この研究は、医学、ソウル、韓国の蔚山大学の大学の学生の研究助成（13-14）と牙山生命科学研究所、ソウル、韓国からの助成金（2014から464）によってサポートされていました。

1.細胞株<ol><li> 6ウェルプレートで培養10 6テロメラーゼ不死化ヒト角膜上皮細胞（HCECs）：気管支上皮増殖培地（BEGM）を使用して、5％CO 2雰囲気で37℃のインキュベーター中（密度1039.9セル/ mm 2）となるまで彼らは、95％のコンフルエンスに達します。 </li></ol> 2.ウェスタンブロット分析上皮スクラッチ傷を作成した後<ol><li>コンフルエント培養HCECsのウェルの表面を横切るストリーク滅菌200μlのピペットチップを生物学的安全キャビネット内の皿当たり4回（クラスII、タイプA2）および5％CO 2雰囲気で37℃のインキュベーターで別々にHCECsをインキュベート1、5、10、30、60、及び120分。 </li><li>角膜上皮創傷後のインキュベーション時間に応じて6の異なるサンプルのための1つの6ウェルプレートを使用してください。 </li><li> 1×PBSで負傷したHCEC単層を3回洗浄した後、各ウェルに2.0ミリリットルBEGMを追加します。 </li><li> 2を使用してHCECsを切り離し5分間、15mlチューブ中で5分間、900×gで遠心分離し、吸引トリプシンEDTA 1mLのピペットを用いてウェル当たりmlの0.25％トリプシン - エチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）。 </li><li> PBS 1×1ミリリットルでHCECsを中断し、1.5 mlチューブに移します。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルピペットを用いて15秒、吸引1×PBS、10,000×gで遠心分離HCECs。 </li><li>再懸濁HCECs100μlの氷冷溶解緩衝液（10mMのトリス、10mMの塩化ナトリウム、2mMのEDTA、25mMのNaFを、2ミリモルのNa 3 VO 4、1 mMのフッ化物をフェニルメタン[PMSF]、プロテアーゼ阻害剤[Aペプスタチン、1μM、 1μMのロイペプチン、および0.1μMアプロチニン]および0.5％トリトンX-100 [pHが7]）とそれらをよく混ぜます。 </li><li>細胞溶解を誘導するために、氷上で30分間細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li>その後、遠心分離機15分間万×gで4℃で溶解物、および新しい1.5 mlチューブ（90μlのアリコート）に上清を移し、-80℃で保管してください。 </li><li>ブラッドフォードPRを使用して細胞溶解物の総タンパク質濃度を決定しますアッセイotein。9 </li><li>次いでドデシル硫酸ナトリウム - ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動（SDS-PAGE）、および10％または12％アクリルアミドゲルに負荷30μgの全細胞タンパク質を電気泳動的転写を4℃で1時間、200ミリアンペアの電流でニトロセルロースフィルターへのタンパク質バンドを分離しましたウェスタンブロットアッセイで使用するC。 </li><li> 5％のブロックニトロセルロースフィルター膜は、非リン酸化HSP27に対する一次ウサギポリクローナル抗体を追加し、1時間のTween 20（TBST）を有するトリス緩衝生理食塩水でスキムミルク（1：1,000希釈）またはリン酸化HSP27に対する一次ウサギポリクローナル抗体（1 ：1,000 5％ウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）で希釈）、そしてシェーカー上で4℃で一晩、膜をインキュベートします。 </li><li> TBSTで10分間3回洗浄した後、5％BSA中の（1：10,000希釈）西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ結合ヤギ抗ウサギ抗体を用いて免疫反応性バンドを検出します。 </li><li>ウェスタンブロッティングルミノール試薬で膜をインキュベート（6〜7メートル室温で1分間5cmの膜×10 cm）のあたりL。 </li><li> 、試薬溶液から膜を取り外し、吸収性タオルで余分な液体を除去し、プラスチックシートプロテクター内の場所。 </li><li>安全な光で暗い部屋での作業、タンパク質側を上に向けてフィルムカセットに覆われた膜を配置します。 </li><li>膜の上にX線フィルムを置き、1分間さらします。 </li></ol> 3. siRNAのトランスフェクションアッセイ10 <ol><li> BEGMを使用して、5％CO 2雰囲気で37℃のインキュベーター中で6ウェルプレート中のウェル5×10 5細胞/で培養HCECs彼らが95％コンフルエンスに達するまで。 </li><li>の10または50 nMのを作成するために、低血清培地をトランスフェクション（希釈倍率は41または14.3であった）のために、100μlの低血清培地でのトランスフェクション試薬（2.5または7.5μl）を希釈し、HSP27固有を溶解し、100μlのコントロールsiRNAをスクランブルHSP27特異的および対照siRNAをスクランブル。 </li><li> 100μミックス、100μlの希釈されたトランスフェクション試薬のL siRNA溶液（1：1の比）、室温で15分間混合物をインキュベートします。 </li><li>細胞へのsiRNA - 脂質複合体を追加します。その後4時間の変化媒体の後、37℃で2日間細胞をBEGMを完了し、インキュベートします。 </li><li> 4.7へのセクション4.1から説明したように、ウェスタンブロッティングによってトランスフェクトされた細胞を分析します。 </li></ol> siRNAでトランスフェクトされた細胞11 4.ウエスタンブロットアッセイ<ol><li> HSP27特異抽出し、100μlの氷冷溶解緩衝液（10mMのトリス、10mMの塩化ナトリウム、2mMのエチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）、25mMのNaFを、2ミリモルのNa 3 VOを使用して生物学的安全キャビネット内でコントロールsiRNAトランスフェクトHCECsスクランブル4、1mMのフェニルメタンスルホニルフルオリド（PMSF）、プロテアーゼ阻害剤、及び0.5％のTriton X-100、pHが7）。 </li><li>細胞溶解を誘導するために、氷上で30分間細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li> 15分10,000×gでペレットの溶解物およびそれから新鮮1.5ミリリットル浴槽に上清を移しますエス（90μlのアリコート）し、-80℃で保管してください。 </li><li> Bradfordタンパク質アッセイを用いて細胞溶解物のタンパク質濃度を決定します。9 </li><li> 10％または12％アクリルアミドゲル上で全細胞タンパク質の等量を有する負荷サンプルは、SDS-PAGEのゲルの対象、および電気泳動を4℃で1時間、200ミリアンペアの電流でニトロセルロースフィルターに分離したタンパク質バンドを転送しますウェスタンブロットアッセイに使用します。 </li><li> （：1,000希釈1）、リン酸化Akt 5％ブロックニトロセルロースフィルター膜は、リン酸化および非リン酸化HSP27に対する一次抗体を追加し、1時間のTween 20（TBST）でトリス緩衝食塩水にスキムミルク（1：1,000希釈）、 Aktの非リン酸化（1：1,000希釈、細胞生存のマーカーとして使用される）のBcl-2関連Xタンパク質（1：1,000希釈、プロアポトーシスタンパク質として使用される）、およびグリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ（GAPDH; 1 200 5％ローディング対照として用い希釈）ウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）、およびシェーカー上で4℃で一晩膜をインキュベートします。 </li><li> TBSTで3回洗浄した後、5％BSAで、10分各洗浄：西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ結合ヤギ抗ウサギ抗体（10,000希釈1）を用いて免疫反応性バンドを検出します。 </li><li>ウェスタンブロッティングルミノール試薬で膜をインキュベート室温で1分間（6〜7ミリリットルあたり10センチメートル×5センチメートル膜）。 </li><li> 、試薬溶液から膜を取り外し、吸収性タオルで余分な液体を除去し、プラスチックシートプロテクター内の場所。 </li><li>安全な光で暗い部屋での作業、タンパク質側を上に向けてフィルムカセットに覆われた膜を配置します。 </li><li>膜の上にX線フィルムを置き、1分間さらします。 </li></ol> 5.スクラッチによって誘発される細胞遊走12の指向の傷つけアッセイ評価<ol><li>生物学的安全キャビネットでは、のコンフルエント培養のウェルの表面全体に、滅菌ピペットチップをドラッグして傷を作りますHSP27特異的siRNAトランスフェクトまたはスクランブル対照siRNAトランスフェクトHCECs。 </li><li>直ちに創傷後、1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）で2回細胞を洗浄し、創傷後24時間、5％CO 2雰囲気中で37℃のインキュベーター中BEGM培養でそれらを維持します。 </li><li>創傷後100X倍率24時間で直立顕微鏡を用いて写真HCEC画像とフィルタを使用して平坦化の背景を行います 画像解析ソフトでコマンド。 </li><li>選択測定コマンドを使用して、初期傷の端から端まで垂直にカバーすることができ、同じ大きさの多角形状とインタレスト（AOI）のエリアを定義し、各サンプルの創傷領域に三つの異なるAOIを決定します。 </li><li>自動的にカウント/サイズMeasureメニューオプションを使用して、各フィールドのセルの数を数えます。 </li></ol>アポトーシスの6.フローサイトメトリー分析<ol><li>文化HSP27特異的siRNAトランスフェクトし、コントロールの6ウェルプレート中のウェル5×10 5細胞/の濃度でそれぞれ10 nMのsiRNAを含有するiRNAトランスフェクトHCECs細胞はBEGM中で、5％CO 2雰囲気下で37℃のインキュベーター中で95％コンフルエンスに達するまで。 </li><li> 1ミリリットルピペットを用いて5分間、15mlチューブ中で5分間、900×gで遠心分離し、吸引トリプシンEDTAのためにウェル当たり2ミリリットル0.25％トリプシン-EDTAを使用してHCECsを外します。 </li><li>冷PBSで細胞を2回洗浄した後、10 6細胞/ mlの濃度で緩衝液（0.1 M HEPES / NaOHを[pHは7.4]、1.4 MのNaCl、および25mMのCaCl 2）に結合1Xで細胞を再懸濁します。 </li><li> 5ミリリットル培養チューブに100μlの細胞懸濁液（1×10 5細胞）を転送。 </li><li>ヨウ化プロピジウムμlの5μlのフルオレセインイソチオシアネート結合アネキシンVと5を追加します。 </li><li>細胞を穏やかにボルテックスし、暗所で室温で15分間、それらをインキュベートします。 </li><li>各チューブに1×結合緩衝液200μlを加え、フローcで細胞を分析1時間以内にytometer。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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著者らは、この研究で言及した任意の材料または方法には金融や独自の利害関係はありません。

In this present study, we evaluated the potential role of HSP27 in corneal epithelial wounding using in vitro approaches. The critical steps involved siRNA transfection for HSP27 knock-down to observe the function of HSP27 in cells subjected to stress. Notably, a role for HSP27 was revealed by these experiments in epithelial cell migration and apoptosis during corneal epithelial wound healing. Unlike previous studies10 that used rat HSP27-specific siRNA to transfect vascular smooth muscle cells, we us...

それらは同時に縁と角膜上皮の基底層の細胞に置き換えられている間に角膜上皮細胞（のCEC）を連続的に、涙液膜に流されている。1様々な外因性ストレスが、のCECのアポトーシスおよび落屑を誘発することができる。2熱ショックタンパク質（HSP）高度に保存され、分子サイズに係る二のファミリーに分類することができる。3最大HSPファミリーは、HSP90、HSP70およびHSP60を含み、より小さいファミリーはHSP27を含む4 HSP27のリン酸化が細胞の生存に重要な役割を果たすことが知られていますそして、理由アクチンリモデリングにおけるこのタンパク質の役割の細胞移動のために必要とされる。5-7。したがって、我々は、上皮創傷治癒のin vitroモデルでCECの移行とアポトーシスにおけるHSP27のリン酸化の潜在的な役割をテストしようとしました。 RNA干渉（RNAi）小さいまたは短い干渉RNAのいずれかを使用して（siRNA）がGEを持っていますそれが潜在的に可能にするように両方の基礎および応用生物学のnerated関心は、目的の任意の遺伝子の発現をノックダウンする。8ここで、我々はCEC創傷治癒およびアポトーシスに対するHSP27の寄与を評価するために、HSP27特異的siRNAを使用しました。細胞における遺伝子ノックダウンのための従来のRNAi法は、siRNAを作成するために組み立てることができる2つの未修正の21-merのオリゴヌクレオチドを含む合成RNA二重鎖を、使用しています。我々は、この本研究で使用したRNAi siRNAは、細胞をトランスフェクトするための単純かつ非常に効率的な方法であり、この試薬は、種々の不死化細胞株と連動します。この本研究では、我々は、傷誘導性の方向性創傷アッセイ、ウェスタンブロッティング、siRNAトランスフェクションアッセイ、免疫蛍光アッセイを含む、この分析のために使用される方法を、デモンストレーション、およびフローサイトメトリー。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Biological safety cabinet</td><td>CHC LAB Co.Ltd,&amp;nbsp; Daejeon, Republic of Korea&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CHC-777A2-06</td><td>Class II, Type A2&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Stealth RNAi&amp;trade; siRNA</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA</td><td></td><td>RNAi siRNA; scrambled control-siRNA and HSP27-specific siRNA</td></tr><tr><td>BEGM&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt;</td><td>Lonza, Inc., Walkersville, MD</td><td>CC-3171, CC4175</td><td>Bronchial epithelium growth medium&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Protease inhibitor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich, Inc., St. Louis, MO</td><td>P8340 ,P7626</td><td>1 &amp;#956;M Pepstatin A, 1 &amp;#956;M Leupeptin, 0.1 &amp;#956;M Aprotinin</td></tr><tr><td>Bradford protein assay&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Hercules, CA</td><td>#500-0001</td><td>Bradford protein assay&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Nitrocellulose filters&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Amersham, Little Chalfont, UK</td><td>RPN3032D</td><td>Western blotting membrane</td></tr><tr><td>Non-phosphorylated HSP27&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA</td><td>ab12351</td><td>1:1,000 dilution (Total HSP27)</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphorylated HSP27 (Ser85)</td><td>Abcam Inc., Cambridge, MA</td><td>ab5594</td><td>1:1,000 dilution HSP27 was phosphorylated at Ser85</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine&lt;sup&gt;&amp;reg; &lt;/sup&gt;RNAiMAX reagent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA</td><td>13-778-075</td><td>Transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Phosphorylated Akt (Ser473)</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td><td>No. 4060</td><td>1:1,000 dilution Akt was phosphorylated at Ser473 (cell survival marker)</td></tr><tr><td>Non-phosphorylated Akt&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td><td>No. 4061</td><td>1:1,000 dilution (Total Akt)</td></tr><tr><td>Bcl-2-associated X protein&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA</td><td>No. 4062</td><td>1:1,000 (anti-apoptotic protein marker)</td></tr><tr><td>GAPDH</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA</td><td>No. 4063</td><td>1:1,000 loading control marker (house keeping gene)</td></tr><tr><td>Horseradish peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-rabbit antibodies</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA</td><td>NCI1460KR</td><td>1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>OPTI-MEM</td><td>Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA</td><td>31985</td><td>reduced serum medium for transfection</td></tr><tr><td>Image analysis software</td><td>Olympus, Inc., Tokyo, Japan</td><td>Image-Pro Plus 5.0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Skimed milk powder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Roth GmbH + Co. KG, Karlstruhe, Germany</td><td>T145.2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Amresco LCC, Inc. Solon, OH</td><td>No-0497</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Chloride&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Amresco LCC, Inc. Solon, OH</td><td>No-0241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Six well culture plate</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA</td><td>140675</td><td>35.00 mm diameter / well</td></tr><tr><td>24-well culuture dish</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc., Waltham, MA</td><td>142475</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Orbital shaker</td><td>N-Bioteck, Inc., Seoul, South Korea</td><td>NB1015</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA</td><td>sc-2323&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BDFACSCanto&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; II</td><td>BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td><td></td><td>Flow cytometry</td></tr><tr><td>X-Ray Film</td><td>Kodak, Rochester, NY</td><td></td><td>Medical X-Ray Cassette with Green 400 Screen&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>western blotting luminol reagent</td><td>Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA</td><td>sc-2048&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FITC Annexin V Apoptosis Detection Kit I</td><td>BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td><td>556547</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

rna interference-based investigation of the function of heat shock protein 27 during corneal epithelial wound healing

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is among the most widely used RNA interference methods for the short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. siRNA is a synthetic RNA duplex created to specifically target a mRNA transcript to induce its degradation and it has been used to identify novel pathways in various cellular processes. Few reports exist regarding the role of phosphorylated heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) in corneal epithelial wound healing. Herein, cultured human corneal epithelial cells were divided into a scrambled control-siRNA transfected group and a HSP27-specific siRNA-transfected group. Scratch-induced directional wounding assays, and western blotting, and flow cytometry were then performed. We conclude that HSP27 has roles in corneal epithelial wound healing that may involve epithelial cell apoptosis and migration. Here, step-by-step descriptions of sample preparation and the study protocol are provided.

リン酸化HSP27の発現が有意に無傷HCECs 13と比較して創傷スクラッチした後、5から10に増加し、30分。ウェスタンブロット分析は、Baxの発現が有意にHSP27特異的siRNAでトランスフェクトHCECs（ 図1A-E）で増加したのに対し、リン酸化HSP27及びリン酸化Aktの発現は両方の有意に減少したことが明らかになりました。 （ 図1A-Bリン酸化HSP27の発現?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about RNA Interference-based Investigation of the Function of Heat Shock Protein 27 during Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing at JoVE.com

RNA Interference-based Investigation of the Function of Heat Shock Protein 27 during Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing

Herein, we present a protocol to use heat shock protein 27 (HSP27)-specific small interfering RNA to assess the function of HSP27 during corneal epithelial wound healing. RNA interference is the best method for effectively knocking-down gene expression to investigate protein function in various cell types.

角膜上皮創傷治癒中の熱ショックタンパク質27の機能のRNA干渉ベースの調査

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is among the most widely used RNA interference methods for the short-term silencing of protein-coding genes. siRNA is a ...

rna-interference-based-investigation-function-heat-shock-protein-27

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

7.4K ビュー.  Saevit Eye Hospital. Herein, we present a protocol to use heat shock protein 27 (HSP27)-specific small interfering RNA to assess the function of HSP27 during corneal epithelial wound healing. RNA interference is the best method for effectively knocking-down gene expression to investigate protein function in various cell types.

ビデオ: RNA Interference-based Investigation of the Function of Heat Shock Protein 27 during Corneal Epithelial Wound Healing

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to follow and manipulate the wound response ex vivo in an environment that closely mimics that of epithelial tissue injury in vivo. This issue was addressed by creating a clinically relevant epithelial ex vivo injury-repair model based on cataract surgery. In this culture model, the response of the lens epithelium to wounding can be followed live in the cells&#8217; native microenvironment, and the molecular mediators of wound repair easily manipulated during the repair process. To prepare the cultures, lenses are removed from the eye and a small incision is made in the anterior of the lens from which the inner mass of lens fiber cells is removed. This procedure creates a circular wound on the posterior lens capsule, the thick basement membrane that surrounds the lens. This wound area where the fiber cells were attached is located just adjacent to a continuous monolayer of lens epithelial cells that remains linked to the lens capsule during the surgical procedure. The wounded epithelium, the cell type from which fiber cells are derived during development, responds to the injury of fiber cell removal by moving collectively across the wound area, led by a population of vimentin-rich repair cells whose mesenchymal progenitors are endogenous to the lens1. These properties are typical of a normal epithelial wound healing response. In this model, as in vivo, wound repair is dependent on signals supplied by the endogenous environment that is uniquely maintained in this ex vivo culture system, providing an ideal opportunity for discovery of the mechanisms that regulate repair of an epithelium following wounding.

Establishment of a Clinically Relevant Ex Vivo Mock Cataract Surgery Model for Investigating Epithelial Wound Repair in a Native Microenvironment

Described here is the establishment of a clinically relevant ex vivo mock cataract surgery model that can be used to investigate mechanisms of the injury response of epithelial tissues within their native microenvironment.

臨床的に関連の確立<em&gt;エクスビボ</emネイティブ微小環境における上皮創傷修復を調査するための&gt;モック白内障手術モデル

The major impediment to understanding how an epithelial tissue executes wound repair is the limited availability of models in which it is possible to ...

発生生物学

Live-Cell Imaging of Intact Ex Vivo Globes Using a Novel 3D Printed Holder

Corneal epithelial wound healing is a migratory process initiated by the activation of purinergic receptors expressed on epithelial cells. This activation results in calcium mobilization events that propagate from cell to cell, which are essential for initiating cellular motility into the wound bed, promoting efficient wound healing. The Trinkaus-Randall lab has developed a methodology for imaging the corneal wound healing response in ex vivo murine globes in real time. This approach involves enucleating an intact globe from a mouse that has been euthanized per established protocols and immediately incubating the globe with a calcium indicator dye. A counterstain that stains other features of the cell can be applied at this stage to assist with imaging and show cellular landmarks. The protocol worked well with several different live cell dyes used for counterstaining, including SiR actin to stain actin and deep red plasma membrane stain to stain the cell membrane. To examine the response to a wound, the corneal epithelium is injured using a 25 G needle, and the globes are placed in a 3D printed holder. The dimensions of the 3D printed holder are calibrated to ensure immobilization of the globe throughout the duration of the experiment and can be modified to accommodate eyes of different sizes. Live cell imaging of the wound response is performed continuously at various depths throughout the tissue over time using confocal microscopy. This protocol allows us to generate high-resolution, publication-quality images using a 20x air objective on a confocal microscope. Other objectives can also be used for this protocol. It represents a significant improvement in the quality of live cell imaging in ex vivo murine globes and permits the identification of nerves and epithelium.

Live-Cell Imaging of Intact Ex Vivo Globes Using a Novel 3D Printed Holder

The present work describes a novel experimental protocol that utilizes a 3D printed holder to enable high-resolution live cell imaging of enucleated globes. Through this protocol, the cellular calcium signaling activity in wounded corneal epithelium from ex vivo globes can be observed in real time.

新しい3Dプリントホルダーを使用した無傷の ex vivo グローブの生細胞イメージング

Corneal epithelial wound healing is a migratory process initiated by the activation of purinergic receptors expressed on epithelial cells. This activation ...

生化学

Investigating Scarless Tissue Regeneration in Embryonic Wounded Chick Corneas

Chick embryonic corneal wounds display a remarkable capacity to fully and rapidly regenerate, whereas adult wounded corneas experience a loss of transparency due to fibrotic scarring. The tissue integrity of injured embryonic corneas is intrinsically restored with no detectable scar formation. Given its accessibility and ease of manipulation, the chick embryo is an ideal model for studying scarless corneal wound repair. This protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. First, eggs are windowed at early embryonic ages to access the eye. Second, a series of in ovo physical manipulations to the extraembryonic membranes are conducted to ensure access to the eye is maintained through later stages of development, corresponding to when the three cellular layers of the cornea are formed. Third, linear cornea wounds that penetrate the outer epithelial layer and the anterior stroma are made using a microsurgical knife. The regeneration process or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure. Studies to date using this model have revealed that wounded embryonic corneas display activation of keratocyte differentiation, undergo coordinated remodeling of ECM proteins to their native three-dimensional macrostructure, and become adequately re-innervated by corneal sensory nerves. In the future, the potential impact of endogenous or exogenous factors on the regenerative process could be analyzed in healing corneas by using developmental biology techniques, such as tissue grafting, electroporation, retroviral infection, or bead implantation. The current strategy identifies the embryonic chick as a crucial experimental paradigm for elucidating the molecular and cellular factors coordinating scarless corneal wound healing.

The present protocol demonstrates the different steps involved in wounding the cornea of an embryonic chick in ovo. The regenerating or fully restored corneas can be analyzed for regenerative potential using various cellular and molecular techniques following the wounding procedure.&#160;

胚性創傷チック角膜における瘢痕のない組織再生の調査

Chick embryonic corneal wounds display a remarkable capacity to fully and rapidly regenerate, whereas adult wounded corneas experience a loss of ...

Corneal Epithelial Abrasion with Ocular Burr As a Model for Cornea Wound Healing

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to injury. In fact, the most common type of eye injury found in clinic is a corneal abrasion. Here, we utilize an ocular burr to induce an abrasion resulting in removal of the corneal epithelium in vivo on anesthetized mice. This method allows for targeted and reproducible epithelial disruption, leaving other areas intact. In addition, we describe the visualization of the abraded epithelium with fluorescein staining and provide concrete advice on how to visualize the abraded cornea. Then, we follow the timeline of wound healing 0, 18, and 72 h after abrasion, until the wound is re-epithelialized. The epithelial abrasion model of corneal injury is ideal for studies on epithelial cell proliferation, migration and re-epithelialization of the corneal layers. However, this method is not optimal to study stromal activation during wound healing, because the ocular burr does not penetrate to the stromal cell layers. This method is also suitable for clinical applications, for example, pre-clinical test of drug effectiveness.

This protocol describes a method to inflict an abrasion to the ocular surface of the mouse, and to follow the wound healing process thereafter. The protocol takes advantage of an ocular burr to partially remove the surface epithelium of the eye in anaesthetized mice.

角膜上皮摩耗眼はりのモデルとして角膜創傷治癒

The murine cornea provides an excellent model to study wound healing. The cornea is the outermost layer of the eye, and thus is the first defense to ...

医学

Ex Vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two dimensional (2D) and three dimensional (3D) culture has generated a wealth of information not only about corneal biology but also about wound healing, myofibroblast biology, and scarring in general. The goal of the protocol is an assay system for quantifying myofibroblast development, which characterizes scarring. We demonstrate a corneal organ culture ex vivo model using pig eyes. In this anterior keratectomy wound, corneas still in the globe are wounded with a circular blade called a trephine. A plug of approximately 1/3 of the anterior cornea is removed including the epithelium, the basement membrane, and the anterior part of the stroma. After wounding, corneas are cut from the globe, mounted on a collagen/agar base, and cultured for two weeks in supplemented-serum free medium with stabilized vitamin C to augment cell proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion by resident fibroblasts. Activation of myofibroblasts in the anterior stroma is evident in the healed cornea. This model can be used to assay wound closure, the development of myofibroblasts and fibrotic markers, and for toxicology studies. In addition, the effects of small molecule inhibitors as well as lipid-mediated siRNA transfection for gene knockdown can be tested in this system.

A protocol for an ex vivo corneal organ culture model useful for wound healing studies is described. This model system can be used to assess the effects of agents to promote regenerative healing or drug toxicity in an organized 3D multicellular environment.

前のヴィヴォ角膜器官培養モデルの創傷治癒の研究

The cornea has been used extensively as a model system to study wound healing. The ability to generate and utilize primary mammalian cells in two ...

An Epithelial Abrasion Model for Studying Corneal Wound Healing

The cornea is critical for vision, accounting for about two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Crucial to the role of the cornea in vision is its transparency. However, due to its external position, the cornea is highly susceptible to a wide variety of injuries that can lead to the loss of corneal transparency and eventual blindness. Efficient corneal wound healing in response to these injuries is pivotal for maintaining corneal homeostasis and preservation of corneal transparency and refractive capabilities. In events of compromised corneal wound healing, the cornea becomes vulnerable to infections, ulcerations, and scarring. Given the fundamental importance of corneal wound healing to the preservation of corneal transparency and vision, a better understanding of the normal corneal wound healing process is a prerequisite to understanding impaired corneal wound healing associated with infection and disease. Toward this goal, murine models of corneal wounding have proven useful in furthering our understanding of the corneal wound healing mechanisms operating under normal physiological conditions. Here, a protocol for creating a central corneal epithelial abrasion in mouse using a trephine and a blunt golf club spud is described. In this model, a 2 mm diameter circular trephine, centered over the cornea, is used to demarcate the wound area. The golf club spud is used with care to debride the epithelium and create a circular wound without damaging the corneal epithelial basement membrane. The resulting inflammatory response proceeds as a well-characterized cascade of cellular and molecular events that are critical for efficient wound healing. This simple corneal wound healing model is highly reproducible and well-published and is now being used to evaluate compromised corneal wound healing in the context of disease.

Here, a protocol for creating a central corneal epithelial abrasion wound in the mouse using a trephine and a blunt golf club spud is described. This corneal wound healing model is highly reproducible and is now being used to evaluate compromised corneal wound healing in the context of diseases.

角膜創傷治癒を研究するための上皮擦過傷モデル

The cornea is critical for vision, accounting for about two-thirds of the refractive power of the eye. Crucial to the role of the cornea in vision is its ...

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, and result in a large, persistent corneal epithelial defect. Epithelial defect with the following corneal opacity and peripheral neovascularization result in irreversible visual impairment and hinder future management, especially keratoplasty. Since the animal model can be used as an effective drug development platform, models of corneal injury to the mouse and alkali burn to rabbit corneal epithelium are developed here. New Zealand white rabbit is used in the alkali burn model. Different concentrations of sodium hydroxide can be applied onto the central circular area of the cornea for 30 s under intramuscular and topical anesthesia. After copious isotonic normal saline irrigation, residual loose corneal epithelium was removed with corneal burr deep down to the Bowman's layer within this circular area. Wound healing was documented by fluorescein staining under Cobalt blue light. C57BL/6 mice were used in the traumatic model of murine corneal epithelium. The murine central cornea was marked using a skin punch, 2 mm in diameter, and then debrided by a corneal rust ring remover with a 0.5 mm burr under a stereomicroscope. These models can be prospectively used to validate the therapeutic effect of eye drops or mixed agents such as stem cells, which potentially facilitate corneal epithelial regeneration. By observing corneal opacity, peripheral neovascularization, and conjunctival congestion with stereomicroscope and imaging software, therapeutic effects in these animal models can be monitored.

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Animal Models for Mechanical and Chemical Injuries of Corneal Epithelium

Here, animal models based on mouse and rabbit are developed for mechanical and chemical injury of corneal epithelium to screen new therapeutics and the underlying mechanism.

角膜上皮の機械的および化学的損傷のためのEx Vivoおよびin vivo動物モデル

Corneal injury to the ocular surface, including chemical burn and trauma, may cause severe scarring, symblepharon, corneal limbal stem cells deficiency, ...

High Throughput SiRNA Screening for Chloropicrin and Hydrogen Fluoride-Induced Cornea Epithelial Cell Injury

Toxicant-induced ocular injury is a true ocular emergency because chemicals have the potential to rapidly inflict significant tissue damage. Treatments for toxicant-induced corneal injury are generally supportive as no specific therapeutics exist to treat these injuries. In the efforts to develop treatments and therapeutics to care for exposure, it can be important to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of these injuries. We propose that utilization of high throughput small inhibitory RNA (siRNA) screening can be an important tool that could help to more rapidly elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chemical cornea epithelial injury. siRNA are double stranded RNA molecules that are 19-25 nucleotides long and utilize the post-transcriptional gene silencing pathway to degrade mRNA which have homology to the siRNA. The resulting reduction of expression of the specific gene can then be studied in toxicant exposed cells to ascertain the function of that gene in the cellular response to the toxicant. The development and validation of in vitro exposure models and methods for the high throughput screening (HTS) of hydrogen fluoride- (HF) and chloropicrin- (CP) induced ocular injury are presented in this article. Although we selected these two toxicants, our methods are applicable to the study of other toxicants with minor modifications to the toxicant exposure protocol. The SV40 large T antigen immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line SV40-HCEC was selected for study. Cell viability and IL-8 production were selected as endpoints in the screening protocol. Several challenges associated with the development of toxicant exposure and cell culture methods suitable for HTS studies are presented. The establishment of HTS models for these toxicants allows for further studies to better understand the mechanism of injury and to screen for potential therapeutics for chemical ocular injury.

High throughput small inhibitory RNA screening is an important tool that could help to more rapidly elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chemical cornea epithelial injury. Herein, we present the development and validation of exposure models and methods for the high throughput screening of hydrogen fluoride- and chloropicrin-induced cornea epithelial injury.

クロルピクリンとフッ化水素誘起角膜上皮細胞傷害のための高スループット SiRNA スクリーニング

Toxicant-induced ocular injury is a true ocular emergency because chemicals have the potential to rapidly inflict significant tissue damage. Treatments ...

生物学

Zebrafish Corneal Wound Healing: From Abrasion to Wound Closure Imaging Analysis

As the transparent surface of the eye, the cornea is instrumental for clear sight. Due to its location, this tissue is prone to environmental insults. Indeed, the eye injuries most frequently encountered clinically are those to the cornea. While corneal wound healing has been extensively studied in small mammals (i.e., mice, rats, and rabbits), corneal physiology studies have neglected other species, including zebrafish, despite zebrafish being a classic research model.
This report describes a method of performing a corneal abrasion on zebrafish. The wound is performed in vivo on anesthetized fish using an ocular burr. This method allows for a reproducible epithelial wound, leaving the rest of the eye intact. After abrasion, wound closure is monitored over the course of 3 h, after which the wound is reepithelialized. By using scanning electron microscopy, followed by image processing, the epithelial cell shape, and apical protrusions can be investigated to study the various steps during corneal epithelial wound closure.
The characteristics of the zebrafish model permit study of the epithelial tissue physiology and the collective behavior of the epithelial cells when the tissue is challenged. Furthermore, the use of a model deprived of the influence of the tear film can produce&#160;new answers regarding corneal response to stress. Finally, this model also allows the delineation of the cellular and molecular events involved in any epithelial tissue subjected to a physical wound. This method can be applied to the evaluation of drug effectiveness in preclinical testing.

This protocol focuses on damaging the ocular surface of zebrafish through abrasion to assess the subsequent wound closure at the cellular level. This approach exploits an ocular burr to partly remove the corneal epithelium and uses scanning electron microscopy to track changes in cell morphology during wound closure.

ゼブラフィッシュ角膜創傷治癒:擦過傷から創傷閉鎖画像分析まで

As the transparent surface of the eye, the cornea is instrumental for clear sight. Due to its location, this tissue is prone to environmental insults. ...

Establishing a Severe Corneal Inflammation Model in Rats Based on Corneal Epithelium Curettage Combined with Corneal Sutures

Corneal inflammation, especially severe corneal inflammation, plays a significant role in the development of corneal limbal stem cell dysfunction. Constructing appropriate animal models can help us focus on the effects of severe inflammation on corneal limbal stem cells. A 2 mm rust remover&#160;was&#160;used to remove the central corneal epithelium of Sprague Dawley (SD) rats to create an injury. Then, the central stroma of the cornea was sutured with nylon sutures to induce persistent inflammation. In this way, a corneal inflammation model with central corneal epithelium abrasion and central stroma suturing was constructed, which induced severe corneal inflammation. The changes in corneal inflammation and the condition of the limbal stem cells at 1, 3, and 7 days post-modeling were observed. On the 3rd day after modeling, the rats&#39; corneal limbus was severely edematous, with obvious neovascularization and local hyperplasia, which are typical signs of limbal stem cell deficiency. By the 7th day, the corneal edema gradually worsened, and the neovascularization continued to increase. Through quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence staining, we found that the corneal epithelial inflammatory factors were significantly upregulated, the corneal epithelial differentiation was abnormal, the corneal epithelial stem cells were significantly reduced, and the cell proliferation and stemness had also decreased. Therefore, this model demonstrates that severe inflammation can induce limbal stem cell damage without directly damaging the limbal stem cells. The model is beneficial for observing the effects of severe inflammation on the biological mechanisms of stem cells and provides an ideal platform for studying the mechanisms of corneal epithelial stem cell dysfunction induced by inflammation.

We developed a rat model of severe corneal inflammation through corneal epithelium curettage combined with corneal sutures. The study evaluated corneal inflammation patterns, epithelial proliferation, and changes in limbal stem cells under inflammatory conditions.