This work was supported by Adelphi University faculty development grant and grant R15GM113156 from NIGMS awarded to EVC, grant R01GM067862 from NIGMS and grant R01AG027849 from NIA awarded to DMR.

1.試薬およびソリューション<ol><li>フライ食品やメディアの準備<ol><li>熱フライ成分90℃に設定したホットプレートで水にw / vの0.79パーセント寒天11％の砂糖、2％自己消化酵母、5.2％のコーンミール、。均質やや密な混合物が得られるまで定期的に攪拌します。各食品を飛ぶmlの5と100バイアルの合計フライ食品の550ミリリットルの最終容量を準備します。 </li><li> 、加熱源から削除食品がダウン80℃に冷却するまで、時々攪拌し、95％エタノールに溶解した0.2％tegosept-4-ヒドロキシ安息香酸メチルを加えます。 </li><li> 2等量の食品を分割します。他のボリュームへの1つのボリュームとエタノール1.1 mlにエタノールに溶解したラパマイシンの50mMの1.1ミリリットルを追加します。ラパマイシンおよび食品へのエタノール溶液を攪拌します。温度が薬を追加する前に、50℃に低下していることを確認してください。 </li></ol></li><li>分離バッファ<ol><li>単離緩衝液[225mMのマンニトール、75mMのスクロース、10mMの3-（N &lt;500mlのを準備します/ em&gt;のモルホリノ）プロパンスルホン酸（MOPS）および1mMエチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）、2.5 mg / mlのウシ血清アルブミン（BSA）]水に。 </li><li>水酸化ナトリウムを用いてpHを7.2に調整します。初期のpHが酸性になります。 </li><li>ソリューションを殺菌し、4℃でそれを保存するために、0.22μmの細孔径を有する滅菌フィルターの保存瓶を使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li>洗浄バッファー<ol><li>水で洗浄緩衝液[225mMのマンニトール、75mMのスクロース、10mMの塩化カリウム、10mMのトリスHClおよび5mMのKH 2 PO 4]の500ミリリットルを準備します。 </li><li>水酸化ナトリウムを用いてpHを7.2に調整します。初期のpHが酸性になります。 </li><li>ソリューションを殺菌し、4℃でそれを保存するために、0.22μmの細孔径を有する滅菌フィルターの保存瓶を使用してください。 </li></ol></li></ol> ショウジョウバエ株の2飼育<ol><li> 、開発中の幼虫密度を制御培養瓶に両親の25組を配置し、それらが48時間の卵を産むことを可能にします。 </li> &lt;LI&gt;卵の密度を調整するために48時間後の親オブジェクトを削除します。 </li><li>繰り返しは、新興のF1子孫を使用して、2.1と2.2の手順ので、この濃度制御の二世代が達成されます。 </li><li>大人を収集するには、二酸化炭素（CO 2）と性別によって別々に使用してハエを麻酔。 <ol><li> 5 PSIの連続的な流れで高圧のタンクから、純粋なCO 2を配信するために単段レギュレータを使用してください。静電気を避けるために、水を用いてフラスコをフィルタリング500ml中にCO 2を触媒するためにプラスチックチューブを使用します。 </li><li>フラスコを密封するために一つの穴にゴム栓を使用してください。 CO 2パッドにフラスコの側方開口部を接続するためのプラスチック製のチューブを使用してください。 </li><li> 10〜15分を超えないためのパッドでハエを置きます。実験条件でそれらを配置する前に24時間、麻酔から回復できるようにします。 </li></ol></li><li>ミトコンドリアの濃縮された画分のための十分な代謝物を生成するには、サンプルあたり300ハエを使用しています。ここでは、女性を使用していますが、genderは他の実験では異なる場合があります。自家製1Lの人口統計ケージに150ハエを転送します。バイアル中のフライ食品の5ミリリットルへのアクセスを許可します。 </li><li>別の1リットルケージに残りの150ハエを転送します。 150以上のハエでケージを人口過剰にするしないでください。 </li><li>実験条件ごとに6つの複製サンプルを使用してください。全動物の抽出物は、動物全体の1サンプルを生成するために、より多くの代謝物を得ているので隔離し、転送50女性は1ケージに飛びます。ミトコンドリアの分離株については、実験条件ごとに6つの複製サンプルを使用しています。 </li><li> 12時間の光と12時間の暗のサイクルで25℃でのケージを置きます。 </li><li>食品の品質を維持するために、食品の5 mlのバイアル中で2〜3日ごとに新鮮な食品を提供します。 </li><li> 10日間の食品のハエを維持します。このステップは、ラパマイシン処理7のために必要とされます。他の治療法や条件が異なります。 </li></ol>ミトコンドリア画分の3の単離<ol><li> 1ケージ（150ハエ）からハエをダンプ冷却した単離緩衝液1mlを充填したガラス - テフロンダウンスホモジナイザー。 </li><li>ダウン15ストローク用乳棒アップとを移動させることにより、均質化します。無傷ミトコンドリアを維持するために氷の上にモルタルを続けます。 </li><li> 4℃で5分間、300×gで1.5mlチューブと遠心分離機にホモジネートを転送します。 </li><li>ミトコンドリアを濃縮するために4℃で10分間6000×gで上清および遠心してください。 </li><li>上清を細胞質画分を含んでいるので、上清を廃棄または別の実験のためにそれを使用しています。洗浄バッファー300μlの中にペレットを再懸濁。 </li><li>第2のかご用3.5 - を繰り返して、3.1を繰り返します。極低温マイクロチューブの両方でケージの再懸濁したペレットを組み合わせます。 </li><li> 4℃で10分間、6,000×gで遠心分離します。 </li><li>上清を捨て、液体窒素中でペレットをフラッシュ凍結。 </li><li> -80℃以下の温度で濃縮されたミトコンドリア画分を保管してください。 <ol><li>また、動物全体の事前のためのparation、極低温マイクロチューブに大人を配置します。 -80℃以下の温度で液体窒素や店舗成人のバイアルをフラッシュ凍結。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

このプロトコルの中で最も重要なステップは次のとおりです：1）豊かな空間に十分なハエを飼育します。これは、150以上のハエそれぞれと人口統計ケージを人口過剰にするしないことが非常に重要です。 2）食品の競争と栄養ストレスを避けるために頻繁にケージの食品を変更します。 3）ミトコンドリア画分の単離の間に整合性を確保するために4℃ですべてのサンプルを維持します。また?...

この手順の目標は、 キイロショウジョウバエを用いたメタボロミクス研究のために十分なミトコンドリア代謝物を得濃縮されたミトコンドリア画分を開発することです。我々の経験では、全細胞抽出法を用いたメタボロミクス解析は、 ショウジョウバエの微妙なミトコンドリアの代謝産物の変化を検出することができません。しかし、従来メタボロミクス解析にミトコンドリア分画、ミトコンドリア代謝産物シフトを同定するための感度を増加させます。 ミトコンドリアは、細胞が正常な機能1に必要なエネルギーの90％を提供する責任細胞小器官です。近年では、ミトコンドリアが単にアデノシン三リン酸（ATP）を産生するよりも細胞および生物機能においてはるかにダイナミックな役割を果たし、現在は代謝恒常性2,3の調節のためのハブとして認識されていることが認識されています。ミトコンドリアは、DISいる内共生プロセスの結果であります着色した微生物の系統は、15億年前の4〜合併しました。ミトコンドリアは、真の細胞小器官へと進化したように、内部共生からの遺伝子は、新興核ゲノムに組み込まれました。 37遺伝子は酸化的リン酸化5の酵素複合体のサブユニットであるミトコンドリアのタンパク質をコードする13の、ミトコンドリアDNAに残したままの動物では、今日、約1,500ミトコンドリアタンパク質は、核コードです。ミトコンドリアおよび核コンパートメント間の調整は、適切なミトコンドリア機能を維持するために必要とされます。 ここに記載された方法を用いて、我々は、ミトコンドリアと核ゲノムとの間の調整の操作から生じるショウジョウバエにおけるミトコンドリアの代謝変化を検出することができました。私たちは、その姉妹種DからするのmtDNAにショウジョウバエのひずみを使用しましたシミュ単一D.上に配置しました核背景6 メラノ 。この「中断」mitonuclear遺伝子型はDの 「ネイティブ」、または共進化mitonuclear遺伝子型と比較しましたそのネイティブDに同じ核ゲノムを運ぶメラノミトコンドリアDNAをメラノ 。 D.ショウジョウバエとD.シミュの mtDNAsは〜100アミノ酸とmitonuclear通信7,8に影響を与える &gt; 500同義置換により異なります。私たちは、薬理学的なストレスに応答して代謝物のシフトを研究するために全体のフライを抽出し、ミトコンドリアの濃縮された抽出物を生成しました。ここでは、ミトコンドリアに富む画分を使用した場合、我々はDを運ぶネイティブ、共同発展の遺伝子型との間にミトコンドリアの代謝物の顕著なシフトを検出することを示しますショウジョウバエの mtDNAs と D を運ぶ破砕遺伝子型シミュのmtDNA。対照的に、これら2つの遺伝子型の間で代謝産物の変化は、全体のハエ抽出物を利用する通常の方法を用いて微妙です。したがって、この方法はmtDNAsがでミトコンドリアの変化を仲介する方法を理解するためのパスを提供しました異なる薬剤への応答。

<table><tbody><tr><td>0.2% tegosept-methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate</td><td>VWR</td><td>AAA14289</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>792799</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mannitol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M4125</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S9378</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3-(&lt;em&gt;N&lt;/em&gt;-morpholino) propanesulfonic acid (MOPS)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M1254&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>38057&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>5470</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9333</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>RES3098T-B7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>1551139</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pads to anesthetize flies</td><td>Tritech Research</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999RD32</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 L cage lid</td><td>Web Restaurant Store</td><td>999LRD</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>a glass-teflon dounce homogenizer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>NC9661231</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium hydroxide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>S8045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rapamycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>LC Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R-5000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-porin</td><td>MitoSciences</td><td>MSA03</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>anti-alpha tubulin</td><td>Developmental Studies Hybridoma Bank</td><td>12G10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Thermo Scientific&amp;nbsp;</td><td>23225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; pad</td><td>Tritech Research, Inc</td><td>MINJ-DROS-FP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>filter flask</td><td>enasco</td><td>SB08184M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>rubber stopper</td><td>enasco</td><td>S08512M</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of mitochondrial enriched fractions for metabolic analysis in drosophila

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often compromise the lives of those who suffer from these complex diseases. Detecting mitochondrial metabolic changes is vital to the understanding of mitochondrial disorders and mitochondrial responses to pharmacological agents. Although mitochondrial metabolism is at the core of metabolic regulation, the detection of subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism may be hindered by the overrepresentation of other cytosolic metabolites obtained using whole organism or whole tissue extractions. 
Here we describe an isolation method that detected pronounced mitochondrial metabolic changes in Drosophila that were distinct between whole-fly and mitochondrial enriched preparations. To illustrate the sensitivity of this method, we used a set of Drosophila harboring genetically diverse mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNA) and exposed them to the drug rapamycin. Using this method we showed that rapamycin modifies mitochondrial metabolism in a mitochondrial-genotype-dependent manner. However, these changes are much more distinct in metabolomics studies when metabolites were extracted from mitochondrial enriched fractions. In contrast, whole tissue extracts only detected metabolic changes mediated by the drug rapamycin independently of mtDNAs.

プロトコルを使用して上記で説明し、我々は発散mtDNAs 7にラパマイシン薬物の効果をテストするために、ミトコンドリアの濃縮された画分および全動物抽出物にメタボローム解析を行いました。私たちは、フライ食品で薬物を溶解することにより、ラパマイシンの200μMを配信しました。ハエは、10日間ラパマイシンに曝露しました。全フライ抽出物からの?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster.

代謝分析のためのミトコンドリア富化画分の調製で<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Since mitochondria play roles in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and fatty acid oxidation, defects in mitochondrial function often ...

preparation-mitochondrial-enriched-fractions-for-metabolic-analysis

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

9.5K ビュー.  Adelphi University. Mitochondria play central roles in the regulation of metabolism and homeostasis. Subtle changes in mitochondrial metabolism that affect organismal physiology could be difficult to detect in whole organism metabolomics studies. Here we describe an isolation method that enhances the detection of subtle metabolic shifts in Drosophila melanogaster. 

ビデオ: Preparation of Mitochondrial Enriched Fractions for Metabolic Analysis in Drosophila

Measurement of Mitochondrial Oxygen Consumption in Permeabilized Fibers of Drosophila Using Minimal Amounts of Tissue

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human organs, possess highly conserved metabolic pathways and have a relatively short lifespan that allows the study of different fundamental mechanisms in a short period of time. It is, however, surprising that one of the mechanisms essential for cellular metabolism, the mitochondrial respiration, has not been thoroughly investigated in this model. It is likely because the measure of the mitochondrial respiration in Drosophila usually requires a very large number of individuals and the results obtained are not highly reproducible. Here, a method allowing the precise measurement of mitochondrial oxygen consumption using minimal amounts of tissue from Drosophila is described. In this method, the thoraxes are dissected and permeabilized both mechanically with sharp forceps and chemically with saponin, allowing different compounds to cross the cell membrane and modulate the mitochondrial respiration. After permeabilization, a protocol is performed to evaluate the capacity of the different complexes of the electron transport system (ETS) to oxidize different substrates, as well as their response to an uncoupler and to several inhibitors. This method presents many advantages compared to methods using mitochondrial isolations, as it is more physiologically relevant because the mitochondria are still interacting with the other cellular components and the mitochondrial morphology is conserved. Moreover, sample preparations are faster, and the results obtained are highly reproducible. By combining the advantages of Drosophila as a model for the study of metabolism with the evaluation of mitochondrial respiration, important new insights can be unveiled, especially when the flies are experiencing different environmental or pathophysiological conditions.

In this paper, a method to measure oxygen consumption using high-resolution respirometry in permeabilized thoraxes of Drosophila is described. This technique requires a minimal amount of tissue compared to the classic mitochondrial isolation technique and the results obtained are more physiologically relevant.

ショウジョウバエのティッシュの最小限の量を使用してのグリセリンの繊維でミトコンドリアの酸素消費量の測定

The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, represents an emerging model for the study of metabolism. Indeed, drosophila have structures homologous to human ...

生化学

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of physiological processes. Mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary cause of a number of metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Intact mitochondria are critical for their proper functioning. The enzyme citrate synthase is localized in the mitochondrial matrix and thus can be used as a quantitative enzyme marker of intact mitochondrial mass. Given that many molecules and pathways that have important functions in mitochondria are highly conserved between humans and Drosophila, and that an array of powerful genetic tools are available in Drosophila, Drosophila serves as a good model system for studying mitochondrial function. Here, we present a protocol for fast and simple measurement of citrate synthase activity in tissue homogenate from adult flies without isolating mitochondria. This protocol is also suitable for measuring citrate synthase activity in larvae, cultured cells, and mammalian tissues.

A Colorimetric Assay of Citrate Synthase Activity in Drosophila Melanogaster

We present a protocol for a colorimetric assay of citrate synthase activity for quantification of intact mitochondrial mass in Drosophila tissue homogenates.

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおけるクエン酸シンターゼ活性の比色アッセイ

Mitochondria play the most prominent roles in cellular metabolism by producing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation and regulating a variety of ...

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based Metabolomics

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal metabolism. By combining the vast array of Drosophila genetic tools with the ability to survey large swaths of intermediary metabolism, a metabolomics approach can reveal complex interactions between diet, genotype, life-history events, and environmental cues. In addition, metabolomics studies can discover novel enzymatic mechanisms and uncover previously unknown connections between seemingly disparate metabolic pathways. In order to facilitate more widespread use of this technology among the Drosophila community, here we provide a detailed protocol that describes how to prepare Drosophila larval samples for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis. Our protocol includes descriptions of larval sample collection, metabolite extraction, chemical derivatization, and GC-MS analysis. Successful completion of this protocol will allow users to measure the relative abundance of small polar metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, and organic acids involved in glycolysis and the TCA cycles.

Preparation of Drosophila Larval Samples for Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry GC-MS-based Metabolomics

This protocol describes how to prepare Drosophila larvae for GC-MS-based metabolomic analysis.

ガスクロマトグラフィー-質量分析法 (GC/MS) のためのショウジョウバエ幼虫サンプル準備-メタボロミクスをベース

Recent advances in the field of metabolomics have established the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a powerful genetic model for studying animal ...

発生生物学

Purification of Mitochondria from Yeast Cells

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play essential roles in apoptotic cell death2, cell survival3, mammalian development4, neuronal development and function4, intracellular signalling5, and longevity regulation6. Our understanding of these complex biological processes controlled by mitochondria relies on robust methods for assessing their morphology, their protein and lipid composition, the integrity of their DNA, and their numerous vital functions. The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genetically and biochemically manipulable unicellular eukaryote with annotated genome and well-defined proteome, is a valuable model for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying essential biological functions of mitochondria. For these types of studies, it is crucial to have highly pure mitochondria. Here we present a detailed description of a rapid and effective method for purification of yeast mitochondria. This method enables the isolation of highly pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification. Mitochondria purified by this method are suitable for cell-free reconstitution of essential mitochondrial processes and can be used for the analysis of mitochondrial structure and functions, mitochondrial proteome and lipidome, and mitochondrial DNA.

We describe a rapid and effective method for purification of mitochondria from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This method enables the high-yield isolation of pure mitochondria that are essentially free of contamination by other organelles and retain their structural and functional integrity after their purification.

酵母細胞からミトコンドリアの精製

Mitochondria are the main site of ATP production during aerobic metabolism in eukaryotic non-photosynthetic cells1. These complex organelles also play ...

生物学

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, Drosophila research lacks popularity in developing countries, possibly due to the misinformed idea that establishing a lab and performing relevant experiments with such tiny insects is difficult and requires expensive, specialized apparatuses. Here, we describe how to build an affordable flylab to quantitatively analyze a myriad of behavioral parameters in D. melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We provide protocols to build in-house vial racks, courtship arenas, apparatuses for locomotor assays, etc., to be used for general fly maintenance and to perform behavioral experiments using adult flies and larvae. We also provide protocols on how to use more sophisticated systems, such as a high resolution oxygraph, to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in larval samples, and show its association with behavioral changes in the larvae upon the xenotopic expression of the mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX). AOX increases larval activity and mitochondrial leak respiration, and accelerates development at low temperatures, which is consistent with a thermogenic role for the enzyme. We hope these protocols will inspire researchers, especially from developing countries, to use Drosophila to easily combine behavior and mitochondrial metabolism data, which may lead to information on genes and/or environmental conditions that may also regulate human physiology and disease states.

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

We provide protocols for anyone with a "maker culture" mind to start building a flylab for quantitative analysis of a myriad of behavioral parameters in Drosophila melanogaster, by 3D-printing many of the necessary pieces of equipment. We also describe a high resolution respirometry protocol using larvae to combine behavioral and mitochondrial metabolism data.

The usefulness of Drosophila as a model organism for the study of human diseases, behaviors and basic biology is unquestionable. Although practical, ...

行動学

ショウジョウバエのミトコンドリア生理学と生体エネルギー学の解析

Analyzing Mitochondrial Function in a Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-Null Mutant Using High-resolution Respirometry

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy metabolism with impairment of mitochondrial functions. Mitochondria are organelles that control both energy metabolism and cellular processes involved in cell survival and death. For this reason, approaches to evaluate mitochondrial function can offer important insights into cellular conditions in pathological and physiological processes. In this regard, high-resolution respirometry (HRR) protocols allow evaluation of the whole mitochondrial respiratory chain function or the activity of specific mitochondrial complexes. Furthermore, studying mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics requires genetically and experimentally tractable models such as Drosophila melanogaster.
This model presents several advantages, such as its similarity to human physiology, its rapid life cycle, easy maintenance, cost-effectiveness, high throughput capabilities, and a minimized number of ethical concerns. These attributes collectively establish it as an invaluable tool for dissecting complex cellular processes. The present work explains how to analyze mitochondrial function using the Drosophila melanogaster PINK1B9-null mutant. The pink1 gene is responsible for encoding PTEN-induced putative kinase 1, through a process recognized as mitophagy, which is crucial for the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria from the mitochondrial network. Mutations in this gene have been associated with an autosomal recessive early-onset familial form of PD. This model can be used to study mitochondrial dysfunction involved in the pathophysiology of PD.

著者スポットライト:Drosophila melanogasterを使用したミトコンドリア機能と化学的毒性の探索 

Here we present a high-resolution respirometry protocol to analyze bioenergetics in PINK1B9-null mutant fruit flies. The method uses the Substrate-Uncoupler-Inhibitor-Titration (SUIT) protocol.

ショウ ジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

Neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson&#39;s Disease (PD), and cellular disturbances such as cancer are some of the disorders that disrupt energy ...

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs provides a tissue-level understanding of energy utilization that cannot be captured when analyzing primary cells and cell lines. While this analysis is ex vivo, it allows for the measurement from a number of specialized cells working together to perform a function in one tissue and more closely models the in vivo organ. Metabolic reprogramming has been observed in many neurological diseases, including neoplasia, and neurodegenerative diseases. This protocol was developed to assist the D. melanogaster community&#39;s investigation of metabolism in neurological disease models using a commercially available metabolic analyzer. Measuring metabolism of whole brains in the metabolic analyzer is challenging due to the geometry of the brain. This analyzer requires samples to remain at the bottom of a 96-well plate. Cell samples and tissue punches can adhere to the surface of the cell plate or utilize spheroid plates, respectively. However, the spherical, three-dimensional shape of D. melanogaster brains prevents the tissue from adhering to the plate. This protocol requires a specially designed and manufactured micro-tissue restraint that circumvents this problem by preventing any movement of the brain while still allowing metabolic measurements from the analyzer&#39;s two solid-state sensor probes. Oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rates are reproducible and sensitive to a treatment with metabolic inhibitors. With a minor optimization, this protocol can be adapted for use with any whole tissue and/or model system, provided that the sample size does not exceed the chamber generated by the restraint. While basal metabolic measurements and an analysis after a treatment with mitochondrial inhibitors are described within this protocol, countless experimental conditions, such as energy source preference and rearing environment, could be interrogated.

Metabolic Analysis of Drosophila melanogaster Larval and Adult Brains

We present a protocol for measuring oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. A metabolic analyzer is utilized with an adapted and optimized protocol. Micro-tissue restraints are a critical component of this protocol and were designed and created specifically for their use in this analysis.

キイロショウジョウバエ幼虫と大人の脳の代謝解析

This protocol describes a method for measuring the metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster larval and adult brains. Quantifying metabolism in whole organs ...

神経科学

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. Although fruit flies provide obvious experimental advantages, research on neurodegenerative diseases has mostly relied on traditional techniques, including genetic interaction, histology, immunofluorescence, and protein biochemistry. These techniques are effective for mechanistic, hypothesis-driven studies, which lead to a detailed understanding of the role of single genes in well-defined biological problems. However, neurodegenerative diseases are highly complex and affect multiple cellular organelles and processes over time. The advent of new technologies and the omics age provides a unique opportunity to understand the global cellular perturbations underlying complex diseases. Flexible model organisms such as Drosophila are ideal for adapting these new technologies because of their strong annotation and high tractability. One challenge with these small animals, though, is the purification of enough informational molecules (DNA, mRNA, protein, metabolites) from highly relevant tissues such as fly brains. Other challenges consist of collecting large numbers of flies for experimental replicates (critical for statistical robustness) and developing consistent procedures for the purification of high-quality biological material. Here, we describe the procedures for collecting thousands of fly heads and the extraction of transcripts and metabolites to understand how global changes in gene expression and metabolism contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. These procedures are easily scalable and can be applied to the study of proteomic and epigenomic contributions to disease.

Purification of Transcripts and Metabolites from Drosophila Heads

We describe here the procedures for the extraction and purification of mRNA and metabolites from Drosophila heads. We are applying these techniques to better understand the cellular perturbations underlying neuronal degeneration. These methodologies can be easily scaled and adapted for other "omic" projects.

転写産物および代謝物からの精製<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;ヘッド

For the last decade, we have tried to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of neuronal degeneration using Drosophila as a model organism. ...

代謝分析のためのミトコンドリア富化画分の調製で

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ショウジョウバエのティッシュの最小限の量を使用してのグリセリンの繊維でミトコンドリアの酸素消費量の測定

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおけるクエン酸シンターゼ活性の比色アッセイ

ガスクロマトグラフィー-質量分析法 (GC/MS) のためのショウジョウバエ幼虫サンプル準備-メタボロミクスをベース

酵母細胞からミトコンドリアの精製

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

キイロショウジョウバエ幼虫と大人の脳の代謝解析

転写産物および代謝物からの精製

代謝分析のためのミトコンドリア富化画分の調製で

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ショウジョウバエのティッシュの最小限の量を使用してのグリセリンの繊維でミトコンドリアの酸素消費量の測定

ショウジョウバエメラノガスターにおけるクエン酸シンターゼ活性の比色アッセイ

ガスクロマトグラフィー-質量分析法 (GC/MS) のためのショウジョウバエ幼虫サンプル準備-メタボロミクスをベース

酵母細胞からミトコンドリアの精製

An Affordable and Efficient "Homemade" Platform for Drosophila Behavioral Studies, and an Accompanying Protocol for Larval Mitochondrial Respirometry

ショウ ジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウ ジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウ ジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

キイロショウジョウバエ幼虫と大人の脳の代謝解析

転写産物および代謝物からの精製

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)

ショウジョウバエのmelanogaster PINK1^B9-Null変異体のミトコンドリア機能の解析(高分解能スピロメトリー)