Name: quantifying abdominal pigmentation in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2017-06-01T12:30:00.000+00:00
Duration: 8 min 41 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

この研究は、国立科学財団の助成金IOS-1256565とIOS-1557638がAWSに資金提供しました。このペーパーの以前のバージョンに対する彼らの有益なコメントについてPatricia Wittkoppと3人の匿名の批評家に感謝します。

著者は何も開示することはない。

この方法論により、複数の下流分析に適した定量的形態での色素沈着データの正確で迅速かつ再現性のある取得が可能になる。この方法は、同種のハエの系統における腹部色素沈着に及ぼす温度の影響に関するデータを得るために使用されてきた。しかし、方法論は、個体、個体群、または種間の色素沈着の差異の基礎となる遺伝子、または色素沈着パターンに対する特定の遺伝子の影響を?...

色素沈着は、種、個体群、個体間、さらには個体群1,2,3,4,5,6において、個体間でさえ莫大な表現型の変化を示す 。多種多様な動物で色素沈着に関する研究が数多く行われていますが、色素沈着を調節する発達的および生理学的機序を解明するために分子遺伝学の完全な力が使用され、これらのメカニズムがどのように進化するかについて、Drosophila melanogaster 、 6 。 D.メラノガスター（melanogaster）7,8の生化学的合成を制御する遺伝子、および時間的および空間的なディーを制御する遺伝子については、多くのことが知られているこの生合成のストリエーション9,10,11,12,13。さらに、遺伝的マッピングは、 D.メラノガスター（ Melanogaster）14,15,16,17において色素沈着における細胞内および細胞間の相違の根底にある遺伝子座を同定した。行動18,19および免疫19,20などの色素沈着と多面発現形質との間の関係も、色素沈着パターン15,21,22の適応的意義を有するように探究されている。したがって、 D.メラノガスターの色素沈着は、強力でしかも単純なm複雑な表現型の発達と進化のためのodel。 成人の色素沈着D.メラノガスターは、特に翼と背側の胸部と腹部の体のメラニン化パターンが特徴です。しかし、最も研究の注目を集めているのは背側腹部の各クチクラ板（tergite）の色素沈着である。遺伝的な17,23および環境的な24,25の両方の要因のために、この色素沈着にはかなりの変動がある（ 図 1A〜F）。腹部硬質のクチクラは、前部および後部の発生区画（ 図1G ）で構成され、それぞれが色素沈着および装飾に基づいてさらに細分化することができる26 。前部区画は、6つのクチクラ（a1-a6）を含み、後区画は3つ（p1-p3）を含む（ 図1G ）。これらのうち、p1、p2、およびa1キューティクルは、典型的には、引き伸ばされていない腹部のターガイトの下に折りたたまれ、隠される。確実に目に見えるキューティクルは、キューティクルタイプa4（中程度の剛毛を有する毛状）およびa5（毛状の毛状）からなる「色素バンド」と呼ばれる重い色素沈着のバンドによって特徴付けられ、バンドの後端前縁よりも強く色素沈着した（ 図1G ）。このバンドの前部は、明るく着色した毛状のキューティクルの領域であり、後部に（a3）剛毛があり、前部にはa2ではない。ハエ間の色素沈着の変動は、色素沈着の強度および色素バンドの幅の両方で観察される。一般に、変動は、最も後部のセグメント（腹部セグメント5,6,7）において最も大きく、より前方のセグメント（腹部セグメント3および4項） 24 。さらに、 D. melanogasterの色素沈着に性的な二型性があり、男性は一般的に全身に5番目と6番目の腹部を着色しています（ 図4C ）。 D.メラノガスターの腹部色素沈着に関する大部分の研究では、色素沈着は、質的に27,28,29または半定量的に14,15,16,17,24,30の尺度で測定されたパターンを有する、類型的または序数的形質として扱われている、 31,32,33,34,35、 36,37 。これらの方法は、必然的に精度の欠如に悩まされており、色素沈着の主観評価に依存しているため、研究を通してデータを比較することは困難である。いくつかの著者は、色素沈着の空間的な大きさ38,39 、特定のキューティクルタイプの色素沈着の強度23,25,39,40、または腹部テルグタイト全体の色素沈着の平均強度を全体として41,42,43として定量化した。それにもかかわらず、これらの定量方法は、腹部色素沈着の強度および空間分布の両方を同時に測定するものではなく、従って、色素沈着がabd全体でどのように変化するかのニュアンス最終的なtergite。さらに、これらの定量化方法38,41,42,43のいくつかは、腹部キューティクルの解剖および装着を必要とする。これは時間がかかり、サンプルを破壊し、追加の形態学的解析に利用できなくなる。腹部色素沈着の発達および進展の理解が深まるにつれて、空間分布および色素沈着の強度の両方を迅速かつ正確に測定するより洗練されたツールが必要となる。 この方法の全体的な目標は、 D. melanogasterにおける腹部色素沈着の複製可能かつより正確な測定値を得るためにデジタル画像分析を利用することである。方法論は3つの段階を含む。まず、大人のフライは非破壊的に装着され、背面の腹部のデジタル画像が撮影されます。次に、ImageJマクロを使用して、ユーザー第3および第4の腹部セグメントの両方においてa2キューティクルの前部からa5キューティクルの後部（緑色のボックス、 図1G ）まで延在するピクセルの前 - 後部ストリップを画定する。次いで、このストリップの幅にわたる平均ピクセル値がその長軸に沿って抽出され、それがターゲットの前部から後部に変化する際の色素沈着の空間分布および強度を捕捉するプロファイルを生成する。第3に、Rスクリプトを使用して、三次スプラインを使用して数学的に色素沈着プロファイルを記述する。 Rスクリプトはスプラインとその1次微分と2次微分を使用してa2-a5キューティクルの幅、色素バンドの幅、色素沈着の最大レベルと最小レベルを抽出します。従って、本方法は、空間的特性と腹部色素沈着の深さの両方を定量化する。 この方法論は、第3および第4の腹部胸部の色素沈着を定量化し、排他的に、またはより多くの後部ヘルニアと組み合わせて、多数の先行研究1、15、23、24、25、28、33、39、42の焦点であった。第5および第6腹部テルゲイトよりも変化は少ないが、第3および第4テルゲイトは男性において完全に色素沈着していないので、このプロトコルは男性および女性の両方に適用することができる。それにもかかわらず、ここに示すように、プロトコルは、女性の第5および第6腹部腸内細菌の色素沈着を測定するために使用することができる。さらに、色素沈着プロフィールの特徴を抽出するために使用されるスクリプトのわずかな変更は、この方法を使用して、多種多様な色素沈着における変化を定量化することを可能にすべきである生物。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dumont #5 Biology Forceps</td><td>FST</td><td>11252-30</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>5040</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dissecting Scope</td><td>Leica</td><td>MZ16FA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Base</td><td>Leica</td><td>MDG41</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td>Leica</td><td>DFC280</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gooseneck Cold Light Source</td><td>Schott</td><td>ACE 1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Image Acquisition Control Software</td><td>Micro-Manager v1.3.20</td><td></td><td>https://micro-manager.org/</td></tr><tr><td>Image Analysis Software</td><td>ImageJ</td><td></td><td>https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/</td></tr><tr><td>Data Analysis Software</td><td>R 3.3.2</td><td></td><td>https://www.r-project.org/</td></tr><tr><td>LED</td><td>Thor Labs</td><td>LEDWE-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Multimeter</td><td>Fluke</td><td>Fluke 75 Series II</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>60 mm x 15 mm Petri dish</td><td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td><td>229663</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stage micrometer</td><td>Klarman Rulings, Inc.</td><td>KR-867</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

quantifying abdominal pigmentation in drosophila melanogaster

色素沈着は形態学的に単純であるが、しばしば適応性のある特徴を有する非常に可変性の形質である。それは、形態学的表現型の発達および進化を理解するためのモデルとして広範に役立ってきた。 Drosophila melanogasterの腹部色素沈着は特に有用であり、研究者は形態間および体内特異的変異の根底にある遺伝子座を同定することができます。しかしながら、 D.メラノガスターの腹部色素沈着は、色素沈着データに適用され得る統計学的分析の形態を制限する定量的ではなく、スコアリングによって定性的に大部分検定されてきた。この研究は、成人D. melanogasterの腹部色素沈着パターンの様々な局面の定量化を可能にする新しい方法論を記述している。このプロトコールは、標本のマウント、画像キャプチャ、データ抽出、および分析を含む。画像の取り込みと解析に使用されるすべてのソフトウェアは、マクロオープンソースの画像解析用に書かれています。このアプローチの利点は、異なるイメージングシステムにわたって再現性の高い方法論を使用して、色素沈着特性を正確に測定する能力である。この技術は、成虫のメラノガスターの褐色色素沈着パターンの変動を測定するために使用されてきたが、この方法論は柔軟性があり、無数の異なる生物における色素沈着パターンに広く適用可能である。

プロトコルは、腹部の色素沈着に飼育温度の効果を探索するために使用された。これまでの研究では、発生温度の上昇は、ショウジョウバエのいくつかの種（ D. melanogaster 30,32を含む）における腹部色素沈着の拡散を減少させることを示している。具体的には、腹部3および4において、色素沈着の程度（色素バンドの幅）は17℃から25℃に...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

この研究は、デジタル画像解析を用いてショウジョウバエの腹部色素沈着を迅速かつ正確に定量化する方法を提示する。この方法は、表現型の取得とデータ解析との間の手順を合理化し、標本のマウント、画像取得、画素値抽出、形質測定を含む。

腹部色素沈着の定量化<em&gt;ショウジョウバエmelanogaster</em

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for ...

quantifying-abdominal-pigmentation-in-drosophila-melanogaster

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

8.9K ビュー.  Lake Forest College. この研究は、デジタル画像解析を用いてショウジョウバエの腹部色素沈着を迅速かつ正確に定量化する方法を提示する。この方法は、表現型の取得とデータ解析との間の手順を合理化し、標本のマウント、画像取得、画素値抽出、形質測定を含む。 

ビデオ: Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

A Screening Method for Identification of Heterochromatin-Promoting Drugs Using Drosophila

Drosophila is an excellent model organism that can be used to screen compounds that might be useful for cancer therapy. The method described here is a cost-effective in vivo method to identify heterochromatin-promoting compounds by using Drosophila. The Drosophila&#39;s DX1 strain, having a variegated eye color phenotype that reflects the extents of heterochromatin formation, thereby providing a tool for a heterochromatin-promoting drug screen. In this screening method, eye variegation is quantified based on the surface area of red pigmentation occupying parts of the eye and is scored on a scale from 1 to 5. The screening method is straightforward and sensitive and allows for testing compounds in vivo. Drug screening using this method provides a fast and inexpensive way for identifying heterochromatin-promoting drugs that could have beneficial effects in cancer therapeutics. Identifying compounds that promote the formation of heterochromatin could also lead to the discovery of epigenetic mechanisms of cancer development.

A Screening Method for Identification of Heterochromatin-Promoting Drugs Using Drosophila

Drosophila is a widely used experimental model suitable for screening drugs with potential applications for cancer therapy. Here, we describe the use of Drosophila variegated eye color phenotypes as a method for screening small-molecule compounds that promote heterochromatin formation.

ショウジョウバエを用いたヘテロクロマチン促進薬の同定のためのスクリーニング方法

Drosophila is an excellent model organism that can be used to screen compounds that might be useful for cancer therapy. The method described here is a ...

遺伝学

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy and cheap methods to distinguish between individuals in a trial. A standard technique for this is CO2 anaesthesia and then labelling or wing clipping each fly. However, this is invasive and has been shown to affect behavior. Other techniques have used coloration to identify flies. This article presents a simple and non-invasive method for labelling Drosophila that allows them to be individually identified within experiments, using food coloring. This method is used in trials where two males compete to mate with a female. Dyeing allowed quick and easy identification. There was, however, some difference in the strength of the coloration across the three species tested. Data is presented showing the dye has a lower impact on mating behavior than CO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. The impact of CO2 anaesthesia is shown to depend on the species of Drosophila, with D. pseudoobscura and D. subobscura showing no impact, whereas D. melanogaster males had reduced mating success. The dye method presented is applicable to a wide range of experimental designs.

Dyeing Insects for Behavioral Assays: the Mating Behavior of Anesthetized Drosophila

This protocol describes a simple, cost effective way to individually identify Drosophila or other insects. Demonstration data investigating mating success across three species of Drosophila show that this method is comparable or better than the use of CO2 anaesthesia.

行動アッセイの染色昆虫：麻酔の配偶行動<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy ...

神経科学

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>ショウジョウバエ眼モデルにおけるOmmatidiaの偏りのない定量化

Quantifying Drosophila melanogaster Eye Phenotypes: A Computational Approach Integrating ilastik and Flynotyper

The Drosophila melanogaster compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of around 800 ommatidia, exhibiting a symmetrical and hexagonal pattern. This regularity and ease of observation make the Drosophila eye system a powerful tool to model various human neurodegenerative diseases. However, ways of quantifying abnormal phenotypes, such as manual ranking of eye severity scores, have limitations, especially when ranking weak alterations in eye morphology. To overcome these limitations, computational approaches have been developed such as Flynotyper. The use of a ring light allows for better qualitative images accessing the intactness of individual ommatidia. However, these images cannot be analyzed by Flynotyper directly due to shadows on ommatidia introduced by the ring light. Here, we describe an unbiased way to quantify rough eye phenotypes observed in Drosophila disease models by combining two software, ilastik and Flynotyper. By preprocessing the images with ilastik, successful quantification of the rough eye phenotype can be achieved with Flynotyper.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:前頭側頭型認知症を伴う筋萎縮性側索硬化症の ショウジョ ウバエモデルにおける粗眼表現型の定量化

The Drosophila eye system is a useful tool for studying various biological processes, particularly human neurodegenerative diseases. However, manual quantification of rough eye phenotypes can be biased and unreliable. Here we describe a method by which ilastik and Flynotyper are used to quantify eye phenotype in an unbiased way.

ショウジョウバエの眼の表現型の定量化:ilastikとFlynotyperを統合した計算アプローチ

The Drosophila melanogaster compound eye is a well-structured and comprehensive array of around 800 ommatidia, exhibiting a symmetrical and hexagonal ...

発生生物学

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic morphologies 1-3. During pupation, which spans approximately 96 hours (at 25 &deg;C), proliferating populations of imaginal cells replace the larval epidermis to generate the adult abdominal segments. These imaginal cells, born during embryogenesis, exist as lateral pairs of histoblast nests in each abdominal segment of the larvae. Four pairs of histoblast nests give rise to the adult dorsal cuticle (anterior and posterior dorsal nests), the ventral cuticle (ventral nests) and the spiracles associated with each segment (spiracle nests) 4. Upon puparation, these diploid cells (distinguishable by size from the larger polyploid larval epidermal cells- LECs) begin a stereotypical process of proliferation, migration and replacement of the LECs. Various molecular and genetic tools can be employed to investigate the contributions of genetic pathways involved in morphogenesis of the adult abdomen. Ultimate adult phenotypes are typically analyzed following dissection of adult abdominal cuticles. However, investigation of the underlying molecular processes requires immunohistochemical analyses of the pupal epithelium, which present unique challenges. Temporally dynamic morphogenesis and the interactions of two distinct epithelial populations (larval and imaginal) generate a fragile tissue prone to excessive cell loss during dissection and subsequent processing. We have developed methods of dissection, fixation, mounting and imaging of the Drosophila pupal abdominem epithelium for immunohistochemical studies that generate consistent high quality samples suitable for confocal or standard fluorescent microscopy.

Drosophila Pupal Abdomen Immunohistochemistry

Antibody staining of the Drosophila pupae can enhance genetic analyses of adult abdominal developmental genetics. We present our protocol for dissection, fixation and antibody staining of staged Drosophila pupal abdomen.

ショウジョウバエの蛹の腹部の免疫組織化学

The Drosophila pupal abdomen is an established model system for the study of epithelial morphogenesis and the development of sexually dimorphic ...

生物学

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element (CRE) Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE possesses an arrangement of binding sites for several transcription factor proteins that confer a regulatory logic specifying when, where, and at what level the regulated gene(s) is expressed. The full set of CREs within an animal genome encodes the organism&prime;s program for development1, and empirical as well as theoretical studies indicate that mutations in CREs played a prominent role in morphological evolution2-4. Moreover, human genome wide association studies indicate that genetic variation in CREs contribute substantially to phenotypic variation5,6. Thus, understanding regulatory logic and how mutations affect such logic is a central goal of genetics. 
Reporter transgenes provide a powerful method to study the in vivo function of CREs. Here a known or suspected CRE sequence is coupled to heterologous promoter and coding sequences for a reporter gene encoding an easily observable protein product. When a reporter transgene is inserted into a host organism, the CRE&prime;s activity becomes visible in the form of the encoded reporter protein. P-element mediated transgenesis in the fruit fly species Drosophila (D.) melanogaster7 has been used for decades to introduce reporter transgenes into this model organism, though the genomic placement of transgenes is random. Hence, reporter gene activity is strongly influenced by the local chromatin and gene environment, limiting CRE comparisons to being qualitative. In recent years, the phiC31 based integration system was adapted for use in D. melanogaster to insert transgenes into specific genome landing sites8-10. This capability has made the quantitative measurement of gene and, relevant here, CRE activity11-13 feasible. The production of transgenic fruit flies can be outsourced, including phiC31-based integration, eliminating the need to purchase expensive equipment and/or have proficiency at specialized transgene injection protocols. 
Here, we present a general protocol to quantitatively evaluate a CRE&prime;s activity, and show how this approach can be used to measure the effects of an introduced mutation on a CRE&prime;s activity and to compare the activities of orthologous CREs. Although the examples given are for a CRE active during fruit fly metamorphosis, the approach can be applied to other developmental stages, fruit fly species, or model organisms. Ultimately, a more widespread use of this approach to study CREs should advance an understanding of regulatory logic and how logic can vary and evolve.

Quantitative Comparison of cis-Regulatory Element CRE Activities in Transgenic Drosophila melanogaster

Phenotypic variation for traits can result from mutations in cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences that control gene expression patterns. Methods derived for use in Drosophila melanogaster can quantitatively compare the levels of spatial and temporal patterns of gene expression mediated by modified or naturally occurring CRE variants.

の定量的比較シス</emトランスジェニックで> -調節エレメント（CRE）の活動キイロショウジョウバエ</em

Gene expression patterns are specified by cis-regulatory element (CRE) sequences, which are also called enhancers or cis-regulatory modules. A typical CRE ...

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is initiated by photon absorption-inducing isomerization of the chromophore, promoting conformational changes of the opsin and resulting in a second dark-stable photopigment state (metarhodopsin, M). Investigation of this bi-stable photopigment using random mutagenesis requires simple and robust methods for screening mutant flies. Therefore, several methods for measuring reductions in functional photopigment levels have been designed. One such method exploits the charge displacements within the photopigment following photon absorption and the huge amounts of photopigment molecules expressed in the photoreceptors. This electrical signal, named the early receptor potential (or early receptor current), is measured by a variety of electrophysiological methods (e.g., electroretinogram and whole-cell recordings) and is linearly proportional to functional photopigment levels. The advantages of this method are the high signal-to-noise ratio, direct linear measurement of photopigment levels, and independence of phototransduction mechanisms downstream to rhodopsin or metarhodopsin activation. An additional electrophysiological method called prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) exploits the bi-stability of Drosophila photopigment and the absorption-spectral differences of fly R and M pigment states. The PDA is induced by intense blue light, converting saturating amounts of rhodopsin to metarhodopsin, resulting in the failure of light-response termination for an extended time in darkness, but it can be terminated by metarhodopsin to rhodopsin conversion using intense orange light. Since the PDA is a robust signal that requires massive photopigment conversion, even small defects in the biogenesis of the photopigment lead to readily detected abnormal PDA. Indeed, defective PDA mutants led to the identification of novel signaling proteins important for phototransduction.

Electrophysiological Methods for Measuring Photopigment Levels in Drosophila Photoreceptors

We present a protocol to electrophysiologically characterize bi-stable photopigments: (i) exploiting the charge displacements within the photopigment molecules following photon-absorption and their huge amount in the photoreceptors, and (ii) exploiting the absorption-spectra differences of rhodopsin and metarhodopsin photopigment states. These protocols are useful to screen for mutations affecting bi-stable photopigment systems.&#160;

ショウジョウバエ光受容体の光色素レベルを測定するための電気生理学的方法

The Drosophila G-protein-coupled photopigment rhodopsin (R) is composed of a protein (opsin) and a chromophore. The activation process of rhodopsin is ...

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH (pHi) is influenced by many ion transporters and thus monitoring pHi is a useful tool for assessing transporter activity. Modern Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs) provide optical quantification of pHi in intact cells on a cellular and subcellular scale. This protocol describes real-time quantification of cellular pHi regulation in Malpighian Tubules (MTs) of Drosophila melanogaster through ex vivo live-imaging of pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric GEpHI with a pKa well-suited to track pH changes in the cytosol. Extracted adult fly MTs are composed of morphologically and functionally distinct sections of single-cell layer epithelia, and can serve as an accessible and genetically tractable model for investigation of epithelial transport. GEpHIs offer several advantages over conventional pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes and ion-selective electrodes. GEpHIs can label distinct cell populations provided appropriate promoter elements are available. This labeling is particularly useful in ex vivo, in vivo, and in situ preparations, which are inherently heterogeneous. GEpHIs also permit quantification of pHi in intact tissues over time without need for repeated dye treatment or tissue externalization. The primary drawback of current GEpHIs is the tendency to aggregate in cytosolic inclusions in response to tissue damage and construct over-expression. These shortcomings, their solutions, and the inherent advantages of GEpHIs are demonstrated in this protocol through assessment of basolateral proton (H+) transport in functionally distinct principal and stellate cells of extracted fly MTs. The techniques and analysis described are readily adaptable to a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate preparations, and the sophistication of the assay can be scaled from teaching labs to intricate determination of ion flux via specific transporters.

Optical Quantification of Intracellular pH in Drosophila melanogaster Malpighian Tubule Epithelia with a Fluorescent Genetically-encoded pH Indicator

Cellular ion transport can often be assessed by monitoring intracellular pH (pHi). Genetically Encoded pH-Indicators (GEpHIs)&#160;provide optical quantification of intracellular pH in intact cells. This protocol details the quantification of intracellular pH through cellular ex vivo live-imaging of Malpighian tubules of Drosophila melanogaster with pHerry, a pseudo-ratiometric genetically encoded pH-indicator.

蛍光遺伝子にコードされた pH インジケーターとキイロショウジョウバエのマルピギー氏管の上皮細胞で光の定量化の細胞内 pH

Epithelial ion transport is vital to systemic ion homeostasis as well as maintenance of essential cellular electrochemical gradients. Intracellular pH ...

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary changes. In particular, the adult stage is a rich source of morphological traits for interspecific comparison, including wing pigmentation comparison. To study developmental differences among species, detailed observation and appropriate staging are required for precise comparison. Here we describe protocols for staging of pupal periods and quantification of wing pigmentation in a polka-dotted fruit fly, Drosophila guttifera. First, we describe the method for detailed morphological observation and definition of pupal stages based on morphologies. This method includes a technique for removing the puparium, which is the outer chitinous case of the pupa, to enable detailed observation of pupal morphologies. Second, we describe the method for measuring the duration of defined pupal stages. Finally, we describe the method for quantification of wing pigmentation based on image analysis using digital images and ImageJ software. With these methods, we can establish a solid basis for comparing developmental processes of adult traits during pupal stages.

Methods for Staging Pupal Periods and Measurement of Wing Pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera

Protocols for staging pupal periods and measurement of wing pigmentation of Drosophila guttifera are described. Staging and quantification of pigmentation provide a solid basis for studying developmental mechanisms of adult traits and enable interspecific comparison of trait development.

ステージング蛹期間およびショウジョウバエ guttiferaの翼色素沈着測定のためのメソッド

Diversified species of Drosophila (fruit fly) provide opportunities to study mechanisms of development and genetic changes responsible for evolutionary ...

腹部色素沈着の定量化

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蛍光遺伝子にコードされた pH インジケーターとキイロショウジョウバエのマルピギー氏管の上皮細胞で光の定量化の細胞内 pH

ステージング蛹期間およびショウジョウバエ guttiferaの翼色素沈着測定のためのメソッド