Name: a cell-free assay using xenopus laevis embryo extracts to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation
Uploaded: 2016-08-08T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 14 min 27 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation at JoVE.com

Members of the Levy and Gatlin labs as well as colleagues in the Department of Molecular Biology offered helpful advice and discussions. Rebecca Heald provided support in the early stages of developing this protocol. This work was supported by the NIH/NIGMS (R15GM106318) and the American Cancer Society (RSG-15-035-01-DDC).

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Here is presented a novel method to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation during X. laevis development. Developmental progression is associated with dramatic changes in cell physiology, metabolism, division rates, and migration, as well as alterations in the sizes of cells and intracellular structures. These varied processes are complex and essential, so it is difficult to study just one of these aspects of development in an in vivo setting. The X. laevis embryo extract and nuclear shrink...

細胞小器官の大きさは、典型的には、細胞の大きさに比例し、これはおそらく最高のセルサイズ1-10との核の大きさのスケーリングのために文書化されています。これは、細胞と核の大きさの両方の劇的な減少は、多くの場合、11,12を観察している胚形成および細胞分化、中に特に当てはまります。また、変更された核の大きさは、癌の診断および予後13-17で重要なパラメータです。核のサイズの調節に寄与メカニズムは複雑さに起因する部分と核構造と機能の本質的な性質で、不明な点が多いです。ここで説明する方法は、生化学的操作および核のサイズ調節のメカニズムの解明に適している核のサイズスケーリングのためのin vitroアッセイとして開発されました。 アフリカツメガエルの卵抽出物は、in vitroでの複雑な細胞過程を再現し、研究するために十分に確立されたシステムであり、 </em&gt;コンテキスト。これらの抽出物は、アセンブリおよび紡錘体、小胞体の機能、および核18-22を含むいくつかの細胞プロセスに関する新たな基本的な情報を明らかにしました。抽出システムへの重要な利点の1つは、Xです。ツメガエル卵抽出物は、その組成が容易に組換えタンパク質または免疫除去の添加によって、例えば、変更することができ、ほぼ未希釈の細胞質を表します。また、一方がさもなければインビボの状況において致死的であるかもしれない治療を使用することによって本質的なプロセスを操作することができます。卵抽出物手順の変更は、Xからの抽出物の単離を可能にツメガエル胚ではなく、卵、およびこれらの胚抽出物は、生化学的な操作23にも同様に適しています。 X.中に数千50μを生成する-開発をアフリカツメガエル 、単細胞受精胚（〜1ミリメートルの直径）は12急速な細胞分裂（8ステージ1）のシリーズを受けますメートルの直径と発達段階に到達したより小さな細胞は、中期胞胚変移（MBT）またはステージ8 24-26と呼ばれます。 MBTは接合体、転写、細胞遊走、非同期細胞分裂、ギャップ相の取得、および核定常状態のサイズではなく、事前MBT胚のように継続的な原子力拡大の設立の発症によって特徴付けられます。ステージ4から原腸形成（段階10.5から12）に、個々の核の体積が10倍以上11により減少します。 ここでは、目標は、発達の進行の間の核の大きさで、これらの削減のための責任のメカニズムを識別することです。アプローチは、最初のXで核を組み立てることです卵抽出物をアフリカツメガエル卵細胞質/抽出物から、それらの核を単離すること。これらの核は、その後、後期原腸段階の胚から細胞質中に再懸濁されています。インキュベーション期間後、卵抽出物からの核は後期胚抽出物中より小さくなります。我々は、このwoulと推論しました発達核のサイズスケーリングに貢献後期胚に存在する細胞質成分を同定するために有用なアッセイをd。 インビボでの検証と結合し、このアッセイを用いて、我々は、プロテインキナーゼC（PKC）は、Xの核の大きさの発達削減に寄与することが実証され23を アフリカツメガエル 。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alexa Fluor 568 Donkey anti-mouse IgG</td><td>Molecular Probes</td><td>A10037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ATP disodium salt</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A2383</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Benzocaine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E1501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A3059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C3306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>J2-21M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge rotor</td><td>Beckman</td><td>JS 13.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>chymostatin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C7268</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>creatine phosphate disodium</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>2380</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cycloheximide</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C6255</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>cytochalasin D</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>C8273</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>disposable wipes (kimwipes)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Z188956</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-cysteine</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>W326306</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EGTA</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>E4378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Formaldehyde</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>F8775</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass crystallizing dish (150 x 75 mm)</td><td>VWR</td><td>89090-662</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Macron</td><td>5094-16</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>H4034</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hoechst - bisBenzimide H 33342 trihydrochloride</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>B2261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCG - Human Chorionic Gonadotropin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Prospec</td><td>hor-250-c</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L15 Media</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L4386</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>leupeptin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L2884</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lysolecithin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>L1381</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>mAb414</td><td>Abcam</td><td>ab24609</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>EMD</td><td>MX0045-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M9397</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Maltose</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>M5885</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NP40</td><td>BDH</td><td>56009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Paraformaldehyde</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>15710</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin + Streptomycin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>Pp0781</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pepstatin</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P5318</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PIPES</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P6757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Plastic paraffin film (parafilm)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P7793</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>P9541</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Mallinckrodt</td><td>70100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KOH</td><td>Baker</td><td>5 3140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PMSG - Pregnant Mare Serum Gonadotropin</td><td>Prospec</td><td>hor-272-a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>S3014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP328</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0720-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>EMD</td><td>SX0590</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pestle</td><td>Thomas Scientific</td><td>3411D56</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Round bottom glass tubes, 15 ml</td><td>Corex</td><td>8441</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Secondary antibody (Alexa Fluor 568 donkey anti-mouse IgG)</td><td>ThermoFisher</td><td>A10037</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>sucrose</td><td>Calbiochem</td><td>8550</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>thermal cycler</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>T100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>Beckman</td><td>L8-80M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge rotor</td><td>Beckman</td><td>SW 50.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vectashield (anti-fade mounting medium)</td><td>Vector</td><td>H-1000</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a cell-free assay using xenopus laevis embryo extracts to study mechanisms of nuclear size regulation

細胞生物学の根本的な疑問は、細胞や細胞小器官のサイズが規制されている方法です。長い細胞や核のサイズの両方の劇的な削減が発生したときに、核の大きさは、一般的に胚形成の間、特に、セルの大きさに比例することが認められています。核のサイズ調節のメカニズムは不明な点が多いと変更された核の大きさがキー診断および予後のパラメータである癌に関連する可能性がある。 インビボ核サイズ調節因子が核機能の本質的かつ複雑な性質によって複雑されている識別に近づきます。核のサイズ制御を研究するためにここに記載のin vitroアプローチは、 アフリカツメガエルの開発中に発生する核の大きさが通常の減少を利用しています。まず、核はXに組み立てられます卵抽出物をアフリカツメガエル 。そして、これらの核は、後期胚から単離され、細胞質中に再懸濁します。 90分のインキュベーション期間、核の表面積 - 30後発達核のサイズスケーリングに貢献後期胚に存在する細胞質成分を識別するために有用なアッセイを提供し、60％ - 20によって減少します。このアプローチの主な利点は、卵や胚抽出物は、生化学的に核の大きさを調節する新規タンパク質や活動の同定を可能にする、操作することが可能な相対的な施設です。任意のインビトロのアプローチと同様に、in vivo系での結果の検証が重要であり、Xのマイクロインジェクションツメガエル胚は、これらの研究のために特に適しています。

卵抽出物中の核の組立 このプロトコルの最初のステップは、Xを準備していますツメガエルの卵抽出物（プロトコル1）および脱膜化精子核（プロトコル2）。これらの試薬 ​​は、その後、核デノボ （プロトコル3）を構築するために使用されている。1は、いくつかの</s...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation at JoVE.com

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

用いた無細胞アッセイ<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;胚は、核サイズの規制のメカニズムを研究するために抽出します

A fundamental question in cell biology is how cell and organelle sizes are regulated. It has long been recognized that the size of the nucleus generally ...

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Biology

A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

8.3K ビュー.  University of Wyoming. Mechanisms of cellular and intra-cellular scaling remain elusive. The use of Xenopus embryo extracts has become increasingly common to elucidate mechanisms of organelle size regulation. This method describes embryo extract preparation and a novel nuclear scaling assay through which mechanisms of nuclear size regulation can be identified.

ビデオ: A Cell-Free Assay Using Xenopus laevis Embryo Extracts to Study Mechanisms of Nuclear Size Regulation

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during oogenesis. In order to study roles of such maternal factors in early embryonic development, it is desirable to manipulate their functions from the very beginning of embryonic development. Conventional ways of gene interference are achieved by injection of antisense oligonucleotides (oligos) or mRNA into fertilized eggs, enabling under- or over-expression of specific proteins, respectively. However, these methods normally require more than several hours until protein expression is affected, and, hence, the interference of gene functions is not effective during early embryonic stages. Here, we introduce an experimental system in which expression levels of maternal proteins can be altered before fertilization. Xenopus laevis oocytes obtained from ovaries are defolliculated by incubating with enzymes. Antisense oligos or mRNAs are injected into defolliculated oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage. These oocytes are in vitro matured to eggs at the metaphase II (MII) stage, followed by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). By this way, up to 10% of ICSI embryos can reach the swimming tadpole stage, thus allowing functional tests of specific gene knockdown or overexpression. This approach can be a useful way to study roles of maternally stored factors in early embryonic development.

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

We describe methods of manipulating Xenopus laevis immature oocytes, in vitro maturation of oocytes to eggs, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection. This protocol allows degradation of some maternal proteins and overexpression of genes of interest at fertilization, and hence is valuable to study roles of specific factors in early embryonic development.

操作と<em&gt;インビトロ</emの&gt;成熟<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em細胞質内精子注入し&gt;卵母細胞、胚発生を研究するために

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

発生生物学

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the large size of their cells in early embryos, make Xenopus laevis a useful model for visualising GFP-tagged ligands. Synthetic mRNAs are efficiently translated after injection into early stage Xenopus embryos, and injections can be targeted to a single cell. When combined with a lineage tracer such as membrane tethered RFP, the injected cell (and its descendants) that are producing the overexpressed protein can easily be followed. This protocol describes a method for the production of fluorescently tagged Wnt and Shh ligands from injected mRNA. The methods involve the micro dissection of ectodermal explants (animal caps) and the analysis of ligand diffusion in multiple samples. By using confocal imaging, information about ligand secretion and diffusion over a field of cells can be obtained. Statistical analyses of confocal images provide quantitative data on the shape of ligand gradients. These methods may be useful to researchers who want to test the effects of factors that may regulate the shape of morphogen gradients.

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

The manuscript here provides a simple set of methods for analysing the secretion and diffusion of fluorescently tagged ligands in Xenopus. This provides a context for testing the ability of other proteins to modify ligand distribution and allowing experiments that may give insight into mechanisms regulating morphogen gradients.

の共焦点分析を用いました<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt; WntおよびShhのモルフォゲン勾配の調節を調査するために、

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts prepared from Xenopus laevis eggs have been powerful in dissecting biochemical networks underlying the cell-cycle progression, their ensemble average measurement typically leads to a damped oscillation, despite each individual oscillator being sustained. This is due to the difficulty of perfect synchronization among individual oscillators in noisy biological systems. To retrieve the single-cell dynamics of the oscillator, we developed a droplet-based artificial cell system that can reconstitute mitotic cycles in cell-like compartments encapsulating cycling cytoplasmic extracts of Xenopus laevis eggs. These simple cytoplasmic-only cells exhibit sustained oscillations for over 30 cycles. To build more complicated cells with nuclei, we added demembranated sperm chromatin to trigger nuclei self-assembly in the system. We observed a periodic progression of chromosome condensation/decondensation and nuclei envelop breakdown/reformation, like in real cells. This indicates that the mitotic oscillator functions faithfully to drive multiple downstream mitotic events. We simultaneously tracked the dynamics of the mitotic oscillator and downstream processes in individual droplets using multi-channel time-lapse fluorescence microscopy. The artificial cell-cycle system provides a high-throughput framework for quantitative manipulation and analysis of mitotic oscillations with single-cell resolution, which likely provides important insights into the regulatory machinery and functions of the clock.

Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts

We present a method for the generation of in vitro self-sustained mitotic oscillations at the single-cell level by encapsulating egg extracts of Xenopus laevis in water-in-oil microemulsions.

携帯無料ツメガエル卵抽出液のマイクロエマル ジョンにおける細胞周期振動の再構成

Real-time measurement of oscillations at the single-cell level is important to uncover the mechanisms of biological clocks. Although bulk extracts ...

生化学

Preparation and Fractionation of Xenopus laevis Egg Extracts

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical analysis. Egg lysis and differential centrifugation are used to prepare the crude extract which in turn in used to prepare fractionated extracts and light membrane preparations.

アフリカツメガエル卵抽出物の調製と分画

Crude and fractionated Xenopus egg extracts can be used to provide ingredients for reconstituting cellular processes for morphological and biochemical ...

生物学

In Vitro Nuclear Assembly Using Fractionated Xenopus Egg Extracts

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm chromatin, cytosol, and light membrane fractions. Complete nuclei are formed, including nuclear membranes with pore complexes, and these reconstituted nuclei are capable of normal nuclear processes.

分別アフリカツメガエルの卵抽出を用いたin vitro核アセンブリで

Nuclear membrane assembly is an essential step in the cell division cycle; this process can be replicated in the test tube by combining Xenopus sperm ...

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes in cell surface area and cell height, and where cells undergo mitosis and migrate. Furthermore, epithelial cells can also regulate morphogenetic movements in adjacent tissues1. A traditional method to study epithelial cells and tissues involve chemical fixation and histological methods to determine cell morphology or localization of particular proteins of interest. These approaches continue to be useful and provide "snapshots" of cell shapes and tissue architecture, however, much remains to be understood about how cells acquire specific shapes, how various proteins move or localize to specific positions, and what paths cells follow toward their final differentiated fate. High resolution live imaging complements traditional methods and also allows more direct investigation into the dynamic cellular processes involved in the formation, maintenance, and morphogenesis of multicellular epithelial sheets. Here we demonstrate experimental methods from the isolation of animal cap tissues from Xenopus laevis embryos to confocal imaging of epithelial cells and simple measurement approaches that together can augment molecular and cellular studies of epithelial morphogenesis.

Live-cell Imaging and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Epithelial Cells in Xenopus laevis

Xenopus embryonic epithelia are an ideal model system to study cell behaviors such as polarity development and shape change during epithelial morphogenesis. Traditional histology of fixed samples is increasingly being complemented by live-cell confocal imaging. Here we demonstrate methods to isolate frog tissues and visualize live epithelial cells and their cytoskeleton using live-cell confocal microscopy.

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル</em

Embryonic epithelial cells serve as an ideal model to study morphogenesis where multi-cellular tissues undergo changes in their geometry, such as changes ...

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later stages of embryonic development, and to define how enhancers and promoters regulate gene expression within the embryo. The protocol demonstrated here can be used to efficiently produce transgenic Xenopus laevis embryos. This transgenesis approach involves three parts: 1. Sperm nuclei are isolated from adult X. laevis testis by treatment with lysolecithin, which permeabilizes the sperm plasma membrane. 2. Egg extract is prepared by low speed centrifugation, addition of calcium to cause the extract to progress to interphase of the cell cycle, and a high-speed centrifugation to isolate interphase cytosol. 3. Nuclear transplantation: the nuclei and extract are combined with the linearized plasmid DNA to be introduced as the transgene and a small amount of restriction enzyme. During a short reaction, egg extract partially decondenses the sperm chromatin and the restriction enzyme generates chromosomal breaks that promote recombination of the transgene into the genome. The treated sperm nuclei are then transplanted into unfertilized eggs. Integration of the transgene usually occurs prior to the first embryonic cleavage such that the resulting embryos are not chimeric. These embryos can be analyzed without any need to breed to the next generation, allowing for efficient and rapid generation of transgenic embryos for analyses of promoter and gene function. Adult X. laevis resulting from this procedure also propagate the transgene through the germline and can be used to generate lines of transgenic animals for multiple purposes.

Production of Transgenic Xenopus laevis by Restriction Enzyme Mediated Integration and Nuclear Transplantation

This video protocol demonstrates a method for generating transgenic Xenopus laevis by introduction of transgenes into sperm nuclei followed by nuclear transplantation into unfertilized eggs.

トランスジェニックの生産アフリカツメガエル制限酵素を介した統合と核移植によって

Stable integration of cloned gene products into the Xenopus genome is necessary to control the time and place of expression, to express genes at later ...

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

Many organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated that the majority of the transcriptome is localized to a nonrandom position in cells and embryos. One approach to identify localized mRNAs is to biochemically purify a cellular structure of interest and to identify all associated transcripts. Using recently developed high-throughput sequencing technologies it is now straightforward to identify all RNAs associated with a subcellular structure. To facilitate transcript identification it is necessary to work with an organism with a fully sequenced genome. One attractive system for the biochemical purification of subcellular structures are egg extracts produced from the frog Xenopus laevis. However, X. laevis currently does not have a fully sequenced genome, which hampers transcript identification. In this article we describe a method to produce egg extracts from a related frog, X. tropicalis, that has a fully sequenced genome. We provide details for microtubule polymerization, purification and transcript isolation. While this article describes a specific method for identification of microtubule-associated transcripts, we believe that it will be easily applied to other subcellular structures and will provide a powerful method for identification of localized RNAs.

Production of Xenopus tropicalis Egg Extracts to Identify Microtubule-associated RNAs

We describe the collection of unfertilized Xenopus tropicalis eggs and production of a meiosis II-arrested egg extract. This egg extract can be used to purify microtubules and microtubule-associated RNAs.

の生産<em&gt;アフリカツメガエルトロピカ</em微小管関連RNAを識別するために、&gt;卵抽出

Many  organisms localize mRNAs to specific subcellular destinations to spatially and  temporally control gene expression. Recent studies have demonstrated ...

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has been used to study protein turnover in many cellular contexts, including the cell cycle and signal transduction pathways1-3. Herein, a method is described for isolating Xenopus egg extract that has been optimized to promote the degradation of the critical Wnt pathway component, &beta;-catenin. Two different methods are described to assess &beta;-catenin protein degradation in Xenopus egg extract. One method is visually informative ([35S]-radiolabeled proteins), while the other is more readily scaled for high-throughput assays (firefly luciferase-tagged fusion proteins). The techniques described can be used to, but are not limited to, assess &beta;-catenin protein turnover and identify molecular components contributing to its turnover. Additionally, the ability to purify large volumes of homogenous Xenopus egg extract combined with the quantitative and facile readout of luciferase-tagged proteins allows this system to be easily adapted for high-throughput screening for modulators of &beta;-catenin degradation.

Reconstitution Of &#946;-catenin Degradation In Xenopus Egg Extract

A method is described for analyzing protein degradation using radiolabeled and luciferase-fusion proteins in Xenopus egg extract and its adaptation for high-throughput screening for small molecule modulators of protein degradation.

β-カテニンの分解にの再構成<em&gt;アフリカツメガエル</em&gt;卵抽出

Xenopus laevis egg extract is a well-characterized, robust system for studying the biochemistry of diverse cellular processes. Xenopus egg extract has ...

A Cell Free Assay to Study Chromatin Decondensation at the End of Mitosis

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod shaped chromosomes which are moved individually by the mitotic spindle apparatus. Mitotic chromatin condensation yields chromosomes compacted fifty-fold denser as in interphase. During exit from mitosis, chromosomes have to re-establish their functional interphase state, which is enclosed by a nuclear envelope and is competent for replication and transcription. The decondensation process is morphologically well described, but in molecular terms poorly understood: We lack knowledge about the underlying molecular events and to a large extent the factors involved as well as their regulation. We describe here a cell-free system that faithfully recapitulates chromatin decondensation in vitro, based on mitotic chromatin clusters purified from synchronized HeLa cells and X. laevis egg extract. Our cell-free system provides an important tool for further molecular characterization of chromatin decondensation and its co-ordination with processes simultaneously occurring during mitotic exit such as nuclear envelope and pore complex re-assembly.

The molecular mechanisms of the decondensation of highly compacted mitotic chromatin are ill-defined. We present a cell-free assay based on mitotic chromatin clusters isolated from HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis egg extract that faithfully reconstitutes the decondensation process in vitro.

無細胞アッセイは、有糸分裂の終了時クロマチン脱凝縮を勉強します

During the vertebrate cell cycle chromatin undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Upon mitotic entry, it massively condenses into rod ...

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携帯無料ツメガエル卵抽出液のマイクロエマルジョンにおける細胞周期振動の再構成

アフリカツメガエル卵抽出物の調製と分画

分別アフリカツメガエルの卵抽出を用いたin vitro核アセンブリで

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル

トランスジェニックの生産アフリカツメガエル制限酵素を介した統合と核移植によって

の生産

β-カテニンの分解にの再構成

無細胞アッセイは、有糸分裂の終了時クロマチン脱凝縮を勉強します

用いた無細胞アッセイ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

操作と

の共焦点分析を用いました

携帯無料ツメガエル卵抽出液のマイクロエマル ジョンにおける細胞周期振動の再構成

アフリカツメガエル卵抽出物の調製と分画

分別アフリカツメガエルの卵抽出を用いたin vitro核アセンブリで

生細胞イメージングとの胚上皮細胞の定量分析アフリカツメガエル

トランスジェニックの生産アフリカツメガエル制限酵素を介した統合と核移植によって

の生産

β-カテニンの分解にの再構成

無細胞アッセイは、有糸分裂の終了時クロマチン脱凝縮を勉強します

携帯無料ツメガエル卵抽出液のマイクロエマルジョンにおける細胞周期振動の再構成