These studies were supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse to M.G. (P20AA017828, R01AA020634, P50 AA022537). The authors thank Jill Bettinger for helpful discussions and Jacqueline DeLoyht for technical assistance.

アッセイの前に1日<ol><li> 11（シングル性別）短い下（1-5分）CO 2のグループにおける生鮮食品バイアルにハエを収集します。 </li><li>ハエは、環境的に制御された空間（典型的には25°C、相対湿度60％、12時間の明/暗サイクル）において食物バイアル中にO / Nを回復することを可能にする。 </li><li>計画された実験のための適切な最終濃度（複数可）に精製された（≥18MΩ）水中の純粋な（100％）エタノールを希釈することによりエタノール溶液（単数または複数）を準備する。溶液（S）は、RT O / Nに戻ることができるようにします。 注：エタノールの希釈は、発熱性である。 </li></ol>アッセイの2日目<ol><li>ハエの各バイアルを試験するために、きれいな、空の食品バイアル（i）を調製する。すなわち、（ 表3参照）（ii）の新規セルロースアセテートプラグ、（iii）のシリコーンストッパー及び（iv）のエタノール溶液1mlを、バイアルを試験する。 </li><li>百分の55から65に20〜25℃の温度および相対湿度を調整することにより、試験室を準備します。 </li><li>別の労働者を持っているバイアルの各グループに一意のコードを割り当て、後でコードを記録する。少数分間順応さ試験室にハエでコード化されたバイアルを置きます。 </li><li> 2.3からフライバイアル上のコードと一致するように空のテストバイアルにラベルを付けます。 </li><li> 表1に似てスプレッドシート内の列（1列/バイアル）にコードを入力することで、ハードコピーのテストログを構築します。 </li><li>ガイドとして、テストログを使用して、試験室で配列をマッチングにハエや空のテスト用バイアルにコード化された食品のバイアルを手配。 注：テストするバイアルの合理的な最大数は24である（ すなわち、4バイアルそれぞれの6セット）。 </li><li>転送がマッチした/ラベル空のテストバイアルに食品バイアルから飛ぶと、すぐにセルロースアセテートプラグが2センチメートルバイアルのトップスを下回るまで、テストのバイアルにセルロースアセテートプラグを挿入します。 </li><li>以下、千鳥1分間隔でセットとして4バイアルの各行を処理します。 </li><li>時間0評価のために、wは個別に各バイアルを把握i番目の親指と人差し指、バイアルの底にハエをノック30秒待ってから、死んだ/不動であるハエの数をカウントするテーブルの上に静かに3回タップします。ハードコピーテスト·ログに一度に0分を各バイアルのための不動/死んだハエの数を記録します。 </li><li>タイマーが時間0で連続的にカウントアップを起動し、すぐに4バイアルの最初の行/セット用バイアル中にセルロースアセテートプラグにエタノール1mlを加え始める。それらがテストされるために、5秒間隔で、バイアル中のセルロースアセテートプラグにエタノール1mlを加える。エタノールは、セルロースアセテートプラグ全体に均一に吸収されるように円を描くようにセルロースアセテートプラグにエタノールを加える。エタノールは、セット内のすべての4試験バイアルに追加されたとき、それを密封するために、各バイアルシリコーンプラグを差し込む。 </li><li>時間1、2、3、4、5分で、それぞれ、4つのバイアルの第二、第三、第四、第五及び第六のセットにエタノール1mlを加える。後にシリコーン栓を挿入し続けます4バイアルの各セットにエタノールを添加すること。 </li><li>時間6分で、親指と人差し指で各バイアルを把持し、バイアルの底にハエをノックテーブルに静かに三回タップ、30秒待ち、その後の合計数をカウントし、記録することによって、4つのバイアルの一組をテストする鎮静されているハエ。スコアは、彼ら（i）は、バイアルの床の上に立ったが、あるいは彼らの羽ばたくことなく、彼らの背中の上を歩く又は（ii）嘘をつかない場合は、鎮静さとして飛ぶ。 </li><li> 表2のスケジュールを使用して5秒間隔でセット内の各バイアルを処理します。 </li><li>最初のセットのために行われたように7倍、8、9、10および11分の時点で、それぞれのバイアルの第2、第3、第4、第5および第6のセットをテスト。 </li><li>時間12分で2.12に記載のように、再び4つのバイアルの最初のセットをテストし、それぞれ、13、14、15、16及び17分でのバイアルの第二、第三、第四、第五及び第六のセットをテストし続ける。 </li><li> 2.12で説明したように、すべてのハエがSになるまで、テストのハエを続行edated。 </li><li>ハードコピー·テスト·ログの各バイアルにハエの合計数を入力します。ハエの総数から時間0で不動/死んだハエを検閲。 </li><li>時間（x軸）対％活性ハエ（y軸）として、各評価時点でのパーセントの活性ハエプロットデータを算出する。三次多項式またはシグモイド曲線から50値（ST50、50％の鎮静までの時間）が収まるまたは曲線下面積を計算鎮静時間を補間することにより、エタノールの鎮静を定量する。 </li><li>デコードされたバイアルからデータをコンパイルし、統計分析を行う（ 例えば、一方向ANOVAボンフェローニの多重比較検定付き）実験計画のために、必要に応じて。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

再現可能に意味のある表現型を定量簡単なアッセイは、行動の分析のために大きな価値がある。ここで説明する作業は、エタノールの鎮静感度とショウジョウバエの急速な許容範囲を測定するためのアッセイのいくつかの実用的な側面に対応しています。この作品の焦点では​​ないが、行動の分析は研究の中の被験者のための環境と遺伝的背景を一定に維持することによって促進さ?...

アルコール使用障害（AUD）（1に概説される）世界的な巨大な健康問題である。 AUDの開発を駆動するメカニズムは複雑ですが、これらの疾患は、主要な遺伝的要素を持っている（ 例えば、2）。 AUDと保存された行動反応の大遺伝はより良いの分子基盤を理解するためのエタノール関連行動における特定の遺伝子の関与を調査するために、遺伝的モデル生物を使用することに強い関心を生成している（3,4で検討）は、多くの種にわたってエタノールへAUD。ミバエ、キイロショウジョウバエは、（3,4で見直 ​​し）エタノール関連行動の分子遺伝学的メカニズムを探索するための主要なモデル生物として浮上している。ハエの研究は（5で検討）のエタノールへの行動反応のいくつかのシグナル伝達経路のための役割を強調している。興味深いことに、遺伝子および経路のいくつかの行動RESPONSに影響を与えることハエでエタノールのESはまたげっ歯類エタノール関連行動および/ ​​またはヒトAUD（ 例えば、6-14）に関与している。 ショウジョウバエモデル系で利用可能な遺伝学的ツールのスイートと相まって種にわたってエタノール関連行動を駆動するメカニズムの保全は、エタノールへの行動反応の遺伝学を調査するためのショウジョウバエモデルの有用性を強調する。 感度15,16及びヒトでエタノールに（17に概説）耐性はAUDの開発にリンクされている。エタノールへのこれらの行動反応の両方が（3,4で検討）実験室の種々のアッセイを経由してハエにモデル化することができます。著者らに知られているフライアッセイのすべては、時間依存エタノール誘発鎮静/協調不能またはエタノールの鎮静からの時間依存性の回復のいずれかに基づいている。 エタノール感度とrの遺伝学上の私たちのグループから前回の記事でショウジョウバエ APID耐性が、ハエのエタノール蒸気誘導性の鎮静に基づいて行動アッセイは、18を使用した。このアッセイにおける試験は、ライブ大人を転送することによって開始されたセルロースアセテートプラグの上部（ すなわち、非フライ側）にエタノールを加え、酢酸セルロースプラグ付きバイアル中のハエトラップ、餌バイアルを空に麻酔なしハエ、およびシリコーンストッパー（18を参照すると、 図S3に概略参照）ハエ、セルロースアセテートプラグおよびエタノールを含有するバイアルを密封する。ハエの異なるグループを表す複数のバイアルは、このアッセイのスループットを向上させる、並行して評価した。バイアルを匿名コードを与えられたと実験者は鎮静の評価において意図しない偏りを防ぐために、処置群を知らされた。標準実験では、バイアルにハエは6分間隔で穏やかにタッピングし、30秒の回復後、各バイアル中の鎮静さハエの数を数え、converteパーセントの活性ハエにD。ハエは、内部エタノール18および鎮静（本報告書でのCF参照18および図1Aおよび1B）の漸進的増加を引き起こし、時間依存的に酢酸セルロースプラグからエタノール蒸気を吸収した。このアッセイにおける鎮静は操作上ハエ（I）歩行の不在に立っまたは（ii）で、またはそれらの羽ばたくことなく、彼らの背中に横たわっていると定義した。ここで、このエタノールの鎮静作用アッセイを詳細に記載され、それを使用に関連するさらなる操作上の最適化が提供され、そしてアッセイは、フライ鎮静感度に対する食物補充オプションの寄与をアドレス指定するために使用される。

<table><tbody><tr><td>food vials</td><td>VWR</td><td>89092-772</td><td>narrow</td></tr><tr><td>Flugs</td><td>Genesee/flystuff.com</td><td>49-102</td><td>narrow</td></tr><tr><td>silicone stopper</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>09-704-1l</td><td>#4</td></tr><tr><td>ethanol</td><td>Pharmaco-Aaper</td><td>111000200</td><td>200 proof</td></tr></tbody></table>

an inexpensive, scalable behavioral assay for measuring ethanol sedation sensitivity and rapid tolerance in drosophila

アルコール使用障害（AUD）深刻な健康上の課題です。 AUDへの大規模な遺伝性の構成要素にもかかわらず、いくつかの遺伝子が明確に彼らの病因に関与している。ミバエ、 キイロショウジョウバエは 、アルコール関連行動の根底にある分子遺伝学的メカニズムを探索するための強力なモデルであるため、識別し、AUDに影響を与える遺伝子の機能を理解するための非常に有望である。研究は、これらのタイプのためのショウジョウバエモデルの使用を確実にエタノールへの行動応答を測定するアッセイの利用可能性に依存する。このレポートでは、ハエでエタノールの感度と迅速な寛容性を評価するための適切なアッセイを説明しています。このアッセイで測定されたエタノール感受性ハエ、試験の直前に食物なしに収容されているボリュームと使用のエタノール濃度、以前に報告された遺伝子操作で、さまざまな時間の長さも影響される。対照的に、エタノールのこのアッセイで測定されたensitivityフライ取り扱い、ハエの性別、および抗生物質または生酵母と成長培地の補充の活力に影響されない。エタノール感受性を定量するための3つの異なる方法は、すべて本質的に区別できないエタノール感度の結果につながる、記載されている。比較的低経費アップを設定するには、その全体的なシンプルさと組み合わせたこのアッセイのスケーラブルな性質は、エタノール感度やショウジョウバエの急速な寛容の小規模および大規模な遺伝子解析に適したもの。

このエタノールの鎮静作用アッセイからの生データは、エタノール蒸気暴露時間の関数として鎮静化されたハエの数である。生データは、時間の関数としてパーセント活性ハエに変換される（一次データ1Aの図、B、D - F）。曲線がフィットするから、一次データからのエタノール鎮静に対する感度が補間を経由して、鎮静時間50（ST50）として曲線（AUC）下の鎮静さま?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila at JoVE.com

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

エタノール鎮静感度との急速な寛容を測定するための安価な、スケーラブルな行動アッセイ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a serious health challenge. Despite a large hereditary component to AUD, few genes have been unambiguously implicated in ...

an-inexpensive-scalable-behavioral-assay-for-measuring-ethanol

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

10.2K ビュー.  Virginia Commonwealth University. Straightforward assays for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in Drosophila facilitate the use of this model organism for investigating these important ethanol-related behaviors. Here, a relatively simple, scalable assay for measuring ethanol sensitivity and rapid tolerance in flies is described.

ビデオ: An Inexpensive, Scalable Behavioral Assay for Measuring Ethanol Sedation Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance in Drosophila

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in rodents have shown a direct link between testosterone and aggressive behavior1 and folk wisdom adapts these findings to humans, suggesting that testosterone induces antisocial, egoistic or even aggressive behavior2. However, many researchers doubt a direct testosterone-aggression link in humans, arguing instead that testosterone is primarily involved in status-related behavior3,4. As a high status can also be achieved by aggressive and antisocial means it can be difficult to distinguish between anti-social and status seeking behavior.
We therefore set up an experimental environment, in which status can only be achieved by prosocial means. In a double-blind and placebo-controlled experiment, we administered a single sublingual dose of 0.5 mg of testosterone (with a hydroxypropyl-&beta;-cyclodextrin carrier) to 121 women and investigated their social interaction behavior in an economic bargaining paradigm. Real monetary incentives are at stake in this paradigm; every player A receives a certain amount of money and has to make an offer to another player B on how to share the money. If B accepts, she gets what was offered and player A keeps the rest. If B refuses the offer, nobody gets anything. A status seeking player A is expected to avoid being rejected by behaving in a prosocial way, i.e. by making higher offers.
The results show that if expectations about the hormone are controlled for, testosterone administration leads to a significant increase in fair bargaining offers compared to placebo. The role of expectations is reflected in the fact that subjects who report that they believe to have received testosterone make lower offers than those who say they believe that they were treated with a placebo. These findings suggest that the experimental economics approach is sensitive for detecting neurobiological effects as subtle as those achieved by administration of hormones. Moreover, the findings point towards the importance of both psychosocial as well as neuroendocrine factors in determining the influence of testosterone on human social behavior.

The procedure described in this protocol shows that testosterone administration and folk beliefs about testosterone may be associated with directly opposed social behaviors.

行動内分泌学と実験経済学を組み合わせること：テストステロンと社会的意思決定

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

神経科学

A Simple Way to Measure Ethanol Sensitivity in Flies

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain is correlated with that strain s ethanol preference, and therefore sedation is a highly relevant measure to study the genetics of alcohol responses and drinking. We demonstrate a simple way to expose flies to ethanol and measure its intoxicating effects. The assay we describe can determine acute sensitivity, as well as ethanol tolerance induced by repeat exposure. It does not require a technically involved setup, and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A simple assay to measure the sedating effects of ethanol on Drosophila flies, based on the loss of righting reflex, is described.

ハエでエタノールの感度を測定するために簡単

Low doses of ethanol cause flies to become hyperactive, while high doses are sedating. The sensitivity to ethanol-induced sedation of a given fly strain ...

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and relapse to food taking 1. Food craving conceptualized in this way is akin to drug craving in response to drug-paired cues. A rich literature has been developed around understanding the behavioral and neurobiological determinants of drug craving; we and others have been focusing recently on translating techniques from basic addiction research to better understand addiction-like behaviors related to food 2-4.
As done in previous studies of drug craving, we examine sucrose craving behavior by utilizing a rat model of relapse. In this model, rats self-administer either drug or food in sessions over several days. In a session, lever responding delivers the reward along with a tone+light stimulus. Craving behavior is then operationally defined as responding in a subsequent session where the reward is not available. Rats will reliably respond for the tone+light stimulus, likely due to its acquired conditioned reinforcing properties 5. This behavior is sometimes referred to as sucrose seeking or cue reactivity. In the present discussion we will use the term "sucrose craving" to subsume both of these constructs.
In the past decade, we have focused on how the length of time following reward self-administration influences reward craving. Interestingly, rats increase responding for the reward-paired cue over the course of several weeks of a period of forced-abstinence. This "incubation of craving" is observed in rats that have self-administered either food or drugs of abuse 4,6. This time-dependent increase in craving we have identified in the animal model may have great potential relevance to human drug and food addiction behaviors.
Here we present a protocol for assessing incubation of sucrose craving in rats. Variants of the procedure will be indicated where craving is assessed as responding for a discrete sucrose-paired cue following extinction of lever pressing within the sucrose self-administration context (Extinction without cues) or as responding for sucrose-paired cues in a general extinction context (Extinction with cues).

Responding for food or drug-paired cues increases over the course of a period of abstinence and this may relate to an increased susceptibility to relapse behaviors. Here we detail a procedure for evaluating this "incubation of craving" in rats that have self-administered sucrose.

ラットのショ糖の渇望のインキュベーションを評価するための一般的な方法

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, including rats, hamsters, and mice, are active during the night and relatively inactive during the day. Many other behavioral and physiological measures also exhibit daily rhythms, but in rodents, running-wheel activity serves as a particularly reliable and convenient measure of the output of the master circadian clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. In general, through a process called entrainment, the daily pattern of running-wheel activity will naturally align with the environmental light-dark cycle (LD cycle; e.g. 12 hr-light:12 hr-dark). However circadian rhythms are endogenously generated patterns in behavior that exhibit a ~24 hr period, and persist in constant darkness. Thus, in the absence of an LD cycle, the recording and analysis of running-wheel activity can be used to determine the subjective time-of-day. Because these rhythms are directed by the circadian clock the subjective time-of-day is referred to as the circadian time (CT). In contrast, when an LD cycle is present, the time-of-day that is determined by the environmental LD cycle is called the zeitgeber time (ZT).
Although circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity are typically linked to the SCN clock6-8, circadian oscillators in many other regions of the brain and body9-14 could also be involved in the regulation of daily activity rhythms. For instance, daily rhythms in food-anticipatory activity do not require the SCN15,16 and instead, are correlated with changes in the activity of extra-SCN oscillators17-20. Thus, running-wheel activity recordings can provide important behavioral information not only about the output of the master SCN clock, but also on the activity of extra-SCN oscillators. Below we describe the equipment and methods used to record, analyze and display circadian locomotor activity rhythms in laboratory rodents.

Circadian rhythms in voluntary wheel-running activity in mammals are tightly coupled to the molecular oscillations of a master clock in the brain. As such, these daily rhythms in behavior can be used to study the influence of genetic, pharmacological, and environmental factors on the functioning of this circadian clock.

げっ歯類におけるランニングホイール活動の概日リズムの記録および分析

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

The FlyBar: Administering Alcohol to Flies

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian clock modulates alcohol sensitivity, but not the formation of tolerance. Here, we describe our protocol in detail. Alcohol is administered to the flies using the FlyBar. In this setup, saturated alcohol vapor is mixed with humidified air in set proportions, and administered to the flies in four tubes simultaneously. Flies are reared under standardized conditions in order to minimize variation between the replicates. Three-day old flies of different genotypes or treatments are used for the experiments, preferably by matching flies of two different time points (e.g., CT 5 and CT 17) making direct comparisons possible. During the experiment, flies are exposed for 1 hr&#160;to the pre-determined percentage of alcohol vapor and the number of flies that exhibit the Loss of Righting reflex (LoRR) or sedation are counted every 5 min. The data can be analyzed using three different statistical approaches. The first is to determine the time at which 50% of the flies have lost their righting reflex and use an Analysis of the Variance (ANOVA) to determine whether significant differences exist between time points. The second is to determine the percentage flies that show LoRR after a specified number of minutes, followed by an ANOVA analysis. The last method is to analyze the whole times series using multivariate statistics. The protocol can also be used for non-circadian experiments or comparisons between genotypes.

Drosophila has emerged as a significant model system for dissecting the cellular and molecular underpinnings of behavioral responses to alcohol. Here we present a protocol for the collection of alcohol sensitivity data in a circadian context that can be easily applied to other experiments and is well-suited for undergraduate research.

フライ：ハエにアルコールを管理

Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are an established model for both alcohol research and circadian biology. Recently, we showed that the circadian ...

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human populations, the Drosophila model allows strict control over genetic background, and virtually unlimited numbers of individuals of the same genotype can be reared rapidly under well-controlled environmental conditions without regulatory restrictions and at relatively low cost. Flies exposed to ethanol undergo physiological and behavioral changes that resemble human alcohol intoxication, including loss of postural control, sedation, and development of tolerance. Here, we describe a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The assay is based on video recording of single flies introduced without anesthesia in 24-well cell culture plates in a set-up that enables synchronous initiation of alcohol exposure. The system enables a single person to collect individual ethanol sedation data on as many as 2,000 flies within an 8 h work period. The assay can, in principle, be extended to assess the effects of exposure to any volatile substance and applied to measure effects of acute toxicity of volatiles on other insects, including other fly species.

High-Throughput Method for Measuring Alcohol Sedation Time of Individual Drosophila melanogaster

Current methods to measure alcohol sensitivity in Drosophila are designed to test groups of flies. We present a simple, low-cost, high-throughput assay for assessing alcohol sedation sensitivity in large numbers of single flies. The method does not require specialized tools and can be performed in any laboratory using common materials.

個々のショウジョウバエメラノガスターのアルコール沈殿時間を測定するためのハイスループット方法

Drosophila melanogaster provides an excellent model to study the genetic underpinnings of alcohol sensitivity. In contrast to studies in human ...

行動学

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the underlying neurobiological mechanisms, for which diverse experimental approaches and model systems are needed. The main ingredient of alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which causes adaptive changes in the central nervous system and behavior upon chronic intake. Behavioral sensitization (i.e., escalated responses) in particular represents a key adaptive change underlying addiction. Most ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization studies in animal models have been conducted on the locomotor activating effect of ethanol. A prominent effect of ethanol is behavioral disinhibition. Behavioral sensitization to the disinhibition effect of ethanol, however, is underrepresented. To address this issue, we developed the Flypub assay that allows measuring the escalated increase in disinhibited courtship activities upon recurring ethanol exposure in Drosophila melanogaster.&#160;Here, we report the step-by-step Flypub assay including assembly of ethanol exposure chambers, setup of the assay station, criteria for fly care and collection, ethanol delivery, quantification of disinhibited courtship activities, data processing and statistical analysis. Also provided are how to troubleshoot critical steps, overcome limitations and expand its utility to assess additional ethanol-induced behaviors. The Flypub assay in combination with powerful genetic tools in Drosophila melanogaster will facilitate the task of discovering the mechanism underlying ethanol-induced behavioral sensitization.

The Flypub assay measures the behaviors that the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster displays under the influence of ethanol. The assay can be readily mastered by experimenters at all levels and applied to various vaporized stimuli, facilitating substance abuse and addiction studies.

フライパブ、エタノール誘導行動抑制と感作を研究

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by stressed conspecifics due to an odorant released during stress known as the Drosophila stress odorant (dSO). Through the use of the T-maze apparatus, one can quantify the avoidance of the dSO by responder flies in a very affordable and robust assay. Conditions necessary to obtain a strong performance are presented here. A stressful experience is necessary for the flies to emit dSO, as well as enough emitter flies to cause a robust avoidance response to the presence of dSO. Genetic background, but not their group size, strongly altered the avoidance of the dSO by the responder flies. Canton-S and Elwood display a higher performance in avoiding the dSO than Oregon and Samarkand strains. This behavioral assay will allow identification of mechanisms underlying this social behavior, and the assessment of the influence of genes and environmental conditions on both emission and avoidance of the dSO. Such an assay can be included in batteries of simple diagnostic tests used to identify social deficiencies of mutants or environmental conditions of interest.

Straightforward Assay for Quantification of Social Avoidance in Drosophila melanogaster

Here, we present a protocol to quantify the avoidance of stressed individuals. This paradigm is powerful yet user-friendly and can be used to assess the influence of genes and environment on one kind of social interaction in Drosophila melanogaster.

社会回避での定量化のための簡単​​なアッセイ<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

Drosophila melanogaster is an emerging model to study different aspects of social interactions. For example, flies avoid areas previously occupied by ...

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the development of more effective treatments is the relative lack of understanding of the molecular underpinnings of the effects of ethanol on behavior. The nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans (C.&#160;elegans), provides a useful model in which to generate and test hypotheses about the molecular effects of ethanol. Here, we describe an assay that has been developed and used to examine the roles of particular genes and environmental factors in behavioral responses to ethanol, in which locomotion is the behavioral output. Ethanol dose-dependently causes an acute depression of crawling on an agar surface. The effects are dynamic; animals exposed to a high concentration demonstrate an initial strong depression of crawling, referred to here as initial sensitivity, and then partially recover locomotion speed despite the continued presence of the drug. This ethanol-induced behavioral plasticity is referred to here as the development of acute functional tolerance. This assay has been used to demonstrate that these two phenotypes are distinct and genetically separable. The straightforward locomotion assay described here is suitable for examining the effects of both genetic and environmental manipulations on these acute behavioral responses to ethanol in C.&#160;elegans.

An Assay for Measuring the Effects of Ethanol on the Locomotion Speed of Caenorhabditis elegans

C. elegans is a useful model for studying the effects of ethanol on behavior. We present a behavioral assay that quantifies the effects of ethanol on the locomotion speed of crawling worms; both initial sensitivity and the development of acute functional tolerance to ethanol can be measured with this assay.

の歩行速度に対するエタノールの効果を測定するためのアッセイ<em&gt;線虫（Caenorhabditis elegans）</em

Alcohol use disorders are a significant public health concern, for which there are few effective treatment strategies. One difficulty that has delayed the ...

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We demonstrate a simple way to tap into the fly reward system, modify experiences related to natural reward, and use voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states. The approach serves as a relevant tool to study the neurons and genes that play a role in experience-mediated changes of internal state. The protocol is composed of two discrete parts: exposing the flies to rewarding and nonrewarding experiences, and assaying voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure of the motivation to obtain a drug reward. The two parts can be used independently to induce the modulation of experience as an initial step for further downstream assays or as an independent two-choice feeding assay, respectively. The protocol does not require a complicated setup and can therefore be applied in any laboratory with basic fly culture tools.

A Simple Way to Measure Alterations in Reward-seeking Behavior Using Drosophila melanogaster

We describe a protocol for inducing rewarding and nonrewarding experiences in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) using voluntary ethanol consumption as a measure for changes in reward states.

使用して報酬を求める行動の変化を測定するための簡単な方法<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em

We describe a protocol for measuring ethanol self-administration in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) as a proxy for changes in reward states. We ...

エタノール鎮静感度との急速な寛容を測定するための安価な、スケーラブルな行動アッセイ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

行動内分泌学と実験経済学を組み合わせること：テストステロンと社会的意思決定

ハエでエタノールの感度を測定するために簡単

ラットのショ糖の渇望のインキュベーションを評価するための一般的な方法

げっ歯類におけるランニングホイール活動の概日リズムの記録および分析

フライ：ハエにアルコールを管理

個々のショウジョウバエメラノガスターのアルコール沈殿時間を測定するためのハイスループット方法

フライパブ、エタノール誘導行動抑制と感作を研究

社会回避での定量化のための簡単なアッセイ

の歩行速度に対するエタノールの効果を測定するためのアッセイ

使用して報酬を求める行動の変化を測定するための簡単な方法

エタノール鎮静感度との急速な寛容を測定するための安価な、スケーラブルな行動アッセイ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

行動内分泌学と実験経済学を組み合わせること：テストステロンと社会的意思決定

ハエでエタノールの感度を測定するために簡単

ラットのショ糖の渇望のインキュベーションを評価するための一般的な方法

げっ歯類におけるランニングホイール活動の概日リズムの記録および分析

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