著者は、設計とテストのセットアップを製造する際の彼らの助けのために運命ガルシア、セレナフェラーロ、エリックQuirozとスティーブン·カーン（先進複合材料の研究、工学と科学研究室）を感謝。ショーン·マローン、マイケル·赤堀、デビッドKehlet（工学製作ラボ）は、それらの提案や加工プロセスの支援のために承認されます。国立科学財団の支援（共同助成CMMI-1265691およびそのREUサプリメント）とA. Muliana、テキサス＆M大学（主任研究者）への米海軍研究局（N00014-13-1-0604、およびV.ラサポナーラ、）プログラムディレクターYapaラージャパクサによって管理することは感謝して高く評価されています。

1.検体のロード<ol><li>タンクの蓋を上げます（ 図4）側がサポートする際にそれを休ま。 </li><li> Uボルトで試料を置き、クロスバーは試験片の中央に接触していることを確認してください。 </li><li>蓋からぶら下がっアルミ支持体上の試験片の両端を休ま。試験片の両端はオーバーハング5〜10 mmの持っている必要があります。 </li><li>繰り返しますがテストされます標本のすべてのために1.2〜1.4を繰り返します。 </li><li>蓋サポートを外し、下蓋、および蓋は、タンクのリップに着座していることを確認してください。 </li><li>外側プーリ隣鋼棒に重みを加えることによって、所望の力を加える。 </li></ol> 2.変位測定<ol><li>文字列ポテンショラインがピンと張っ引かれていることを確認します。 </li><li>デジタルマルチメータを使用して、ピン3のピン1に黒と赤で、ポテンショメータの外 ​​ピン（ 図3）間の抵抗を測定すると読書を記録します。 </li><li> （この場合は、1kΩのは64.895ミリメートル変位に相当）抵抗は校正係数を計算することによって読み変位に読んで変換します。 </li><li>繰り返しますが、各試料のための2.1から2.3を繰り返します。 </li></ol> 3.標本計量<ol><li>計量手順を開始する前に、変位データを記録およびASTM D5229 31、または適切なテストの標準に従って、室温での試験流体を充填暫定保持チャンバーを準備します。 </li><li>スチールケーブルの端からスロット重みを削除します。 </li><li>タンクの蓋を持ち上げ、サイドサポートの際にそれを休ま。 </li><li>試料を取り出して、準備された暫定保持室に配置します。標本のすべてに対して、この手順を繰り返します。 </li><li>標本を削除し、個別に余分な水分を除去するために、マイクロファイバーの布を使用してそれらを乾燥させてください。 </li><li>高精度のスケールで試料を置き、データrを記録eading。 </li><li>を繰り返し、すべての試験片の3.5から3.6を繰り返した後、 プロトコルステップ1に従ってください。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

取得したデータからは、コンカレントテストシナリオは、独立気泡ポリウレタン発泡体試験片の耐久性に影響を与えなかったことが分かる。これは、乾燥および湿潤試料の（ 図6）（図5）が有意に異なる変位を比較して故障の残留負荷によって見ることができる。 図7残留強度試験後の試験片の写真を示す。また、乾燥試料の変位は、24時間の観察期間内に定常状態?...

ポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー（FRP）複合材料は、航空機や宇宙船、海軍艦艇、公共インフラに至るまで、土木構造物の様々な採用されている、（Katnam ら 1、Hollaway 2、Mouritz らの例のレビューを参照。3）、車や電車、風車翼、縫合糸およびインプラント補綴と生体材料へ。これらの材料は「耐久性）はメタルバックポリエチレン6に着るa）は熱機械的荷重の組み合わせを含むことができる複雑なサービスシナリオ、 例えば 、公共インフラ4において、凍結融解サイクル、亜音速/超音速飛行プロファイル5、に影響される。 、環境·化学剤、 例えば 、海水、除氷、航空宇宙、海軍の構造7-10による唾液11にポリメチルメタクリレート歯科用複合材料の分解のための作動油にb）の劣化。 c）の複雑なINTE締め付けまたは結合した関節における材料のractions、 例えば 、異種材料間の電解腐食や剥離、航空機のアルミ皮膚上の炭素/ファイバパッチ修理、またはステンレス鋼12によって締結カーボン/ PEEK製骨プレートにいるかどうか。 これらの材料の長期耐久性に同時稼働中の刺激の影響残念ながら限られた知識がある。ほとんどのポリマーは、粘弾性材料として分類することができる。機械的な負荷および環境条件が大きく、ポリマーの粘弾性応答に影響を与える。したがって、これらの材料の長期動作の信頼性モデルは、結合された温湿度、機械的、化学的刺激への時間依存性応答を組み込むことができるべきである。これは次に、設計の予測、安全性、状態監視保全/交換プロトコルが向上します。 温湿度の影響に関する実験的試験に大きな文学本体があります例えば、温湿度の拡散試験用：サンプルのスケールで許可されていれば、材料サンプルを、所望の湿度と温度のレベルでチャンバ内に配置することができる。試料は、数週間から数年10,13-17に、一定の時間のため、それらの質量及び/又は体積変化を測定するために、定期的に除去される。湿熱試験は、材料のみの機械的応答に湿熱刺激の効果に関する情報を提供し、機械的試験、 すなわち 、残留/静的疲労強度/破壊力学試験17-19、続いてもよい。テストデータは、単純なフィックの拡散の濃度、ストレス、温度、可逆的物理的老化/可塑化で不可逆化学反応への依存性を含むモデルに、変化する複雑性の拡散モデルに取り付けることができる。この実験的な出力は、さらなる構造解析に組み込むことができる。 いくつかの著者は、同時HYの影響に対処しているgrothermalと機械的刺激。それらの研究FRP複合材料の中では、ノイマンとGarom浸漬し20は強調し、蒸留水でストレスのない標本。応力が異なるバネ剛性と圧縮荷重を使用して負荷を調整する、圧縮されたステンレス鋼ばねの内側に標本を配置することにより塗布した。同様の手順がワンらによって報告されている。21。 HelblingとKarbhari 22は、異なる相対湿度パーセント（RH％）と温度レベルの環境チャンバ内に曲げ治具を用いる。プレコンディショニング試験片は、その複合の静的極限引張り歪みのパーセンテージに対応する、所定の曲げ歪みレベルに供した。 Kasturiarachchiとプリチャード23は、大きなガラスデシケーター中で棚の上に配置したステンレス鋼4点曲げ治具（検体ごとに1つ）を用意しました。デシケーターを部分的に、蒸留水で満たされた府を防ぐために、小さなリークを有した圧力のildup、95％RHでの湿度室に入れた。ゲッレールトとターリー7を組み合わせクリープ荷重および100％RH下での耐久性のための海洋グレードのFRP複合検体を調べた。完全に海水に浸されている間、それらのサンプルは、障害静的たわみ荷重の20％に等しい一定の荷重で4点曲げにロードした。クリープ変形は、中央断面のビーム、及びガラス板の外表面の間に厚さゲージを用いて定期的に取得した（これは、そのような測定は、チャンバの外部で実行されたと推定される）。アブデル-Magid ら 24検体を究極のアキシアル荷重の20％で、繊維方向に沿ってテンションにロードされたように、NASAラングレーによって提供されたインバー環境具にガラス/エポキシのサンプルを置いた。 EllyinとRohrbarcher 25には、最大140日間温湿度テストを実行した後、油圧式試験機で疲労試験片をテストした。標本複数のチューブと、水供給源に接続された湿ったチーズクロスに包まれた。伯爵ら 26は、ロード·フィクスチャと大きな環境室（5.5メートル3）で標本を配置。 多くの実験的研究で検討したように、環境条件は、ポリマー「機械的特性および応答に影響を与える。いくつかの限定された実験はまた、機械的応力/歪みの存在がポリマー中に拡散プロセスに影響を与えることを示している。したがって、機械的および非機械的効果の両方の下でポリマーベースの材料の全体的なパフォーマンス上の理解を高めるために、同時検査が必要とされている。 この論文で議論テストプラットフォームの設計の背後にあるいくつかの目的がありました。まず、プラットフォームは、風力タービンaのFRPサンドイッチ複合材料の異なるタイプのhygrothermo機械的挙動に複数年の調査における実験の一部であるND海軍のエンジニアリングアプリケーション。テストデータは、ポリマー複合材料の粘弾性構成方程式のパラメータを較正するために使用される。構成モデルはMulianaと共同研究者27〜30によって長年にわたって開発作業に基づいています。第二の目的は、 例えば 、容易に実験室で再配置することができた例の1（ 例えば 、質量測定のためのスケールに、または流体の供給源に、のために、低コストかつユーザーフレンドリーなテストのプラットフォームを持っていることだった1が来て蛇口、換気フードまたは可燃性のキャビネットから）。第三の目標は、このように標本がそのような化学物質に浸漬することができ、一般的にサービスで使用される化学物質の数（特に、作動油、除氷、航空宇宙用途8-10のための洗浄溶剤）に耐性のあるテスト·プラットフォームを作成することでした、とその耐久性を評価することができた。 室（ 図1）は 、高密度polyethyleで構築した高い耐薬品性を有してね。上述したように、今後は、油圧流体に浸漬複合材料のhygrothermo機械的調査、除氷、洗浄溶剤を含むことが期待される。熱調節は、テストの不可欠な側面であるので、発泡ポリスチレンフォームは、環境との熱交換を防止するために、タンクの側面の周りにフィットし、テープと鉄骨自体によって所定の位置に固定した。 チャンバの蓋（ 図2）は 、ユーザがテストを妨害することなく、テスト中の試料を観察することができ、透明、9.525ミリメートル厚のポリカーボネートから製造した。蓋は、タンクの両側に張り出したブラケットの下にスライドする機械加工したアルミニウムT-バーによって適所に固定される。 標本の曲げは、蓋から垂れ下がり、および蓋のスロットに固定されている3アルミブロック、が制定されている。 3ブロックは、4秒まで許可する蓋スロットはブロック間隔が標本の長さに応じて調整することを可能にしながらpecimensは、一度にテストされる。各ブロックは、ASTM標準D790-10の遵守で、12.7ミリメートルの直径との接触エッジに丸みを帯びている。標本は（ 図1-2）を曲げ誘導するために、その中心に適用上向きの力を3つのブロックの2の下に配置されている。 装置は、最大の汎用性と使いやすさを念頭に置いて設計されました。 41.275ミリメートルの直径を有するキャスターは、モビリティの目的のために、チャンバの下に固定されている。それらの上方に、タンク支持用金網底とクロスビームを溶接鋼管フレームによって支持されている。外部のタンクのコーナー角度ストックスペーサーは、（後述する、文字列ポット装置）オーバーヘッド重量及び変位計によって押しつぶされるの絶縁を保つために製造した。トップの周りに、角度ストックはフレーミングのために再び使用した。 measuにプーリーと文字列ポテンショメータシステムミッドスパン偏向再4鋼、正方形チューブアーチ（ 図3）に取り付けられている。これらの4人のうち中央2アーチは、文字列のポテンショメータを運ぶと試料汎用性を考慮するように調節可能である。文字列のポテンショメータは、3方面からの電子出力をねじりバネ（リトラクタブルキーランヤードで見つけることができるように）とポテンショメータを用いて構築した。プーリーが整列し、調節可能なウェイト·アプリケーション用チャンバーの側面上吊りロッドに試料による剛性の接続から実行されているスチールケーブルで使用するために実装されている。 負荷は、ケーブル、滑車、結合および一連のボルトを使用して試料に適用される。 、10mmのクロスバーはスパンの中央に接触しているように、最初に、試料は、Uボルト内に配置される。各端部のアイボルトと9.525ミリメートル直径のスチールロッドは、次にUボルトに接続される。この鋼の接続は、チャンバの蓋を通過する。スチールケーブルとケブラーThreadは、Uボルト反対アイボルトに取り付けられている。これは文字列のポテンショメータからケブラースレッドが剛性の点からデータを読み取ることができます。スチールケーブルは、上向きに継続し、負荷がタンクの周囲に適用することができる2つのプーリの上を通過する。ケーブルは、次に、スロット重量ハンガーとしての9.525ミリメートル直径のスチールロッドに取り付けられている。このハンガースロット重みが所望の負荷を適用するために設定することができる場所を提供する。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 rectangular bars</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8975K268, 1668T72, 7062T17,&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Aluminum 6061 90&amp;deg; angles</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8982K91, 8982K14&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>440C stainless steel</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>6253K52</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.236 in. thick x 10.75 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 10 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>High-density polyethylene sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.354 in. thick x 6 in. wide x 16.75 in. long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Polycarbonate sheets</td><td>Tap Plastics, USA</td><td>N/A (0.375 in thick, 11.5 in. wide, 17.5 in long)</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Expanded polystyrene foam</td><td>Home Depot</td><td>Model # 310880 Internet # 202532855</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Galvanized steel rope</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3498T63</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Steel eye bolt</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3013T341</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel 90&amp;deg; angle</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>9017K444&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel rods</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8920K84, 8920K75, 8920K231, 8920K135, 8920K84&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Low-carbon steel tubes</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>6527K314, 8910K394, 8910K395, 8920K94&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>304 stainless steel U-bolt</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>8896T104</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Steel pulley</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>3099T34</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>1008 carbon steel sheets</td><td>McMaster-Carr, USA</td><td>9302T113</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Light duty swivel casters</td><td>Harbor Freight, USA</td><td>41519</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>100-lbf Vinyl Weight Set</td><td>Overstock.com</td><td>11767059</td><td>Part of testing platform</td></tr><tr><td>Closed-cell polyurethane foam</td><td>General Plastics, USA</td><td>FR-3704</td><td>Testing samples</td></tr><tr><td>Deionized water</td><td>Faucet, PurLab filtering system</td><td>N/A</td><td>Conditioning fluid of tank</td></tr><tr><td>Torsional spring</td><td>Retractable Key Clip, Ebay, USA</td><td>Lot 10</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>Kevlar thread</td><td>Cabela&amp;rsquo;s</td><td>IK-321909</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>10 kOhm potentiometer</td><td>Ebay, USA</td><td>3590S-2-103L</td><td>Used to build string potentiometer</td></tr><tr><td>Digital multimeter</td><td>Harbor Freight, USA</td><td>98674</td><td>Used to take resistance measurements of string potentiometer</td></tr></tbody></table>

a testing platform for durability studies of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under concurrent hygrothermo-mechanical stimuli

使用条件の下でポリマーと繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性は、ロバスト設計及び状態監視保全のために対処すべき重要な側面である。これらの材料は、航空機や船舶の構造から、橋梁、風車翼、生体材料、および生物医学的インプラント、エンジニアリング幅広い用途で採用されている。ポリマーは、粘弾性材料であり、その応答は高度に非線形であるため、予測し、それらのサービスのパフォーマンスを監視することが困難なことがあります。ここに提示実験室規模のテストプラットフォームは、これらの材料上の同時機械的負荷および環境条件の影響の調査を支援します。プラットフォームは、低コストかつユーザーフレンドリーであるように設計した。その耐薬品性素材は、流体へのインサービスの暴露に起因する化学分解の研究とは、プラットフォームが適応する。実験例は、クローズドセルポリウレタンを室温で行った。フォームサンプルは、それらの最終的な静的及び乾燥負荷の約50％に相当する重量を負荷。結果は、試験装置は、これらの研究のために適切であることを示している。結果はまた、より高い中点変位と低い残留障害負荷に基づいて、同時荷重下のポリマーの大きな脆弱性を強調。推奨は、試験装置に付加的な改善のために作られている。

試験装置は、正常に三点曲げ下の流体に浸漬標本を開催している。合理的な精度で、標本は、中間点偏向変更ポテンショメータからの正確な読み出しを負荷し、試験することができる。電気抵抗の変化は、0.1μmのオーダーの変位分解能をもたらし、4桁の有効数字に記録することができる。 Hygrothermo機械的試験は、公称寸法215ミリメートルの長さ×24ミリメートル幅×18 mm?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli at JoVE.com

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

同時Hygrothermo-機械的刺激下でのポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性研究のための試験プラットホーム

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

a-testing-platform-for-durability-studies-polymers-fiber-reinforced

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Unit 1

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13.7K ビュー.  University of California, Davis. The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

ビデオ: A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Synthesis of Programmable Main-chain Liquid-crystalline Elastomers Using a Two-stage Thiol-acrylate Reaction

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers (LCEs) with facile control over network structure and programming of an aligned monodomain. Tailored LCE networks were synthesized using routine mixing of commercially available starting materials and pouring monomer solutions into molds to cure. An initial polydomain LCE network is formed via a self-limiting thiol-acrylate Michael-addition reaction. Strain-to-failure and glass transition behavior were investigated as a function of crosslinking monomer, pentaerythritol tetrakis(3-mercaptopropionate) (PETMP). An example non-stoichiometric system of 15 mol% PETMP thiol groups and an excess of 15 mol% acrylate groups was used to demonstrate the robust nature of the material. The LCE formed an aligned and transparent monodomain when stretched, with a maximum failure strain over 600%. Stretched LCE samples were able to demonstrate both stress-driven thermal actuation when held under a constant bias stress or the shape-memory effect when stretched and unloaded. A permanently programmed monodomain was achieved via a second-stage photopolymerization reaction of the excess acrylate groups when the sample was in the stretched state. LCE samples were photo-cured and programmed at 100%, 200%, 300%, and 400% strain, with all samples demonstrating over 90% shape fixity when unloaded. The magnitude of total stress-free actuation increased from 35% to 115% with increased programming strain. Overall, the two-stage TAMAP methodology is presented as a powerful tool to prepare main-chain LCE systems and explore structure-property-performance relationships in these fascinating stimuli-sensitive materials.

A novel methodology is presented to synthesize and program main-chain liquid-crystalline elastomers using commercially available starting monomers. A wide range of thermomechanical properties was tailored by adjusting the amount of crosslinker, while the actuation performance was dependent on the amount of applied strain during programming.

二段チオールアクリレート反応を使用してプログラム可能な、主鎖液晶エラストマーの合成

This study presents a novel two-stage thiol-acrylate Michael addition-photopolymerization (TAMAP) reaction to prepare main-chain liquid-crystalline ...

化学

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, each offering its own advantages and shortcomings5,6. Most prominently, due to the microscale device dimensions, a high modulus is required to facilitate implantation into living tissue. Conversely, the stiffness of the device should match the surrounding tissue to minimize induced local strain7-9. Therefore, we recently developed a new class of bio-inspired materials to meet these requirements by responding to environmental stimuli with a change in mechanical properties10-14. Specifically, our poly(vinyl acetate)-based nanocomposite (PVAc-NC) displays a reduction in stiffness when exposed to water and elevated temperatures (e.g. body temperature). Unfortunately, few methods exist to quantify the stiffness of materials in vivo15, and mechanical testing outside of the physiological environment often requires large samples inappropriate for implantation. Further, stimuli-responsive materials may quickly recover their initial stiffness after explantation. Therefore, we have developed a method by which the mechanical properties of implanted microsamples can be measured ex vivo, with simulated physiological conditions maintained using moisture and temperature control13,16,17. 
To this end, a custom microtensile tester was designed to accommodate microscale samples13,17 with widely-varying Young's moduli (range of 10 MPa to 5 GPa). As our interests are in the application of PVAc-NC as a biologically-adaptable neural probe substrate, a tool capable of mechanical characterization of samples at the microscale was necessary. This tool was adapted to provide humidity and temperature control, which minimized sample drying and cooling17. As a result, the mechanical characteristics of the explanted sample closely reflect those of the sample just prior to explantation.
The overall goal of this method is to quantitatively assess the in vivo mechanical properties, specifically the Young's modulus, of stimuli-responsive, mechanically-adaptive polymer-based materials. This is accomplished by first establishing the environmental conditions that will minimize a change in sample mechanical properties after explantation without contributing to a reduction in stiffness independent of that resulting from implantation. Samples are then prepared for implantation, handling, and testing (Figure 1A). Each sample is implanted into the cerebral cortex of rats, which is represented here as an explanted rat brain, for a specified duration (Figure 1B). At this point, the sample is explanted and immediately loaded into the microtensile tester, and then subjected to tensile testing (Figure 1C). Subsequent data analysis provides insight into the mechanical behavior of these innovative materials in the environment of the cerebral cortex.

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

A method is discussed by which the in vivo mechanical behavior of stimuli-responsive materials is monitored as a function of time. Samples are tested ex vivo using a microtensile tester with environmental controls to simulate the physiological environment. This work further promotes understanding the in vivo behavior of our material.

機械的に適応型ポリマーナノコンポジットの環境制御のMicrotensileテスト<em&gt; ex vivoで</em&gt;キャラ

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

生物工学

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is known about the effects of high pressure hydrogen on the polymer sealing and barrier materials also found within these components. More study is required in order to determine the compatibility of common polymer materials found in the components of the hydrogen fuel delivery infrastructure with high pressure hydrogen. As a result, it is important to consider the changes in physical properties such as friction and wear in situ while the polymer is exposed to high pressure hydrogen. In this protocol, we present a method for testing the friction and wear properties of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) elastomer samples in a 28 MPa high pressure hydrogen environment using a custom-built in situ pin-on-flat linear reciprocating tribometer. Representative results from this testing are presented which indicate that the coefficient of friction between the EPDM sample coupon and steel counter surface is increased in high pressure hydrogen as compared to the coefficient of friction similarly measured in ambient air.

In Situ High Pressure Hydrogen Tribological Testing of Common Polymer Materials Used in the Hydrogen Delivery Infrastructure

A test methodology for quantifying tribological properties of polymers used in hydrogen infrastructure service is demonstrated and characteristic results for a common elastomer are discussed.

その場で高圧水素トライボロジー水素配信インフラストラクチャで使用される一般的なポリマー材料の試験

High pressure hydrogen gas is known to adversely affect metallic components of compressors, valves, hoses, and actuators. However, relatively little is ...

工学

The Effect of Construction and Demolition Waste Plastic Fractions on Wood-Polymer Composite Properties

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for plastic materials to be re-utilized, they must be identified and separated according to their polymer composition. In this study, the identification of these materials was performed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR), which identified material based on their physical-chemical properties. Advantages of the NIR method are a low environmental impact and rapid measurement (within a few seconds) in the spectral range of 1600-2400 nm without special sample preparation. Limitations include its inability to analyze dark materials. The identified polymers were utilized as a component for wood-polymer composite (WPC) that consists of a polymer matrix, low cost fillers, and additives. The components were first compounded with an agglomeration apparatus, followed by production by extrusion. In the agglomeration process, the aim was to compound all materials to produce uniformly distributed and granulated materials as pellets. During the agglomeration process, the polymer (matrix) was melted and fillers and other additives were then mixed into the melted polymer, being ready for the extrusion process. In the extrusion method, heat and shear forces were applied to a material within the barrel of a conical counter-rotating twin-screw type extruder, which reduces the risk of burning the materials and lower shear mixing. The heated and sheared mixture was then conveyed through a die to give the product the desired shape. The above-described protocol proved the potential for re-utilization of CDW materials. Functional properties must be verified according to the standardized tests, such as flexural, tensile, and impact strength tests for the material.

Secondary material streams have been shown to include potential raw materials for production. Presented here is a protocol in which CDW-plastic waste as a raw material is identified, followed by various processing steps (agglomeration, extrusion). As a result, a composite material was produced, and mechanical properties were analyzed.

木高分子複合物に及ぼす構造・解体廃プラスチック分率の影響

Construction and demolition waste (CDW), including valuable materials such as plastics, have a remarkable influence on the waste sector. In order for ...

環境学

Ultrasonic Fatigue Testing in the Tension-Compression Mode

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on exposing the specimen to longitudinal vibrations on its resonance frequency close to 20 kHz. With use of this method, it is possible to significantly decrease the time required for the test, when compared to conventional testing devices usually working at frequencies under 200 Hz. It is also used to simulate loading of material during operation in high speed conditions, such as those experienced by components of jet engines or car turbo pumps. It is necessary to operate only in the high and ultra-high cycle region, due to the possibility of extremely high deformation rates, which can have a significant influence on the test results. Specimen shape and dimensions have to be carefully selected and calculated to fulfill the resonance condition of the ultrasonic system; thus, it is not possible to test the full components or specimens of arbitrary shape. Before each test, it is necessary to harmonize the specimen with the frequency of the ultrasonic system to compensate for deviations of the real shape from the ideal one. It is not possible to run a test until a total fracture of the specimen, since the test is automatically terminated after initiation and propagation of the crack to a certain length, when the stiffness of the system changes enough to shift the system out of the resonance frequency. This manuscript describes the process of evaluation of materials' fatigue properties at high-frequency ultrasonic fatigue loading with use of mechanical resonance at a frequency close to 20 kHz. The protocol includes a detailed description of all steps required for a correct test, including specimen design, stress calculation, harmonizing with the resonance frequency, performing the test, and final static fracture.

A protocol for ultrasonic fatigue testing in the high and ultra-high cycle region in axial tension-compression loading mode.

超音波疲労引張圧縮モードでのテスト

Ultrasonic fatigue testing is one of a few methods which allow investigating fatigue properties in the ultra-high cycle region. The method is based on ...

Disentangling High Strength Copolymer Aramid Fibers to Enable the Determination of Their Mechanical Properties

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to diversify the fiber choices in the United States body armor market, copolymer fibers based on the combination of 5-amino-2-(p-aminophenyl) benzimidazole (PBIA) and the more conventional PPTA were introduced. Little is known regarding the long-term stability of these fibers, but as condensation polymers, they are expected to have potential sensitivity to moisture and humidity. Therefore, characterizing the strength of the materials and understanding their vulnerability to environmental conditions is important for evaluating their use lifetime in safety applications. Ballistic resistance and other critical structural properties of these fibers are predicated on their strength. To accurately determine the strength of the individual fibers, it is necessary to disentangle them from the yarn without introducing any damage. Three aramid-based copolymer fibers were selected for the study. The fibers were washed with acetone followed by methanol to remove an organic coating that held the individual fibers in each yarn bundle together. This coating makes it difficult to separate single fibers from the yarn bundle for mechanical testing without damaging the fibers and affecting their strength. After washing, fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed on both washed and unwashed samples and the results were compared. This experiment has shown that there are no significant variations in the spectra of poly(p-phenylene-benzimidazole-terephthalamide-co-p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PBIA-co-PPTA1) and PBIA-co-PPTA3 after washing, and only a small variation in intensity for PBIA. This indicates that the acetone and methanol rinses are not adversely affecting the fibers and causing chemical degradation. Additionally, single fiber tensile testing was performed on the washed fibers to characterize their initial tensile strength and strain to failure, and compare those to other reported values. Iterative procedural development was necessary to find a successful method for performing tensile testing on these fibers.

The primary goal of the study is to develop a protocol to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high strength copolymer aramid fibers, by removing a coating and disentangling the individual fiber strands without introducing significant chemical or physical degradation.

その力学的特性の測定を可能にする高強度共重合体のアラミド繊維を disentangling

Traditionally, soft body armor has been made from poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene. However, to ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, where the yarns in each layer are oriented parallel to each other and held in place using binder resins and thin polymer films. The armor is constructed by stacking the unidirectional layers in different orientations. To date, only very preliminary work has been performed to characterize the ageing of the binder resins used in unidirectional laminates and the effects on their performance. For example, during the development of the conditioning protocol used in the National Institute of Justice Standard-0101.06, UD laminates showed visual signs of delamination and reductions in V50, which is the velocity at which half of the projectiles are expected to perforate the armor, after ageing. A better understanding of the material property changes in UD laminates is necessary to comprehend the long-term performance of armors constructed from these materials. There are no current standards recommended for mechanically interrogating unidirectional (UD) laminate materials. This study explores methods and best practices for accurately testing the mechanical properties of these materials and proposes a new test methodology for these materials. Best practices for ageing these materials are also described.

The goal of the study was to develop protocols to prepare consistent specimens for accurate mechanical testing of high-strength aramid or ultra-high-molar-mass polyethylene-based flexible unidirectional composite laminate materials and to describe protocols for performing artificial ageing on these materials.

柔軟な単方向複合ラミネートの切断手順、引張試験、およびエージング

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed method is based on the accelerated ageing approach proposed by Arrhenius. 300 mm x 50 mm samples were cut in the warp and fill directions and placed in a thermal chamber at 80 &#176;C for up to 12 weeks or at 90 &#176;C for up to 6 weeks. Then after one week of conditioning at ambient temperature, the samples were uniaxially tensioned at a constant strain rate. Experimentally, the parameters were determined for the non-linear elastic (linear piecewise) and viscoplastic (Bodner&#8211;Partom) models. Changes in these parameters were studied with respect to the ageing temperature and ageing period. In both cases, the linear approximation function was successfully applied using the simplified methodology of Arrhenius. A correlation was obtained for the fill direction between experimental results and the results from the Arrhenius approach. For the warp direction, the extrapolation results exhibited some differences. Increasing and decreasing tendencies have been observed at both temperatures. The Arrhenius law was confirmed by the experimental results only for the fill direction. The proposed method makes it possible to predict real fabric behavior during long term exploitation, which is a critical issue in the design process.

Here, we simulate accelerated thermal ageing of technical fabric and see how this ageing process influences the mechanical properties of the fabric.

ポリエステル強化およびポリ塩化ビニルコーティング技術織物の人工熱老化

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed ...

繊維複合積層板の作製と機械的特性評価

Measuring the Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber Reinforcement Polymer Composite Laminates Obtained by Different Fabrication Processes

The traditional wet hand lay-up process (WL) has been widely applied in the manufacturing of fiber composite laminates. However, due insufficiency in the forming pressure, the mass fraction of fiber is reduced and lots of air bubbles are trapped inside, resulting in low-quality laminates (low stiffness and strength). The wet hand lay-up/vacuum bag (WLVB) process for the fabrication of composite laminates is based on the traditional wet hand lay-up process, using a vacuum bag to remove air bubbles and provide pressure, and then carrying out the heating and curing process. 
Compared with the traditional hand lay-up process, laminates manufactured by the WLVB process show superior mechanical properties, including better strength and stiffness, higher fiber volume fraction, and lower void volume fraction, which are all benefits for composite laminates. This process is completely manual, and it is greatly influenced by the skills of the preparation personnel. Therefore, the products are prone to defects such as voids and uneven thickness, leading to unstable qualities and mechanical properties of the laminate. Hence, it is necessary to finely describe the WLVB process, finely control steps, and quantify material ratios, in order to ensure the mechanical properties of laminates. 
This paper describes the meticulous process of the WLVB process for preparing woven plain patterned glass fiber reinforcement composite laminates (GFRPs). The fiber volume content of laminates was calculated using the formula method, and the calculated results showed that the fiber volume content of WL laminates was 42.04%, while that of WLVB laminates was 57.82%, increasing by 15.78%. The mechanical properties of the laminates were characterized using tensile and impact tests. The experimental results revealed that with the WLVB process, the strength and modulus of the laminates were enhanced by 17.4% and 16.35%, respectively, and the specific absorbed energy was increased by 19.48%.

著者スポットライト:ウェットハンドレイアップ/真空バッグプロセスによる繊維複合ラミネートの品質向上 

This paper describes a fabrication process for fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite laminates obtained using the wet hand lay-up/vacuum bag method.

異なる製造プロセスで得られたガラス繊維強化ポリマー複合積層物の機械的特性の測定

The traditional wet hand lay-up process (WL) has been widely applied in the manufacturing of fiber composite laminates. However, due insufficiency in the ...

同時Hygrothermo-機械的刺激下でのポリマーおよび繊維強化ポリマー複合材料の耐久性研究のための試験プラットホーム

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二段チオールアクリレート反応を使用してプログラム可能な、主鎖液晶エラストマーの合成

機械的に適応型ポリマーナノコンポジットの環境制御のMicrotensileテスト

その場で高圧水素トライボロジー水素配信インフラストラクチャで使用される一般的なポリマー材料の試験

木高分子複合物に及ぼす構造・解体廃プラスチック分率の影響

超音波疲労引張圧縮モードでのテスト

その力学的特性の測定を可能にする高強度共重合体のアラミド繊維を disentangling

柔軟な単方向複合ラミネートの切断手順、引張試験、およびエージング

ポリエステル強化およびポリ塩化ビニルコーティング技術織物の人工熱老化

異なる製造プロセスで得られたガラス繊維強化ポリマー複合積層物の機械的特性の測定

異なる製造プロセスで得られたガラス繊維強化ポリマー複合積層物の機械的特性の測定