IR は、博士課程フェローシップ賞アズリエリ財団に感謝しています。

<ol>
	<li>Koski, K. J., Akhenblit, P., McKiernan, K., Yarger, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-invasive+determination+of+the+complete+elastic+moduli+of+spider+silks.">Non-invasive determination of the complete elastic moduli of spider silks.</a> Nat. Mater. 12 (3), 262-267 (2013).</li><li>Palombo, F., Madami, M., Stone, N., Fioretto, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanical+mapping+with+chemical+specificity+by+confocal+Brillouin+and+Raman+microscopy.">Mechanical mapping with chemical specificity by confocal Brillouin and Raman microscopy.</a> Analyst. 139 (4), 729-733 (2014).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., Yun, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+Brillouin+optical+microscopy+of+the+human+eye.">In vivo Brillouin optical microscopy of the human eye.</a> Opt. Exp. 20 (8), 9197-9202 (2012).</li><li>Scarcelli, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Noncontact+three-dimensional+mapping+of+intracellular+hydromechanical+properties+by+Brillouin+microscopy.">Noncontact three-dimensional mapping of intracellular hydromechanical properties by Brillouin microscopy.</a> Nat. Methods. 12 (12), 1132-1134 (2015).</li><li>Traverso, A. J., Thompson, J. V., Steelman, Z. A., Meng, Z., Scully, M. O., Yakovlev, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+Raman-Brillouin+microscope+for+chemical+and+mechanical+characterization+and+imaging.">Dual Raman-Brillouin microscope for chemical and mechanical characterization and imaging.</a> Anal. Chem. 87 (15), 7519-7523 (2015).</li><li>Antonacci, G., Foreman, M. R., Paterson, C., T&#246;r&#246;k, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spectral+broadening+in+Brillouin+imaging.">Spectral broadening in Brillouin imaging.</a> Appl. Phys. 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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulated+Brillouin+scattering+microscopic+imaging.">Stimulated Brillouin scattering microscopic imaging.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 18139 (2015).</li><li>Remer, I., Bilenca, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Background-free+Brillouin+spectroscopy+in+scattering+media+at+780+nm+via+stimulated+Brillouin+scattering.">Background-free Brillouin spectroscopy in scattering media at 780 nm via stimulated Brillouin scattering.</a> Opt. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

図 1に示すように、システムは、水様のサンプルの配置を促進する、光学テーブルを垂直方向に取り付けることができます 18」x 24」ブレッドで造られるように設計されました。その結果、強くすべての光学的および機械的要素を締めます、ポンプ ・ プローブの梁がコリニアと同心軸外のジオメトリのサンプルを照らす前に様々 な要素を持つことを確認することが重要です。
...

自発ブリルアン分光法が確立された液体などの柔らかい材料の力学解析のための貴重なアプローチとして、近年実際組織、組織ファントムと生物細胞1,2, 3,4,5,6,7。このアプローチは、単一レーザー点灯サンプル、培地で自発熱音響波は弾性散乱光が分光装置は、試料の粘弾性特性の有用な情報を提供することによって収集します。自然のブリルアン スペクトルには音響のストークス ・反ストークス材料の共振で 2 つのブリルアン ピークには (弾性散乱光) による照明レーザー周波数でレイリーのピークが含まれます。ブリルアン散乱ジオメトリのブリルアン周波数は数 GHz で照明レーザー、高周波から移され、数百 MHz のスペクトル幅を持ちます。
における最近の技術の進歩は事実上相配列 (VIPA) をイメージ ファブリ ・分光計をスキャンと、ソフトマター1,2自発ブリルアン スペクトルを取得するためのシステムの選択がされているが、分光計は、適切なスペクトル分解能 (サブ GHz)3,4,5,6,7大幅に高速 (1 秒未満) ブリルアン計測を有効にしています。このプロトコルで異なる、高速、高スペクトル分解能、正確なブリルアン分光計の非混濁・濁水から continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 光の検出に基づく建設を提案します。ほぼ後方散乱ジオメトリのサンプル。
CW SBS 分光における周波数で若干デチューン、(CW) の連続のポンプ ・ プローブ レーザーは音波を刺激するためにサンプルに重なります。ポンプ ・ プローブのビームの周波数の差には、材料の特定共鳴が一致すると、増幅またはプローブ信号のしたはによって提供される誘導ブリルアン利得または損失 (sbg 社/SBL) プロセス、それぞれ;それ以外の場合、SBS (de) の増幅には、8,9,10,11は発生しません。したがって、sbg 社 (SBL) スペクトルは材料ブリルアン共鳴間レーザーの周波数の差をスキャンし、検出の増加 (減少)、によって得ることができるまたは SBS によるプローブ強度 (損失) を得る。異なりの自発のブリルアン散乱弾性散乱背景が本質的に欠けている SBS、白濁と非混濁のサンプルで必要な VIPA とレイリー除去フィルターを必要とせずに優れたブリルアン コントラストを有効にすることで分光計10、11,13。
CW SBS 分光器の主要なビルディング ブロックは、ポンプ ・ プローブ レーザーと誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器です。高スペクトル分解能、高速 CW SBS 分光用レーザーは、単一周波数をする必要があります (&#60; 10 MHz 幅) 十分に広い波長可変特性 (20-30 GHz) とスキャン率 (&#62; 200 GHz/s)、長期周波数安定度 (&#60; 50MHz/h) と低雑音。さらに、いくつかの何百もの力を持つ梁の直線偏波と回折限界のレーザー (tens) のサンプルに mW のポンプ (プローブ) 梁の必要。最後に、誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器は、ソフトの問題で弱い後方誘導ブリルアン利得/損失 (sbg 社/SBL) レベル (10-5 - 10-6) を確実に検出する設計必要があります。これらのニーズを満たすためには、我々 は偏波保持する結合分布帰還 (DFB) 半導体レーザを選択した超狭原子を組み合わせた誘導ブリルアン利得/損失検出器と一緒に繊維蒸気ノッチ フィルターと高周波図 1に示すようにロックイン アンプをシングル変調に。この検出方式は、目的の SBG 信号が埋め込まれた11プローブ強度の騒音を大幅に削減しながら SBG の信号の強さを倍増します。私たち SBS 分光器で使用する原子蒸気ノッチ フィルターの役割が検出 VIPA 分光計のように弾性散乱背景を減らすのではなく、不要な浮遊ポンプ反射の検出を大幅に削減することに注意してください。自発的なレイリーとブリルアン散乱光です。下記のプロトコルを使用して CW SBS 分光計は sbg の全体的レベル並みに 10-6水と組織ファントムの透過スペクトルを取得する能力を持つ構築ことができます &#60; 35 MHz におけるブリルアン シフト測定精度と100 ms 以内。
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1.jpg"> 
図 1: 連続誘導ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 分光します。2 つ連続ポンプ ・ プローブ ダイオード レーザー (DL)、サンプルのブリルアン シフト周りデチューン周波数は、偏波保持ファイバーにそれぞれコリメータ C1 C2と結合されています。ポンプ ・ プローブの周波数差は、ポンプ ・ プローブ レーザー光スプリッター (FS)、高速光検出器 (FPD) と周波数 (FC) のセットを使用してから皮をむいたビーム間のビート周波数を検出によって測定されます。プローブの S 偏極ビーム (明るい赤)、四分の一波長板 (λ14) による円偏波ビーム拡大器 (L1 L2) は正しいケプラーを使用して拡張し、色消しレンズ (3L) によってサンプル (S) に焦点を当てた。SBS の相互作用および光学絶縁は、ケプラー式ビーム拡大器 (L5 L6) を使用して拡張ポンプ光 (深赤)、最初 P 偏光波長板 λ24 を使用して)、偏光透過ビームスプリッター (PBS) が最終的に左円四分の一波長板 (λ24) によって分極し、色消しレンズ (4L; L3と同じ) とサンプルに焦点を当てた。ポンプ ・ プローブ梁ほぼカウンターに伝達されるよう、サンプルでは (λ14 から出てくる) ポンプの P 偏光ビームがプローブに入るを防ぐために使用された (P) S 指向の偏光板がレーザーに注意してください。ロックイン検出のポンプ光正弦波音響光学変調器の出力 (AOM) fmで変調されます。SBG 信号、周波数fmで輝度変化として現れる (はめ込み式を参照) で復調ロックイン アンプ (LIA) 広域フォト ダイオード (PD) による検出に続きます。フォト ダイオードにおける浮遊ポンプ反射の重要な除去は、狭帯域ブラッグ フィルター (BF) とポンプ波長の周りの原子のノッチ フィルター (85RB) (I) 光ブロック アイリスと一緒に使用されます。パーソナル コンピューター (PC) に接続されているデータ集録カード (DAQ) ブリルアン スペクトルの詳細な分析データが記録されます。すべて折りたたみミラー (M1- M6)、水様のサンプルの配置を促進するため光学テーブルに垂直にマウントされている 18「× 24」ブレッド ボードに分光計を合わせて使用されます。<a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55527/55527fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Probe diode laser head and controller</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>SYST DL-100-DFB</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pump amplified diode laser and controller</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>SYST TA-pro-DFB</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FC/APC fiber dock</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>FiberDock&#160;</td>
			<td>Quantity: 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High power single mode polarization maintaining FC/APC fiber patchcord</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>OE-000796</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FC/APC fiber collimation with adjustable collimation optics</td>
			<td>Toptica Photonics</td>
			<td>FiberOut</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FC/APC fiber fixed collimator</td>
			<td>OZ Optics</td>
			<td>HPUCO-33A-780-P-6.1-AS</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single mode polarization maintaining fiber splitter 33:67</td>
			<td>OZ Optics</td>
			<td>FOBS-12P-111-4/125-PPP-780-67/33-40-3A3A3A-3-1</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single mode polarization maintaining fiber splitter 50:50</td>
			<td>OZ Optics</td>
			<td>FOBS-12P-111-4/125-PPP-780-50/50-40-3S3A3A-3-1</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f=25 mm, &#216;1/2&#34; Achromatic Doublet, SM05-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AC127-025-B-ML</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f=30 mm, &#216;1&#34; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AC254-30-B-ML</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f=50 mm, &#216;1&#34; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>AC254-50-B-ML</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f=100 mm, &#216;1&#34; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
AC254-100-B-ML</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>f=200 mm, &#216;1&#34; Achromatic Doublet, SM1-Threaded Mount, ARC: 650-1050 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
AC254-200-B-ML</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1/2&#34; Broadband Dielectric Mirror, 750-1100 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
BB05-E03</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Broadband Dielectric Mirror, 750-1100 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
BB1-E03</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; Polarizing beamsplitter cube, 780 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
PBS25-780</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Linear polarizer with N-BK7 protective windows, 600-1100 nm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
LPNIRE100-B</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shearing Interferometer with a 1-3 mm Beam Diameter Shear Plate</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>SI035</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-Axis Locking kinematic optic mount</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
K6XS</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Compact five-axis platform</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
PY005</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pedestal mounting adapter for 5-axis platform</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
PY005A2</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polaris low drift &#216;1/2&#34; kinematic mirror mount, 3 adjusters</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
POLARIS-K05</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lens mount for &#216;1&#34; optics</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
LMR1</td>
			<td>Quantity: 5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adapter with external SM1 threads and Internal SM05 threads, 0.40&#34; thick</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
SM1A6T</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotation mount for &#216;1&#34; optics</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
RSP1</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1&#34; Kinematic prism mount</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
KM100PM</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graduated ring-activated SM1 iris diaphragm</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>
SM1D12C</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Post-mounted iris diaphragm, &#216;12.0 mm max aperture</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ID12</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1/2&#34; translation stage with standard micrometer</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>MT1</td>
			<td>Quantity: 3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 1&#34;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RS1P8E</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 1.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RS1.5P8E</td>
			<td>Quantity: 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 2&#34;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RS2P8E</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 2.5&#34;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RS2.5P8E</td>
			<td>Quantity: 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#216;1&#34; Pedestal pillar post, 8-32 taps, L = 3&#34;</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>RS3P8E</td>
			<td>Quantity: 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Short clamping fork</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CF125</td>
			<td>Quantity: 12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting base</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>BA1S</td>
			<td>Quantity: 8</td>
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		<tr>
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high-speed continuous-wave stimulated brillouin scattering spectrometer for material analysis

近年は、自発的なブリルアン分光計の水溶液など生体材料、高速集録回ソフトマターの非接触解析用の大幅な増加を目撃しています。ここでは、アセンブリを論じるし、ブリルアン分光計を使用しての操作と誘起誘導ブリルアン散乱 (SBS) 水と脂質エマルジョン系組織のようなサンプルの伝送モードで誘導ブリルアン利得 (SBG) スペクトルを測定する &lt; 10 MHzスペクトル分解能と &lt; 35 MHz におけるブリルアン シフト測定精度 &lt; 分光計約 780 で連続波 (CW) 狭線幅レーザを対向する 2 つの構成 100 さん nm スキャンはその周波数の離調、材料におけるブリルアン シフト。雑音の比を信号 SBG 信号の超狭帯域ホット ルビジウム 85 蒸気ノッチ フィルターと位相敏感検出器を使用して、強化に比べて既存 CW SBS 分光器で得られる。この改善により、これにより高速で柔らかい材料の高スペクトル分解能・高精度ブリルアン解析を促進する時間を 100 倍近く高速捕捉と SBG スペクトルの測定です。

図 2 bと3 bは、蒸留水とファントムのサンプル (2.25 散乱現象と 45 cm-1の減衰係数) 測定 10 ミリ秒、100 ミリ秒、それぞれ脂質エマルジョン組織の典型的なポイント SBG スペクトルを表示します。10 の SBG スペクトルを測定した比較のため図 2 aと3 aで示すように、s。10 〜4浮遊ポンプ反射を減衰し、送信す?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis at JoVE.com

High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

急速な continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 装置の建設について述べる。分光計は、単一周波数ダイオード レーザーを採用しています、高スペクトル分解で濁った/非混濁試料の透過スペクトルを取得する原子蒸気のノッチ フィルターの分光器 CW SBS 既存のものより速く 100 倍まで速度。この改善により、高速ブリルアン材料分析です。

材料の分析のための高速連続誘導ブリルアン散乱分光器

Recent years have witnessed a significant increase in the use of spontaneous Brillouin spectrometers for non-contact analysis of soft matter, such as ...

high-speed-continuous-wave-stimulated-brillouin-scattering

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

10.1K ビュー.  Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. 急速な continuous-波動-刺激-ブリルアン散乱 (CW-SBS) 装置の建設について述べる。分光計は、単一周波数ダイオード レーザーを採用しています、高スペクトル分解で濁った/非混濁試料の透過スペクトルを取得する原子蒸気のノッチ フィルターの分光器 CW SBS 既存のものより速く 100 倍まで速度。この改善により、高速ブリルアン材料分析です。 

ビデオ: High-speed Continuous-wave Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Spectrometer for Material Analysis

Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons.
In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.

We present a non-destructive method for sampling spatial variation in the direction of light scattered from structurally complex materials. By keeping the material intact, we preserve gross-scale scattering behavior, while concurrently capturing fine-scale directional contributions with high-resolution imaging. Results are visualized in software at biologically-relevant positions and scales.

生物材料からの空間的及び道順変化する光散乱の測定

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the ...

工学

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses triangulation between matching points in two views of the same scene at different angles to compute depth.&#160;However, unlike a stereo-based method, DFP uses a digital video projector to replace one of the cameras1. The projector rapidly projects a known sinusoidal pattern onto the subject, and the surface of the subject distorts these patterns in the camera&#8217;s field of view. Three distorted patterns (fringe images) from the camera can be used to compute the depth using triangulation.
Unlike other 3D measurement methods, DFP techniques lead to systems that tend to be faster, lower in equipment cost, more flexible, and easier to develop.&#160;DFP systems can also achieve the same measurement resolution as the camera.&#160;For this reason, DFP and other digital structured light techniques have recently been the focus of intense research (as summarized in1-5). Taking advantage of DFP, the graphics processing unit, and optimized algorithms, we have developed a system capable of 30&#160;Hz 3D video data acquisition, reconstruction, and display for over 300,000 measurement points per frame6,7.&#160;Binary defocusing DFP methods can achieve even greater speeds8.
Diverse applications can benefit from DFP techniques. Our collaborators have used our systems for facial function analysis9, facial animation10, cardiac mechanics studies11, and fluid surface measurements, but many other potential applications exist.&#160;This video will teach the fundamentals of DFP techniques and illustrate the design and operation of a binary defocusing DFP system.

This video describes the fundamentals of digital fringe projection techniques, which provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;It also demonstrates the design and operation of a high-speed binary defocusing system based on these techniques.

デジタル干渉縞投影技術と高分解能、高速、三次元ビデオ画像

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

High-speed Particle Image Velocimetry Near Surfaces

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The complex nature of these flows may be studied using particle image velocimetry (PIV), a laser-based imaging technique for optically accessible flows. Though many forms of PIV exist that extend the technique beyond the original planar two-component velocity measurement capabilities, the basic PIV system consists of a light source (laser), a camera, tracer particles, and analysis algorithms. The imaging and recording parameters, the light source, and the algorithms are adjusted to optimize the recording for the flow of interest and obtain valid velocity data. 
Common PIV investigations measure two-component velocities in a plane at a few frames per second. However, recent developments in instrumentation have facilitated high-frame rate (&gt; 1 kHz) measurements capable of resolving transient flows with high temporal resolution. Therefore, high-frame rate measurements have enabled investigations on the evolution of the structure and dynamics of highly transient flows. These investigations play a critical role in understanding the fundamental physics of complex flows.
A detailed description for performing high-resolution, high-speed planar PIV to study a transient flow near the surface of a flat plate is presented here. Details for adjusting the parameter constraints such as image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and processing algorithms to adapt PIV for any flow of interest are included.

A procedure for studying transient flows near boundaries using high-resolution, high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) is described here. PIV is a non-intrusive measurement technique applicable to any optically accessible flow by optimizing several parameter constraints such as the image and recording properties, the laser sheet properties, and analysis algorithms.

表面近くの高速粒子画像流速

Multi-dimensional and transient flows play a key role in many areas of science, engineering, and health sciences but are often not well understood. The ...

Measuring Material Microstructure Under Flow Using 1-2 Plane Flow-Small Angle Neutron Scattering

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is presented. The SANS shear cell consists of a concentric cylinder Couette geometry that is sealed and rotating about a horizontal axis so that the vorticity direction of the flow field is aligned with the neutron beam enabling scattering from the 1-2 plane of shear (velocity-velocity gradient, respectively). This approach is an advance over previous shear cell sample environments as there is a strong coupling between the bulk rheology and microstructural features in the 1-2 plane of shear. Flow-instabilities, such as shear banding, can also be studied by spatially resolved measurements. This is accomplished in this sample environment by using a narrow aperture for the neutron beam and scanning along the velocity gradient direction. Time resolved experiments, such as flow start-ups and large amplitude oscillatory shear flow are also possible by synchronization of the shear motion and time-resolved detection of scattered neutrons. Representative results using the methods outlined here demonstrate the useful nature of spatial resolution for measuring the microstructure of a wormlike micelle solution that exhibits shear banding, a phenomenon that can only be investigated by resolving the structure along the velocity gradient direction. Finally, potential improvements to the current design are discussed along with suggestions for supplementary experiments as motivation for future experiments on a broad range of complex fluids in a variety of shear motions.

A shear cell is developed for small-angle neutron scattering measurements in the velocity-velocity gradient plane of shear and is used to characterize complex fluids. Spatially resolved measurements in the velocity gradient direction are possible for studying shear-banding materials. Applications include investigations of colloidal dispersions, polymer solutions, and self-assembled structures.

1〜2平面フロー小角中性子散乱を用いた材料の微細構造の下で流量を測定

A new small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) sample environment optimized for studying the microstructure of complex fluids under simple shear flow is ...

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4. This system is based on a non-linear &#967;2 crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching. 
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong &#967;3 non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.

We describe the reliable generation of non-Gaussian states of traveling optical fields, including single-photon states and coherent state superpositions, using a conditional preparation method operated on the non-classical light emitted by optical parametric oscillators. Type-I and type-II phase-matched oscillators are considered and common procedures, such as the required frequency filtering or the high-efficiency quantum state characterization by homodyning, are detailed.

連続波光パラメトリック発振器の光の量子状態エンジニアリング

Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states ...

Visualization of High Speed Liquid Jet Impaction on a Moving Surface

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds between 0 and 25 m/sec) and a spinning disk device (for examining surface speeds between 15 and 100 m/sec). The air cannon linear traverse is a pneumatic energy-powered system that is designed to accelerate a metal rail surface mounted on top of a wooden projectile. A pressurized cylinder fitted with a solenoid valve rapidly releases pressurized air into the barrel, forcing the projectile down the cannon barrel. The projectile travels beneath a spray nozzle, which impinges a liquid jet onto its metal upper surface, and the projectile then hits a stopping mechanism. A camera records the jet impingement, and a pressure transducer records the spray nozzle backpressure. The spinning disk set-up consists of a steel disk that reaches speeds of 500 to 3,000 rpm via a variable frequency drive (VFD) motor. A spray system similar to that of the air cannon generates a liquid jet that impinges onto the spinning disc, and cameras placed at several optical access points record the jet impingement. Video recordings of jet impingement processes are recorded and examined to determine whether the outcome of impingement is splash, splatter, or deposition. The apparatuses are the first that involve the high speed impingement of low-Reynolds-number liquid jets on high speed moving surfaces. In addition to its rail industry applications, the described technique may be used for technical and industrial purposes such as steelmaking and may be relevant to high-speed 3D printing.

Two experimental devices for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device and a spinning disk device. The apparatuses are used to determine optimal approaches to the application of liquid friction modifier (LFM) onto rail tracks for top-of-rail friction control.

表面移動に高速液体ジェット宿便の可視化

Two apparatuses for examining liquid jet impingement on a high-speed moving surface are described: an air cannon device (for examining surface speeds ...

Experimental Methods for Investigation of Shape Memory Based Elastocaloric Cooling Processes and Model Validation

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor compression based cooling process. Nickel-Titanium (Ni-Ti) based alloy systems, especially, show large elastocaloric effects. Furthermore, exhibit large latent heats which is a necessary material property for the development of an efficient solid-state based cooling process. A scientific test rig has been designed to investigate these processes and the elastocaloric effects in SMAs. The realized test rig enables independent control of an SMA&#39;s mechanical loading and unloading cycles, as well as conductive heat transfer between SMA cooling elements and a heat source/sink. The test rig is equipped with a comprehensive monitoring system capable of synchronized measurements of mechanical and thermal parameters. In addition to determining the process-dependent mechanical work, the system also enables measurement of thermal caloric aspects of the elastocaloric cooling effect through use of a high-performance infrared camera. This combination is of particular interest, because it allows illustrations of localization and rate effects &#8212; both important for efficient heat transfer from the medium to be cooled.
The work presented describes an experimental method to identify elastocaloric material properties in different materials and sample geometries. Furthermore, the test rig is used to investigate different cooling process variations. The introduced analysis methods enable a differentiated consideration of material, process and related boundary condition influences on the process efficiency. The comparison of the experimental data with the simulation results (of a thermomechanically coupled finite element model) allows for better understanding of the underlying physics of the elastocaloric effect. In addition, the experimental results, as well as the findings based on the simulation results, are used to improve the material properties.

Experimental methods for investigation of solid state cooling processes and characterization of elastocaloric material properties of Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) are presented. A custom-built test rig has been designed for controlling and comprehensive monitoring of elastocaloric cooling processes. Furthermore, it provides a validation platform for thermomechanically coupled modeling approaches.

形状記憶基づきElastocaloric冷却プロセスの調査とモデル検証のための実験方法

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA) using elastocaloric cooling processes have the potential to be an environmentally friendly alternative to the conventional vapor ...

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres can be thought as a store of energy with a huge variety of applications: compact laser sources, highly sensitive biochemical sensors and nonlinear phenomena. A protocol for the fabrication of both the microspheres and coupling system is given. The couplers described here are tapered fibers. Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS). A proof of the cavity-enhanced phenomenon is given by the lack of correlation among the pump, signal and idler: a resonant mode has to exist in order to obtain the pair of signal and idler. In the case of hyperparametric oscillations (four wave mixing and stimulated anti-stokes Raman scattering), the modes must fulfill the energy and momentum conservation and, last but not least, have a good spatial overlap.

Efficient generation of nonlinear phenomena related to third order optical non-linear susceptibility &#935;(3) interactions in triply resonant silica microspheres is presented in this paper. The interactions here reported are: Stimulated Raman Scattering (SRS), and four wave mixing processes comprising Stimulated Anti-stokes Raman Scattering (SARS).

微小球ウィスパリングギャラリーモード共振器で刺激ストークスとAntistokesラマン散乱

Dielectric microspheres can confine light and sound for a length of time through high quality factor whispering gallery modes (WGM). Glass microspheres ...

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler (SLPS) Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light scattering from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles. This protocol describes the SLSP platform and how it employs a 360&#176; rotational photodetector sensor that is scanned around an IOL sample while recording the intensity and location of scattered light as it passes through the IOL medium. The SLSP platform can be used to predict, non-clinically, the propensity for current and novel IOL designs and materials to induce light scatter. Non-clinical evaluation of light scattering properties of IOLs can significantly reduce the number of patient complaints related to unwanted glare, glistening, optical defects, poor image quality, and other phenomena associated with the unintended light scattering. Future studies should be conducted to correlate SLSP data with clinical results to help identify which measured light scatter is most problematic for patients that have undergone cataract surgery subsequent to IOL implantation.

Scanning Light Scattering Profiler SLPS Based Methodology to Quantitatively Evaluate Forward and Backward Light Scattering from Intraocular Lenses

This protocol describes the scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) that enables the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward scattering of light from intraocular lenses (IOLs) using goniophotometer principles.

眼内レンズからの前方散乱光および後方散乱光を定量的に評価するための走査型光散乱プロファイラ（SLPS）に基づく方法論

The scanning light scattering profiler (SLSP) methodology has been developed for the full-angle quantitative evaluation of forward and backward light ...

Implementation of a Nonlinear Microscope Based on Stimulated Raman Scattering

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. SRS imaging modality can be obtained using commercial laser-scanning microscopes by equipping with a non-descanned forward detector with proper bandpass filters and lock-in amplifier (LIA) detection scheme. A schematic layout of a typical SRS microscope includes the following: two pulsed laser beams, (i.e., the pump and probe directed in a scanning microscope), which must be overlapped in both space and time at the image plane, then focused by a microscope objective into the sample through two scanning mirrors (SMs), which raster the focal spot across an x-y plane. After interaction with the sample, transmitted output pulses are collected by an upper objective and measured by a forward detection system inserted in an inverted microscope. Pump pulses are removed by a stack of optical filters, whereas the probe pulses that are the result of the SRS process occurring in the focal volume of the specimen are measured by a photodiode (PD). The readout of the PD is demodulated by the LIA to extract the modulation depth. A two-dimensional (2D) image is obtained by synchronizing the forward detection unit with the microscope scanning unit. In this paper, the implementation of an SRS microscope is described and successfully demonstrated, as well as the reporting of label-free images of polystyrene beads with diameters of 3 &#181;m. It is worth noting that SRS microscopes are not commercially available, so in order to take advantage of these characteristics, the homemade construction is the only option. Since SRS microscopy is becoming popular in many fields, it is believed that this careful description of the SRS microscope implementation can be very useful for the scientific community.

In this manuscript, the implementation of a stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscope, obtained by the integration of an SRS experimental set-up with a laser scanning microscope, is described. The SRS microscope is based on two femtosecond (fs) laser sources, a Ti-Sapphire (Ti:Sa) and synchronized optical parametric oscillator (OPO).

刺激されたラマン散乱に基づく非線形顕微鏡の実施

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) microscopy uses near-infrared excitation light; therefore, it shares many multi-photon microscopic imaging properties. ...