎日の明暗サイクルに同期させます。この一時的なコントロールの根底にある根本的なメカニズムが広くミバエショウジョウバエをモデル生物.として使用ハエで時計は複数日の歩行記録を分析することによって, 通常。このような記録を示しています活動の 2 つのピークを持つ複雑な二峰: 夜明けのまわりで起こる朝ピークと夕暮れ時に発生するピークの夜。これらの 2 つのピーク一緒には、正弦波振動と非常に異なっている波形観測時計に加えてメカニズムある行動データで観測されたパターンの生産に大きな影響を及ぼすことを示唆している時計遺伝子を形成。ここで飛ぶ活動の時空間パターンを数学的に示す最近開発された計算方法の使用についての指示を提供します。4 つの指数言葉と形状と朝のサイズおよび活動の夜のピークを完全に記述する 9 つの独立したパラメーターで構成されるモデル波形と活動データをメソッドに適合します。抽出されたパラメーターは、フライの歩行リズムの一般的な観察のバイモーダル活動パターンの根底にある基板の速度論的解明を助けることができます。

ここで紹介した方法は、フライの歩行パターンで主な機能の定量化をことができます。4 つの指数言葉で構成されるモデルとアクティビティ データのあてはめによる定量化を行います
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55977/55977eq1.jpg">
モデルでは、アクティビティのパターンを?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity at JoVE.com

A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity

フライの日周期活動を定量化する手法

フライ概歩行リズムに見られる時空間特徴を定量化する手法である. します。定量化を実現するには、マルチ パラメトリック モデル波形と飛ぶ活動をフィッティングします。モデル パラメーターは、形状と朝のサイズと夜の毎日の活動のピークをについて説明します。

In most animals and plants, circadian clocks orchestrate behavioral and molecular processes and synchronize them to the daily light-dark cycle. ...

a-computational-method-to-quantify-fly-circadian-activity

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

5.9K ビュー.  University of Miami. フライ概歩行リズムに見られる時空間特徴を定量化する手法である. します。定量化を実現するには、マルチ パラメトリック モデル波形と飛ぶ活動をフィッティングします。モデル パラメーターは、形状と朝のサイズと夜の毎日の活動のピークをについて説明します。

ビデオ: A Computational Method to Quantify Fly Circadian Activity

Topographical Estimation of Visual Population Receptive Fields by fMRI

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic resonance imaging allows us to estimate voxel-based population receptive fields (pRF), i.e., the part of the visual field that activates the cells within each voxel. Prior, direct, pRF estimation methods1 suffer from certain limitations: 1) the pRF model is chosen a-priori and may not fully capture the actual pRF shape, and 2) pRF centers are prone to mislocalization near the border of the stimulus space. Here a new topographical pRF estimation method2 is proposed that largely circumvents these limitations. A linear model is used to predict the Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent (BOLD) signal by convolving the linear response of the pRF to the visual stimulus with the canonical hemodynamic response function. PRF topography is represented as a weight vector whose components represent the strength of the aggregate response of voxel neurons to stimuli presented at different visual field locations. The resulting linear equations can be solved for the pRF weight vector using ridge regression3, yielding the pRF topography. A pRF model that is matched to the estimated topography can then be chosen post-hoc, thereby improving the estimates of pRF parameters such as pRF-center location, pRF orientation, size, etc. Having the pRF topography available also allows the visual verification of pRF parameter estimates allowing the extraction of various pRF properties without having to make a-priori assumptions about the pRF structure. This approach promises to be particularly useful for investigating the pRF organization of patients with disorders of the visual system.

It is important to obtain unbiased estimates of visual population receptive fields (pRFs) by functional magnetic resonance imaging. We use mild regularization constraints to estimate pRF topography without a-priori assumptions about pRF shape, allowing us to choose specific pRF models post-hoc. This is particularly advantageous in subjects with visual-pathway lesions.

fMRIのことで視覚人口受容野の地形の推定

Visual cortex is retinotopically organized so that neighboring populations of cells map to neighboring parts of the visual field. Functional magnetic ...

行動学

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different forms of learning. Specifically, viral-mediated delivery is used to express a genetically modified inhibitory G-protein coupled receptor (the Designer Receptor) into a discrete brain region in the rodent. Three weeks later, when designer receptor expression levels are high, a pharmacological agent (the Designer Drug) is administered systemically 30 min prior to a specific behavioral session. The drug has affinity for the designer receptor and thus results in inhibition of neurons that express the designer receptor, but is otherwise biologically inert. The brain region remains silenced for 2-5 hr (depending on the dose and route of administration). Upon completion of the behavioral paradigm, brain tissue is assessed for correct placement and receptor expression. This approach is particularly useful for determining the contribution of individual brain regions to specific components of behavior and can be used across any number of behavioral paradigms.

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while rats are engaged in learning and memory tasks. The approach combines pharmacogenetics (Designer-Receptors-Exclusively-Activated-by-Designer-Drugs) with a behavioral paradigm (sensory preconditioning) that is designed to distinguish between different components of learning.

学習の離散段階中げっ歯類におけるリモートサイレン神経活動のための方法

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational methods, it is difficult to make a quantitative assessment of a child's visual problems. This limits accurate diagnostics in children under the age of 4 years and in children with intellectual disabilities. Here we describe a quantitative method that overcomes these problems. The method uses a remote eye tracker and a four choice preferential looking paradigm to measure eye movement responses to different visual stimuli. The child sits without head support in front of a monitor with integrated infrared cameras. In one of four monitor quadrants a visual stimulus is presented. Each stimulus has a specific visual modality with respect to the background, e.g., form, motion, contrast or color. From the reflexive eye movement responses to these specific visual modalities, output parameters such as reaction times, fixation accuracy and fixation duration are calculated to quantify a child's viewing behavior. With this approach, the quality of visual information processing can be assessed without the use of communication. By comparing results with reference values obtained in typically developing children from 0-12 years, the method provides a characterization of visual information processing in visually impaired children. The quantitative information provided by this method can be advantageous for the field of clinical visual assessment and rehabilitation in multiple ways. The parameter values provide a good basis to: (i) characterize early visual capacities and consequently to enable early interventions; (ii) compare risk groups and follow visual development over time; and (iii), construct an individual visual profile for each child.

A method is described to quantify the quality of visual information processing based on reflexive eye movements in response to specific visual modalities. Reaction times and fixation output parameters are used to characterize visual performance in children with and without visual impairments from 6 months of age.

アイトラッキングを使用した子どもたちに視覚情報処理を定量化する方法

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Psychophysical Tracking Method to Measure Taste Preferences in Children and Adults

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to adulthood. The method, which is identical for children, adolescents, and adults, is of short duration (&#60; 15 min), does not rely on sustained attention or place demands on memory (which would yield spurious age differences), and minimizes the impact of language development, making this method amenable to the cognitive limitations of pediatric populations. In this whole-mouth tasting method, subjects are asked to taste (without swallowing) pairs of solutions of different sucrose concentrations and to point to the solution they prefer. Each subsequent pair contains the participant&#39;s preceding preferred concentration and an adjacent stimulus concentration. The procedure continues until the subject chooses either a given concentration of sucrose when paired with both a higher and a lower concentration, or the highest or lowest concentration two consecutive times. Subjects are prevented from reaching response criteria on the basis of first or second position bias by the two-series design of the method, which counterbalances the order of solution presentation within each pair between the series (the weaker concentration is presented first in Series 1, second in Series 2). The geometric mean of the two sucrose concentrations chosen in Series 1 and 2 is an estimate of the participant&#39;s most preferred level of sucrose. Sucrose preference as determined with this laboratory-based measure has been shown to be associated with preference for sugars in foods and beverages and with taste receptor genotype, family history of alcoholism, and race/ethnicity, as well as depressive symptomatology among pediatric populations. The method has real-world relevance and has been applied to determine most preferred level of other tastes (e.g., salt), making it a valuable psychophysical tool.

Sweet taste has powerful hedonic appeal among people of all ages, particularly children. Described herein is a reliable and valid method that can be used to determine the level of sweetness most preferred, making it a valuable psychophysical tool for scientists.

子どもと大人で味の環境を測定するために心理物理追跡方法

The Monell two-series, forced-choice, paired-comparison tracking method provides a reliable measure of sweet taste preferences from childhood to ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors remains poorly understood. In Drosophila melanogaster, environmental cues, such as food availability, affect mating activity offering a tractable system to investigate the mechanisms modulating sexual behavior. In D. melanogaster, environmental cues are often sensed via the chemosensory gustatory and olfactory systems. Here, we present a method to test the effect of environmental chemical cues on mating behavior. The assay consists of a small mating arena containing food medium and a mating couple. The mating frequency for each couple is continuously monitored for 24 h. Here we present the applicability of this assay to test environmental compounds from an external source through a pressurized air system as well as manipulation of the environmental components directly in the mating arena. The use of a pressurized air system is especially useful to test the effect of very volatile compounds, while manipulating components directly in the mating arena can be of value to ascertain a compound's presence. This assay can be adapted to answer questions about the influence of genetic and environmental cues on mating behavior and fecundity as well as other male and female reproductive behaviors.

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

We demonstrate an assay to analyze the environmental and genetic cues that influence mating behavior in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.

環境内の交信が交配行動に及ぼす影響を調べる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Method to Study Adaptation to Left-Right Reversed Audition

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the previous studies have used special spectacles with prisms to achieve unusual spaces in the visual domain, a methodology for studying the adaptation to unusual auditory spaces has yet to be fully established. This study proposes a new protocol to set-up, validate, and use a left-right reversed stereophonic system using only wearable devices, and to study the adaptation to left-right reversed audition with the help of neuroimaging. Although individual acoustic characteristics are not yet implemented, and slight spillover of unreversed sounds is relatively uncontrollable, the constructed apparatus shows high performance in a 360&#176; sound source localization coupled with hearing characteristics with little delay. Moreover, it looks like a mobile music player and enables a participant to focus on daily life without arousing curiosity or drawing attention of other individuals. Since the effects of adaptation were successfully detected at the perceptual, behavioral, and neural levels, it is concluded that this protocol provides a promising methodology for studying adaptation to left-right reversed audition, and is an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environments in the auditory domain.

The present study proposes a protocol to investigate the adaptation to left-right reversed audition achieved only by wearable devices, using neuroimaging, which can be an effective tool for uncovering the adaptability of humans to a novel environment in the auditory domain.

左から右への適応を研究する方法を逆にオーディション

An unusual sensory space is one of the effective tools to uncover the mechanism of adaptability of humans to a novel environment. Although most of the ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, studies implementing classical conditioning paradigms with harnessed insects have been important for investigating the exact cues that individuals learn and the neural mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation. Here we present a protocol for evoking visual associative learning in wood ants through classical conditioning. In this paradigm, ants are harnessed and presented with a visual cue (a blue cardboard), the conditional stimulus (CS), paired with an appetitive sugar reward, the unconditional stimulus (US). Ants perform a Maxilla-Labium Extension Reflex (MaLER), the unconditional response (UR), which can be used as a readout for learning. Training consists of 10 trials, separated by a 5-minute intertrial interval (ITI). Ants are also tested for memory retention 10 minutes or 1 hour after training. This protocol has the potential to allow researchers to analyze, in a precise and controlled manner, the details of visual memory formation and the neural basis of learning and memory formation in wood ants.

We present a protocol for the classical conditioning of harnessed ants that permits researchers to study visual learning and memory formation at a level of analysis not possible with freely moving individuals.

木蟻で visual の古典的条件付け

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...

Modified Blood Collection from Tail Veins of Non-anesthetized Mice with a Vacuum Blood Collection System and Eyeglass Magnifier

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. The tail veins of mice are small, and it is sometimes difficult to obtain the required blood volume by conventional puncture methods. This study investigates the superiority of repeated blood sample collection from tail veins of mice through use of a vacuum blood collection system and eyeglass magnifier (experimental group) compared to conventional blood sampling methods (conventional group), performed by beginners and experts, respectively. With the help of an eyeglass magnifier, a butterfly needle tip is inserted into the tail vein of each mouse in the experimental group. When the vein is penetrated successfully, a blood sample is collected in the vacuum collection tube by insertion of the rubber end of a butterfly needle into the vacuum blood collection tube. The plunger is then used to collect blood without the help of the eyeglass magnifier in the conventional group. Success rates of blood sample collection by the beginners and experts were shown to be 70% vs. 100% (p &#60; 0.01) in the experimental group and 35% vs. 85% (p &#60; 0.01) in the conventional group. For both beginners and experts, puncture times required for obtaining required blood sample were significantly lower in the experimental group compared to the conventional group (2.40 &#177; 0.75 vs. 2.90 &#177; 0.31, p &#60; 0.05; 1.15 &#177; 0.37 vs. 1.55 &#177; 0.76, p &#60; 0.05). In conclusion, the presented blood sampling technique is feasible and easy to practice and enables frequent sampling of adequate blood volumes from non-anesthetized mice.&#160;

This study reports blood sampling from tail vein in mice using a vacuum extraction tube system with eyeglass magnifier. Our method is easy to practice and could be used for repeat blood sampling in mice.

真空の血のコレクションのシステムと眼鏡拡大鏡非麻酔下マウスの尾静脈から変更された血のコレクション

Blood sample collection is the basis of experimental animal research. It is of importance to obtain adequate blood samples for various research purposes. ...

A Laboratory Method to Measure Contagious Yawning in Rats

Communication is an essential aspect of animal social life. Animals may influence one another and come together in schools, flocks, and herds. Communication is also the way sexes interact during courtship and how rivals settle disputes without fighting. However, there are some behavioral patterns for which it is difficult to test the existence of a communicatory function, because several types of sensory modalities are likely involved. For example, contagious yawning is a communicatory act in mammals that potentially occurs through sight, hearing, smell, or a combination of these senses depending on whether the animals are familiar to one another. Therefore, to test hypotheses about the possible communicatory role of such behaviors, a suitable method is necessary to identify the participating sensory modalities.
The method proposed here aims to obtain yawn contagion curves for familiar and unfamiliar rats and evaluate the relative participation of visual and olfactory sensory modalities. The method uses inexpensive materials, and with some minor changes, it can also be used with other rodent species such as mice. Overall, the method involves the substitution of clear dividers (with or without holes) with opaque dividers (with or without holes) that either allow or prevent communication between rats placed in adjacent cages with holes in adjoining sides. Accordingly, four conditions can be tested: olfactory communication, visual communication, both visual and olfactory communication, and neither visual nor olfactory communication. As social interaction occurs between the rats, these test conditions simulate what may occur in a natural environment. In this respect, the method proposed here is more effective than traditional methods that rely on video presentations whose biological validity can raise concerns. Nonetheless, it does not discriminate between the potential role of hearing and roles of smell and vision in yawn contagion.

The method described here aims to obtain yawn contagion curves in pairs of familiar or unfamiliar male rats. Cages with holes separated by either clear or opaque partitions with (or without) holes are used to detect whether visual, olfactory, or both types of sensory cues can stimulate yawn contagion.

ラットの伝染性あくびを測定する実験室法

Communication is an essential aspect of animal social life. Animals may influence one another and come together in schools, flocks, and herds. ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) and humans reveal that intact multisensory integration is crucial for functioning in the real world, including both cognitive and physical activities. Much of the research conducted over the past several decades documents multisensory integration effects using diverse psychophysical, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging techniques. While its presence has been reported, the methods used to determine the magnitude of multisensory integration effects varies and typically faces much criticism. In what follows, limitations of previous behavioral studies are outlined and a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects using robust probability models is provided.

The current study aims to provide a step-by-step tutorial for calculating the magnitude of multisensory integration effects in an effort to facilitate the production of translational research studies across diverse clinical populations.

人種モデルの不等式を使用して行動多感覚統合効果を定量化する

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...