私たちは、この原稿の執筆と慎重な読書への貢献について、すべてのラボメンバーに感謝します。外科手術プロトコールに関する有益なコメントをいただいたGisèleFerrand博士と騒音暴露のためのオリジナルのLabview実行ファイルを提供してくださったJean-Yves Chatton氏に感謝の意を表します。資金は、スイス国立科学財団（Grants 31003A_146244および31003A_166318）とEtat de Vaudによって提供されました。

<ol>
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著者らは、競合する財務的関心がないと宣言している。

ここでは、EEG、EMG、およびECG変数を統合する非レム睡眠の連続時間プロファイルを確立する方法を示します。これは、ノイズに対して高及び低反発非REM睡眠1中編成され、その上、以前に認識されていないタイムスケールを識別するのに役立つことができ、マウスの睡眠の統合的記述を、開発に向けた最初のステップです。同様の時間的構造も、類似の分析1を</...

哺乳動物の睡眠は、環境刺激に対する休息と回復力の行動状態である。このような見かけ上の一様性にもかかわらず、睡眠ポリグラフおよび自律神経パラメータは、様々な時間的および空間的スケールで質的および量的に異なる神経および体性状態間で睡眠が移動することを示している1 。数分から数十分にわたり、非REMとレム睡眠との間の切り替えが起こる。非レム睡眠は、脳波の大振幅、低周波活動を伴い、〜0.5〜4Hz付近のスペクトルピークを伴い、レム睡眠はシータバンド（6〜10Hz）において規則的なEEG活動を示し、筋肉atonia 2 。非レム睡眠では、人間は光（S2）と深いスローウェーブスリープ（SWS）を繰り返します。そのネーミングが示すように、これら2つの段階が低く示し、より高い覚醒は、それぞれ、4、3閾値、及びそれらが低frequの密度に主に異なりますスロー波活動（SWA; 0.75〜4Hz）と呼ばれる大脳皮質の脳波のパワー。不均一性は、として広く試合5,6にわたってだけでなく、EEGによってSWAの可変存在によって文書化電位リズムをフィールド、サブセカンドタイムスケールにminute-上S2及びSWSの個々の発作を通して持続しますシグマバンド（10-15 Hz）で、ガンマリズムにスピンドル波を含む高い周波数（80から120ヘルツ）（レビューのために、7、8、9、10を参照されたいです）。 微妙ではなく、これらのバリエーションは人間の睡眠中の皮質状態をスペクトルの極端にシフトさせます。ノンレム睡眠のために、SWAの優位性から、その近似覚醒様活性状態へのこれらの範囲、それらが高周波成分11の実質的な割合が含まれているため<sup&gt;、 12 。ノンレム睡眠は段階に細分化されていないが、げっ歯類や猫では、中間睡眠（IS）と呼ばれる短い期間は、REM睡眠開始13前に出てきます。このようなスピンドル波とSWA非REM睡眠の署名が、依然として存在している間IS中に、そのような海馬のシータ活性としてレム睡眠機能と先斗-geniculo-後頭部波は15、14 2つのスリープ状態のミックスを示す、開始します。それにもかかわらず、ISは、それが抗うつ薬16によって変調され、前の覚醒17の間に新規の物体提示によって変調され、覚醒閾値18の設定に寄与するので、機能的に異なる可能性がある。さらに、自由に動くラットのEEGおよびEMGパラメータの状態空間プロットは、非REM睡眠、REM睡眠および覚醒状態の間で連続する点14のクラスタを示す。 SWAにおける散発的減少は、連結非REM睡眠期間14、19、20の間に低および高周波数成分の相対的な存在下で実質的な変動につながる覚醒またはREM睡眠を入力せずに、またあります。最後に、非レム睡眠時のSWAと高周波数リズムの変化率は、時間的にのみならず、大脳皮質領域間の振幅と同期の地域差も示している19 。 哺乳類の非レム睡眠は一様ではありません。しかし、そのような不均一性が、機能および行動の属性が異なる状態につながるかどうかは不明である。いくつかのタイプの睡眠障害において、連続的な睡眠は、自発的な覚醒および不適切な運動行動によって中断される。また、スペクトルは、EEG 21に高い周波数の相対的な存在でshow変化を解析します呼吸数や心拍数などの自律的なパラメータが含まれます22 。したがって、安定した睡眠状態の秩序のあるシーケンスは撹乱され、皮質および/または自律神経覚醒の要素は制御されない方法で侵入する。したがって、睡眠状態の連続性を理解することは、疾患に関連する可能性がある。さらに、都市環境における環境騒音による睡眠の混乱は、一般的な健康リスクと関連しており、睡眠時の脆弱性が増す瞬間を特定することが重要です23 。 ヒトの睡眠における行動覚醒実験は光非REM睡眠（段階S2）とREM睡眠ショー同等と下覚醒に対し4閾値、SWA-支配非REM睡眠（段階S3）からウェイクアップするために最も困難なことがあることを示しています。短い音刺激の皮質処理は、REM睡眠、S2、およびS3 24の間で実質的に変化し、25、状態固有の皮質活動パターンが感覚処理の最初の段階を調節することを示します。ヒトにおけるノンレム睡眠のために、ノイズに応答してウェイクアップする傾向がEEG 26、27、28にスピンドル波とアルファリズムの存在によって変化します。スピンドルの視床皮質の律動性は、視床および皮質の両方のレベルでシナプスの抑制が増強され、これが知覚処理の減弱に寄与すると考えられている7 。 どのように騒音に耐えられ、脆弱な睡眠期間が時間内に整理され、その決定要因は何ですか？マウスおよびヒトの両方において、我々は最近、神経リズムにおける低速、0.02Hzの振動を同定した。この0.02Hzの振動の位相に依存して、マウスは、覚醒または睡眠のいずれかの外部刺激に対して可変反応性を示した雑音gh。興味深いことに、この振動は心拍数と相関し、自律神経系が睡眠の外部刺激に対する脆弱性の調節に関与することを示している1 。記憶関連の海馬リズムもこのリズムの中で組織されており、その強さは人間の記憶強化の質と相関していた。したがって、0.02Hzの振動は、環境に対する感受性と内部記憶処理の両方を調節するげっ歯類およびヒト非REM睡眠の組織原理であるようである。これは、睡眠状態のマルチパラメトリックかつ継続的な評価の必要性を再度強調し、その機能を認識し、潜在的な脆弱性の部位を特定する。 ここでは、これらの動態の波形を抽出する手順を提示します。これには、EEG / ECoGとEMG-ECG測定、感覚刺激への曝露、分析ルーチン。この手順は、異なる基本的な睡眠機能が連続的に実行される間、絶えず変化するが高度に組織化された警戒状態として睡眠を見るための基礎を提供する。より一般的には、この手順は、健康状態および疾患状態の両方において睡眠中の行動転帰に先行するスペクトルおよび自律神経の特徴を抽出することを目的とするアプローチに適用可能である。

<table><tbody><tr><td>2-components epoxy glue</td><td>Henkel</td><td>Loctite EA 3450</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Absorbable Suturing Fiber (Prolene)</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>5-0 FS-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adson Forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>11006-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antiseptic swab</td><td>VWR</td><td>149-0332</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Attane Isoflurane</td><td>Piramal</td><td>Isoflurane 250mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Connectors 3 x 2-channels</td><td>ENA AG</td><td>2.316</td><td>Raster 2.54 x 2.54 mm; size 5 x 8 x 9 mm; pin size 5 mm; http://www.ena.ch/</td></tr><tr><td>Dragonfly commutator</td><td>Dragonfly</td><td>Model #SL-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EMBLA amplifier</td><td>EMBLA</td><td>A10 amplifier</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fine scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14108-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Flat Head Gold-plated steel screw</td><td>J.I. Morris</td><td>FF00CE125</td><td>https://jimorrisco.com/</td></tr><tr><td>Gold wire</td><td>CMSA</td><td>T.69 5gr</td><td>http://www.cmsa.ch/en/</td></tr><tr><td>Hemostatic sponge</td><td>Pfizer</td><td>Gelfoam</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>iodine-based disinfectant (Betadine)</td><td>Mundipharma</td><td>standart solution 60mL</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Komet drill steel 1/005PM104</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>22310</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab Analysis Software</td><td>MathWorks</td><td>R2016b</td><td>https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</td></tr><tr><td>Microdrill</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>96758</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>Model 923-B</td><td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-923-b-mouse-gas-anesthesia-head-holder/</td></tr><tr><td>Ophtalmic ointment</td><td>Pharmamedica</td><td>VITA-POS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paladur (liquid)</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>2260215</td><td>for dental cement</td></tr><tr><td>Palavit (powder)</td><td>UNOR AG</td><td>5410929</td><td>for dental cement</td></tr><tr><td>Small Animal Stereotaxic Frame</td><td>Kopf Instruments</td><td>Model 930</td><td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-930-small-animal-stereotaxic-frame-assembly/</td></tr><tr><td>Soldering wire</td><td>Stannol</td><td>593072</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller - Mini rectal probe</td><td>Phymep</td><td>4090502</td><td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td></tr><tr><td>Temperature controller- heating pad</td><td>Phymep</td><td>4090205</td><td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice

覚醒、非眼球運動（非REM）睡眠、およびレム睡眠の3つの警戒状態が哺乳動物の生活を支配する。行動の神経相関が自由に動く動物で同定されるにつれて、この3つの細分はあまりにも単純化する。覚醒時には、瞳孔径や交感神経のバランスなどの周辺パラメータとともに、大域的および局所的な皮質活動のアンサンブルが様々な程度の覚醒を定義する。感覚刺激および覚醒、およびおそらく他の睡眠機能に対する回復の程度が徐々に変化し、末梢の生理状態がどのように変化するかという点で、睡眠が脳状態の連続体を形成する程度は不明のままである。睡眠中の複数のパラメータをモニターする方法を進歩させ、これらの機能的属性の配置に帰属する研究は、睡眠の理解を、多くの有益な効果が存在しなければならない多機能プロセス生きる睡眠状態を特徴づける新規パラメータを特定することは、睡眠障害における新規な診断手段の機会を開くであろう。 我々は、標準的な睡眠ポリグラフ記録技術を用いて脳波（EEG）/電気コルチコグラム（ECoG）、筋電図（EMG）、および心電図（ECG）信号の組み合わせ監視および分析を介してマウス非REM睡眠状態の動的変化を記述する手順を提示する。このアプローチを使用して、我々は、マウス非REM睡眠が、外部刺激に対する高低の脆弱性の連続的な25秒の間隔を生成する調整された神経振動および心臓振動の周期に組織化されることを見出した。したがって、統合された非レム睡眠中に、中枢および自律神経系が協調して行動的に異なる睡眠状態を形成する。我々は、自由に眠っているマウスのこれらのサイクルを追跡するために、睡眠ポリグラフ（ すなわち、 EEG / EMGとECGとの組み合わせ）モニタリングのための手術操作を提示し、それらのダイナミクス、および覚醒の可能性におけるそれらの役割を評価するための音響刺激プロトコルを含む。私たちのアプローチはすでに人間の睡眠にまで拡張されており、哺乳動物の非レム睡眠状態の共通の組織原理を解明することを約束しています。

図 2A （上のパネル）は、説明したように埋め込まれた睡眠ポリグラフ電極を介して記録された自発睡眠 - 覚醒行動の100分のストレッチを示す（ 図1参照）。非レム睡眠発症時のEEGおよびEMG振幅の増減ははっきりとわかる。断続的なレム睡眠は、EEG振幅の減少と、この圧縮された時間スケールでは見えないEMGト?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

ここでは、聴覚刺激に対する睡眠応答性を調節するマウスにおける非レム睡眠の神経および心臓変数の時間的ダイナミクスを記述するための実験的および分析的手順を提示する。

睡眠中のマウスにおけるスペクトルパワーおよび心拍数の低速ダイナミクスの定量化

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

quantifying-infra-slow-dynamics-spectral-power-heart-rate-sleeping

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

9.9K ビュー.  University of Lausanne. ここでは、聴覚刺激に対する睡眠応答性を調節するマウスにおける非レム睡眠の神経および心臓変数の時間的ダイナミクスを記述するための実験的および分析的手順を提示する。 

ビデオ: Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Implantation of Radiotelemetry Transmitters Yielding Data on ECG, Heart Rate, Core Body Temperature and Activity in Free-moving Laboratory Mice

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a manageable size and relatively easy to house. These factors, together with the availability of a wealth of spontaneous and experimentally induced mutants, make laboratory mice ideally suited to a wide variety of research areas.
In cardiovascular, pharmacological and toxicological research, accurate measurement of parameters relating to the circulatory system of laboratory animals is often required. Determination of heart rate, heart rate variability, and duration of PQ and QT intervals are based on electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings. However, obtaining reliable ECG curves as well as physiological data such as core body temperature in mice can be difficult using conventional measurement techniques, which require connecting sensors and lead wires to a restrained, tethered, or even anaesthetized animal. Data obtained in this fashion must be interpreted with caution, as it is well known that restraining and anesthesia can have a major artifactual influence on physiological parameters1, 2.
Radiotelemetry enables data to be collected from conscious and untethered animals. Measurements can be conducted even in freely moving animals, and without requiring the investigator to be in the proximity of the animal. Thus, known sources of artifacts are avoided, and accurate and reliable measurements are assured. This methodology also reduces interanimal variability, thus reducing the number of animals used, rendering this technology the most humane method of monitoring physiological parameters in laboratory animals3, 4. Constant advancements in data acquisition technology and implant miniaturization mean that it is now possible to record physiological parameters and locomotor activity continuously and in realtime over longer periods such as hours, days or even weeks3, 5.
Here, we describe a surgical technique for implantation of a commercially available telemetry transmitter used for continuous measurements of core body temperature, locomotor activity and biopotential (i.e. onelead ECG), from which heart rate, heart rate variability, and PQ and QT intervals can be established in freeroaming, untethered mice. We also present pre-operative procedures and protocols for post-operative intensive care and pain treatment that improve recovery, well-being and survival rates in implanted mice5, 6.

A surgical technique for implantation of commercially available telemetry transmitters used for continuous measurement of biopotential (one-lead ECG), heart rate, core body temperature and locomotor activity in freely moving mice is shown. Recommendations and protocols for post-operative care and pain relief, improving recovery, well being and survival rate are also presented.

自由に動く実験用マウスの心電図上のデータ、心拍数、体温および活動の要因となるRadiotelemetryトランスミッターの注入

The laboratory mouse is the animal species of choice for most biomedical research, in both the academic sphere and the pharmaceutical industry. Mice are a ...

医学

Simultaneous Video-EEG-ECG Monitoring to Identify Neurocardiac Dysfunction in Mouse Models of Epilepsy

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can potentially increase risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). Electroencephalography (EEG) and electrocardiography (ECG) are widely used clinical diagnostic tools to monitor for abnormal brain and cardiac rhythms in patients. Here, a technique to simultaneously record video, EEG, and ECG in mice to measure behavior, brain, and cardiac activities, respectively, is described. The technique described herein utilizes a tethered (i.e., wired) recording configuration in which the implanted electrode on the head of the mouse is hard-wired to the recording equipment. Compared to wireless telemetry recording systems, the tethered arrangement possesses several technical advantages such as a greater possible number of channels for recording EEG or other biopotentials; lower electrode costs; and greater frequency bandwidth (i.e., sampling rate) of recordings. The basics of this technique can also be easily modified to accommodate recording other biosignals, such as electromyography (EMG) or plethysmography for assessment of muscle and respiratory activity, respectively. In addition to describing how to perform the EEG-ECG recordings, we also detail methods to quantify the resulting data for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability, which we demonstrate in an example experiment using a mouse with epilepsy due to Kcna1 gene deletion. Video-EEG-ECG monitoring in mouse models of epilepsy or other neurological disease provides a powerful tool to identify dysfunction at the level of the brain, heart, or brain-heart interactions.

Here, we present a protocol to record brain and heart bio signals in mice using simultaneous video, electroencephalography (EEG), and electrocardiography (ECG). We also describe methods to analyze the resulting EEG-ECG recordings for seizures, EEG spectral power, cardiac function, and heart rate variability.

てんかんのマウス ・ モデルにおける Neurocardiac 機能障害を識別するために監視同時ビデオ脳波心電図

In epilepsy, seizures can evoke cardiac rhythm disturbances such as heart rate changes, conduction blocks, asystoles, and arrhythmias, which can ...

遺伝学

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

齧歯動物の睡眠時間の非侵襲的で高スループットの測定

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

行動学

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the homeodynamics and circuitry of sleep-wake regulation. In many laboratories, a cable-based sleep recording system is used to monitor the EEG and EMG in freely behaving mice in combination with computer software for automatic scoring of the vigilance states on the basis of power spectrum analysis of EEG data. A description of this system is detailed herein. Steel screws are implanted over the frontal cortical area and the parietal area of 1 hemisphere for monitoring EEG signals. In addition, EMG activity is monitored by the bilateral placement of wires in both neck muscles. Non-rapid eye movement (Non-REM; NREM) sleep is characterized by large, slow brain waves with delta activity below 4 Hz in the EEG, whereas a shift from low-frequency delta activity to a rapid low-voltage EEG in the theta range between 6 and 10 Hz can be observed at the transition from NREM to REM sleep. By contrast, wakefulness is identified by low- to moderate-voltage brain waves in the EEG trace and significant EMG activity.

The recording of electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in freely behaving mice is a critical step to correlate behavior and physiology with sleep and wakefulness. The experimental protocol described herein provides a cable-based system for acquiring EEG and EMG recordings in mice.

マウスで睡眠を測定するためのポリグラフ記録手順

Recording of the epidural electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) in small animals, like mice and rats, has been pivotal to study the ...

神経科学

Novel Approach for Simultaneous Recording of Renal Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Blood Pressure with Intravenous Infusion in Conscious, Unrestrained Mice.

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) is of great interest in many areas of research such as chronic kidney disease, hypertension, heart failure, diabetes and obesity. Unequivocal assessment of the role of the sympathetic nervous system is thus imperative for proper interpretation of experimental results and understanding of disease processes. RSNA has been traditionally measured in anesthetized rodents, including mice. However, mice usually exhibit very low systemic blood pressure and hemodynamic instability for several hours during anesthesia and surgery. Meaningful interpretation of RSNA is confounded by this non-physiological state, given the intimate relationship between sympathetic nervous tone and cardiovascular status. To address this limitation of traditional approaches, we developed a new method for measuring RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice. Mice were chronically instrumented with radio-telemeters for continuous monitoring of blood pressure as well as a jugular venous infusion catheter and custom-designed bipolar electrode for direct recording of RSNA. Following a 48-72 hour recovery period, survival rate was 100% and all mice behaved normally. At this time-point, RSNA was successfully recorded in 80% of mice, with viable signals acquired up to 4 and 5 days post-surgery in 70% and 50% of mice, respectively. Physiological blood pressures were recorded in all mice (116&plusmn;2 mmHg; n=10). Recorded RSNA increased with eating and grooming, as well-established in the literature. Furthermore, RSNA was validated by ganglionic blockade and modulation of blood pressure with pharmacological agents. Herein, an effective and manageable method for clear recording of RSNA in conscious, freely-moving mice is described.

Anesthetized mice exhibit non-physiological systemic blood pressure, which precludes meaningful assessment of autonomic tone given the intimate relationship between blood pressure and the autonomic nervous system. Thus, a novel method to simultaneously record renal sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure with intravenous infusion in conscious mice is outlined.

腎交感神経活動と意識、持続静脈内投与による血圧の同時記録への新しいアプローチ気ままなマウス。

Renal sympathetic nerves contribute significantly to both physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Evaluating renal sympathetic nerve activity ...

Echocardiographic Measurement of Right Ventricular Diastolic Parameters in Mouse

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV diastolic function is rarely quantified in experimental studies. This might be due to technical difficulties in the visualization of the RV in the apical four-chamber view in rodents. Here we describe two positions facilitating the visualization of the apical four-chamber view in mice to assess the RV diastolic function.
The apical four-chamber view is enabled by tilting the mouse fixation platform to the left and caudally (LeCa) or to the right and cranially (RiCr). Both positions provide images of comparable quality. The results of the RV diastolic function obtained from two positions are not significantly different. Both positions are comparably easy to perform. This protocol can be incorporated into published protocols and enables detailed investigations of the RV function.

Here we describe and compare two positions for obtaining the apical four-chamber view in mice. These positions enable the quantification of the right ventricular function, provide comparable results, and can be used interchangeably.

マウスにおける右心室拡張期パラメータの心エコー測定

Diastolic dysfunction is a prominent feature of right ventricular (RV) remodeling associated with conditions of pressure overload. However, the RV ...

Computer-based Multitaper Spectrogram Program for Electroencephalographic Data

Current web resources provide limited, user friendly tools to compute spectrograms for visualizing and quantifying electroencephalographic (EEG) data. This paper describes a Windows-based, open source code for creating EEG multitaper spectrograms. The compiled program is accessible to Windows users without software licensing. For Macintosh users, the program is limited to those with a MATLAB software license. The program is illustrated via EEG spectrograms that vary as a function of states of sleep and wakefulness, and opiate-induced alterations in those states. The EEGs of C57BL/6J mice were wirelessly recorded for 4 h after intraperitoneal injection of saline (vehicle control) and antinociceptive doses of morphine, buprenorphine, and fentanyl. Spectrograms showed that buprenorphine and morphine caused similar changes in EEG power at 1&#8722;3 Hz and 8&#8722;9 Hz. Spectrograms after administration of fentanyl revealed maximal average power bands at 3 Hz and 7 Hz. The spectrograms unmasked differential opiate effects on EEG frequency and power. These computer-based methods are generalizable across drug classes and can be readily modified to quantify and display a wide range of rhythmic biological signals.

This protocol provides an open source, compiled MATLAB program that generates multitaper spectrograms for electroencephalographic data.

脳波データのためのコンピュータベースのマルチテーパースペクトログラムプログラム

Current web resources provide limited, user friendly tools to compute spectrograms for visualizing and quantifying electroencephalographic (EEG) data. ...

Implantation of Combined Telemetric ECG and Blood Pressure Transmitters to Determine Spontaneous Baroreflex Sensitivity in Conscious Mice

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. The baroreflex is a key homeostatic mechanism to counteract acute, short-term changes in arterial BP and to maintain BP in a relatively narrow physiological range. BP is sensed by baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. When BP changes, signals are transmitted to the central nervous system and are then communicated to the parasympathetic and sympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system to adjust HR. A rise in BP causes a reflex decrease in HR, a drop in BP causes a reflex increase in HR.
Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) is the quantitative relationship between changes in arterial BP and corresponding changes in HR. Cardiovascular diseases are often associated with impaired baroreflex function. In various studies reduced BRS has been reported in e.g., heart failure, myocardial infarction, or coronary artery disease. 
Determination of BRS requires information from both BP and HR, which can be recorded simultaneously using telemetric devices. The surgical procedure is described beginning with the insertion of the pressure sensor into the left carotid artery and positioning of its tip in the aortic arch to monitor arterial pressure followed by the subcutaneous placement of the transmitter and ECG electrodes. We also describe postoperative intensive care and analgesic management. After a two-week period of post-surgery recovery long-term ECG and BP recordings are performed in conscious and unrestrained mice. Finally, we include examples of high-quality recordings and the analysis of spontaneous baroreceptor sensitivity using the sequence method.

The baroreflex is a heart-rate regulation mechanism by the autonomic nervous system in response to blood-pressure changes. We describe a surgical technique to implant telemetry transmitters for continuous and simultaneous measurement of electrocardiogram and blood pressure in mice. This can determine spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, an important prognostic marker for cardiovascular disease.

意識のあるマウスにおける自発的な圧反射感受性を決定するための遠隔ECGと血圧伝達器の組み合わせの埋め込み

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are both controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and are closely intertwined due to reflex mechanisms. ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

マウスの不整脈を検出するための長期心電図記録の分析

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>LightGBMを使用したげっ歯類のための自動睡眠ステージスコアリングツール

IntelliSleepScorer, a Software Package with a Graphic User Interface for Mice Automated Sleep Stage Scoring

Sleep stage scoring in rodents is the process of identifying the three stages: nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM), rapid eye movement sleep (REM), and wake. Sleep stage scoring is crucial for studying sleep stage-specific measures and effects. 
Sleep patterns in rodents differ from those in humans, characterized by shorter episodes of NREM and REM interspaced by waking, and traditional manual sleep stage scoring by human experts is time-consuming. To address this issue, previous studies have used machine learning-based approaches to develop algorithms to automatically categorize sleep stages, but high-performing models with great generalizability are often not publicly available/cost-free nor user-friendly for non-trained sleep researchers. 
Therefore, we developed a machine learning-based LightGBM algorithm trained with a large dataset. To make the model available to sleep researchers without coding experience, a software tool named IntelliSleepScorer (v1.2- newest version) was developed based on the model, which features an easy-to-use graphic user interface. In this manuscript, we present step-by-step instructions for using the software to demonstrate a convenient and effective automatic sleep stage scoring tool in mice for sleep researchers.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト: IntelliSleepScorer — マウスの自動睡眠ステージスコアリングとその精神医学研究への応用のための高精度でアクセス可能な GUI ソフトウェア

We present a software package with a graphic user interface for researchers without coding experience to score sleep stages in mice with a simple download and operation.

IntelliSleepScorerは、マウス用のグラフィックユーザーインターフェースを備えたソフトウェアパッケージで、睡眠ステージの自動スコアリングが可能です

Sleep stage scoring in rodents is the process of identifying the three stages: nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM), rapid eye movement sleep (REM), and ...

睡眠中のマウスにおけるスペクトルパワーおよび心拍数の低速ダイナミクスの定量化

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

自由に動く実験用マウスの心電図上のデータ、心拍数、体温および活動の要因となるRadiotelemetryトランスミッターの注入

てんかんのマウス・モデルにおける Neurocardiac 機能障害を識別するために監視同時ビデオ脳波心電図

齧歯動物の睡眠時間の非侵襲的で高スループットの測定

マウスで睡眠を測定するためのポリグラフ記録手順

腎交感神経活動と意識、持続静脈内投与による血圧の同時記録への新しいアプローチ気ままなマウス。

マウスにおける右心室拡張期パラメータの心エコー測定

脳波データのためのコンピュータベースのマルチテーパースペクトログラムプログラム

意識のあるマウスにおける自発的な圧反射感受性を決定するための遠隔ECGと血圧伝達器の組み合わせの埋め込み

マウスの不整脈を検出するための長期心電図記録の分析

IntelliSleepScorerは、マウス用のグラフィックユーザーインターフェースを備えたソフトウェアパッケージで、睡眠ステージの自動スコアリングが可能です

睡眠中のマウスにおけるスペクトルパワーおよび心拍数の低速ダイナミクスの定量化

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

自由に動く実験用マウスの心電図上のデータ、心拍数、体温および活動の要因となるRadiotelemetryトランスミッターの注入

てんかんのマウス ・ モデルにおける Neurocardiac 機能障害を識別するために監視同時ビデオ脳波心電図

齧歯動物の睡眠時間の非侵襲的で高スループットの測定

マウスで睡眠を測定するためのポリグラフ記録手順

腎交感神経活動と意識、持続静脈内投与による血圧の同時記録への新しいアプローチ気ままなマウス。

マウスにおける右心室拡張期パラメータの心エコー測定

脳波データのためのコンピュータベースのマルチテーパースペクトログラムプログラム

意識のあるマウスにおける自発的な圧反射感受性を決定するための遠隔ECGと血圧伝達器の組み合わせの埋め込み

マウスの不整脈を検出するための長期心電図記録の分析

IntelliSleepScorerは、マウス用のグラフィックユーザーインターフェースを備えたソフトウェアパッケージで、睡眠ステージの自動スコアリングが可能です

てんかんのマウス・モデルにおける Neurocardiac 機能障害を識別するために監視同時ビデオ脳波心電図