The authors would like to acknowledge the Cleveland Metroparks, including J. Grieser, J. Markowitz, B. Garman, and supporting staff; Case Western Reserve University, Dr. J. Burns; and GLISTEN, the Great Lakes Innovative Stewardship through Education Network.

1. Streambank識別<ol><li>ストリームの一方の側に土手の均一な部分を特定します。銀行、異なるバンク材料、または植生の切れ目の劇的異なる傾斜によって、このセクションを差別化。 streambankのこのセクションでは、どちらの側にも切片から目に見えて異なるべきである。銀行の最小または最大長はありません。小さなセグメントに極端に長いセクションの分離は、評価を簡素化します。 </li></ol> 2.事前スクリーニングBEHIアンケート（図1） <ol><li> 図1からはい/いいえレスポンス均一なstreambankセクションについて以下の問いに答えよ。 <ol><li>質問に答えるつま先は、それが基本フロー条件の間に水を満たしている銀行の基部に位置しています」？以下の銀行のつま先で50％の保護に等しい銀行出品物の均一なセクションを行います &quot;;銀行の平均の一番下の6〜8インチ。 Protのectionは、埋め込まれた岩、埋め込まれた大規模な木質破片、および根ざし植生が含まれています。岩盤は、つま先の保護としてカウント。しかし、簡単に壊れやすい岩盤は、つま先の保護ではありません。 </li><li>質問に答える「銀行の50％以上が0.5フィート以上のアンダーカットを呈しないか」アンダーカットバンクが地面の下に浸食を受けたstreambankある。 </li><li>質問に答える &quot;50％または銀行展示成層のより多くしていますか？」成層地質学で明確に定義された水平のブレークがある。成層の1つの層が侵食性材料（砂、砂利、またはマトリックス）で構成されなければならない。 </li><li>質問に答える「銀行の50％以上、50％以上の汚れ露光で10フィート以上の土手高さがありますか？」と</li><li>質問に答える「バンク材（土壌）を欠く銀行出品物の根の50％以上していますか？」 </li><li>質問に答える「50％以上根ざし植生の銀行のボイドのより？＆＃です8221。 </li></ol></li><li> 図1アンケートに2つ以上の「YES」の回答がある場合streambankエロージョンが発生している又は発生することは重要性があるように、銀行のBEHI評価を行う。 </li><li> 図1アンケート未満2「YES」の答えがある場合は、銀行が無浸食（低BEHI定格まですなわち 、非常に低い）にはほとんどを経験しているので、BEHI評価を開始しないでください。 </li></ol> 3. BEHI評価データシート（図3） <ol><li>日付、天気、およびBEHI評価データシート上に設けられたスペースで人員を記録します。 </li><li>評価されている銀行の数を記録します。たとえば、ように図1に示すように、その日の評価さ最初のバンク2は、3の評価された第二のバンクであり、4,5、...と。 </li><li> GPSは、最上流（水から流れている場合）、最も下流の座標取る（水溶iは銀行のポイント）に流れる秒。精度を確保するために可能なバンクの近くに立っている。 </li><li>銀行の両方の上流と下流の地点で撮影してください。写真の中の銀行の主な機能をキャプチャします。 （ すなわち 、層別、大型木質破片のジャムなど）、銀行またはチャネルの機能をキャプチャするために追加の写真を撮る。参考のためにピクチャ番号を記録します。 </li><li> （左岸または右岸）評価されるストリームの側面を記録します。下流に直面したとき左岸と右岸を決定する。それぞれ左右。 </li><li>銀行のトップに銀行のつま先から、足で、銀行の高さを測定します。一般的に水の流れに平行に横たわって、傾きの最初の定義可能なブレークによって銀行の上部を決定します。 </li><li>銀行での最上流と最下流点の間に、足に、つま先での銀行の長さを測定します。 </li><li>で「はい」と答えたされた質問の数を書く初期の「事前スクリーニングBEHIアンケートの「ステップ2で。 </li><li>インフラへの距離やインフラの種類（ すなわち 、橋梁、排水溝、道路、ユーティリティ、家屋など）に注意してください。 </li><li>サークル存在している以下の定性的な指標のいずれか：Unvegetated半ばチャンネルバー/編組ダムの下流チャネル、両側にさらさ木の根、両側に傾い木、暴露インフラ、低迷streambanks、headcuts、とまった支流、失敗しましたそのような護岸壁、蛇籠バスケットやカルバートなどの「ベスト·マネジメント·プラクティス」（BMPの）。 </li><li>銀行の材料の組成に注意してください。評価中でバンク部に沿って見出される主な材料を記録します。 注：Streambanksは、材料のミックスすることができます。例えば、銀行は「上記のトレース砂利とつま先で頁岩、及びシルト質砂」を持っていることがあります。 「シルト質砂は「シルトより多くの砂を示し、「トレース砂利は」を示している砂利の少量。 「サンディシルトは「砂よりも多くのシルトを示している。 </li><li>材料の侵食性に基づいて、バンク材料の調整を行います。 <ol><li>侵食性の高い率を持っていない材料のための10のポイント（ すなわち 、丸石）まで引きます。極めて浸食性材料（ すなわち 、砂）のために10ポイントを追加します。平均スコアは、（ 図4）がより適切であろうように、材料（ すなわち 、トレース砂利砂利又はシルト質砂砂）の混合物は、より頻繁に、ストリーム系において見出されている。これは必須では調整できません。 結果のセクションでは、 図4を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>試験バンク高さに対する植物の平均の根の深さの比率を決定する、植生（ 図5）により、バンク材料の付着を推定するために、パーセンテージとして表した。 <ol><li>視覚銀行のつま先に銀行の上から垂直に根の深さを推定する。 exampのために根がバンクの上半分に成長している場合ル、根の深さが50％となる。つま先バンクの上部から成長根が存在する場合、ルート深さを100％であろう。 </li><li>評価中のセクション全体に沿って根の深さの平均割合を取る。 （根をぶら下げ、 すなわち 。）バンク材料の空隙である根を考慮していない。 </li><li>データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果のセクションで図5を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>ルート材料からなるバンクの量を視覚的に評価することにより、ルートの密度を決定するパーセントとして表した。 <ol><li>バンク材料の空隙である根を考慮していない。小、繊維状根は非常に密で、木々の大きな根系（ 図6Aおよび6B）に比べ大きく、土壌保持を提供することができます。に基づいて割合を推定バンク全体、データ·シートにその割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用。 結果のセクションにある図6を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>銀行上部の付け根の流れ（ 図7）の間に水線での下位バンクからの角度を測定します。極端にアンダーカット銀行は120度までの角度を持つことができます。 <ol><li>バンク角を推定するか、可能な場合は、傾斜計を使用するために、喫水線に対して90度の角度で測定棒を置く。評価中のセクション全体に沿ってバンク角の平均を取る。セクションは、主にアンダーカット110度が小さい部分90度である場合、記録された程度は、約100℃であろう。 </li><li>データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果Sで、図7を参照してくださいection。 </li></ol></li><li>表面保護存在、streambank覆われ、木質破片、根付いた植物、埋め込 ​​まれた岩、護岸、岩盤、または浸食からstreambankを保護する他の埋め込 ​​まれた材料（ 図8）で保護さの量を決定します。 <ol><li>視覚びらん性力にさらされていないstreambankの割合を推定する。データシート上で、その割合のスコアを記録するために「BEHIスコアチャート」を使用し、その後、バンク全体に基づく割合を推定します。 結果のセクションで、図8を参照してください。 </li></ol></li><li>視覚成層層の数を決定する。層別化が原因となり、優先的な浸食（ 図9）のゾーンを強化する可能性を秘めている地質学で明確に定義された水平の休憩を指します。 <ol><li>成層の層が存在しているどのように多くの録音。 結果のセクションにある図9を参照してください。 </li></ol> &lt;/ LI&gt; <li>増加した侵食が成層のために発生している場合は、成層調整を行います。 <ol><li>成層の単層のための5点（二つの異なる地質層）まで追加。成層の複数の層（3異なる地質層）のための10ポイントを追加します。材料の少なくとも1層が、（砂、砂利、またはマトリックス）浸食性である場合にのみ成層のために調整します。 </li><li>成層の層はすなわち 、水との関係でどこ考えてみましょう。、50フィート基本フロー上にある成層の層はびらん性効果がない可能性があります。銀行のつま先近く成層層が非常にびらん性効果を有することができる。平均スコアは、材料がどのように侵食性を考慮し、ここで、成層層は、水に関連している場合は特に、必要であり得る。これは必須では調整できません。 </li></ol></li><li>非常に低い/低い（全体的な修正BEHI格付けを決定するために一緒にすべての項目を追加します。4から15.5、適度な：15.75211。 23.5、高：23.75から31.5、非常に高い：31.75から36.5、または極端：評価しstreambank用&gt; 36.5）。データシート上に設けられたスペースに合計スコアと評価を記録します。 </li><li> streambankの詳細をメモしておいてください。たとえば、streambankは蛇行曲げ、大型木質破片ジャム、場所カルバートの中から、または強力な石油臭の外側にある。ここでは、失敗したあらゆるインフラに注意してください。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

The most critical steps for accurate completion of the modified BEHI protocol are to: correctly identify a uniform section of streambank to assess, if the streambank length has too much variability it is best to separate and assess smaller segments to accurately capture the erodibility of the streambank; complete the Pre-Screening Questionnaire to confirm that a BEHI assessment should be completed on that streambank, if there is uncertainty in whether a bank passes the Pre-Screening Questionnaire, a BEHI assessment shoul...

Streambank侵食が自然なプロセスです。しかし、過度の侵食が浮遊砂2の形での非点源汚染を大幅に貢献することができる。増加浮遊砂は水質、物理的、及びストリーム3の生物学的機能に影響を与えます。人間の影響が大幅にstreambank浸食に影響し、大幅堆積物の負荷4を増やし、特に嵐の水の流出と不浸透性の表面5の増加があり、都市のシステムですることができます。より高い土砂負荷がマイナスの水質とストリーム6の生態系に影響を与えることができる。クリーブランドメトロを通じて流域管理慣行が見つけ、在庫ソースを、ストリーム、水辺、および生息地の復旧においてだけでなく、効果的な経営戦略を支援するために潜在的なstreambank侵食の危険性を評価しようとします。 デビッドRosgenは、原野水文学で、河岸侵食を開発ストリーム上streambank侵食の感受性を評価する危険度指数（BEHI）は、いくつかの侵食変数7の組み合わせに基づいてリーチ。 BEHIはバンク材料、層化、根の深さ及び密度を含む、streambank浸食の重症度および確率をランク付けするために様々な指標を使用して、バンク角、バンク高さ比、及び表面保護の量にbankfull高さ。 BEHIアセスメントは、特定のstreambankのために、全体的なBEHI評価（非常に、低い低い、中程度、高い、非常に高い、または極端）に対応する数値を割り当てます。このプロトコルは、潜在的なstreambank侵食8-10を評価する際に有効であったと他の水質と生息地の評価と併せて使用することができる。高BEHIの評価を示すStreambanksは日和見種11の主になる、より少ない多様かつ安定性の低い底生動物のコミュニティに対応することが示されている。オリジナルBEHI方法Iものの有用だ、それは非常に時間がかかり、非専門家のために困難であり、特定の地形領域に限定、特に沖積ストリーム状態12に合わせて調整することができる。 このプロトコルへの変更は、これらの制約に対処するために必要であった。 「事前スクリーニングアンケート」（ 図1）は 、より高い浸食領域に評価を中心に、非常に低いか、または低いランク付けしやすいstreambanksを特定し、排除するために開発され、BEHIを実行するために必要な時間およびリソースの量を減少したストリーム全体で評価。アンケートはまた、オリジナルのBEHIプロトコルに基づいて、浸食性材料として評価されない極端に浸食シェール岩盤13、などの北東オハイオ州で見られる沖積と非沖積ストリーム条件、間の地質の違いに対応しています。ことができますbankfull段階を含む研究銀行·高さの比率の測定基準の撤廃、決定することは非常に困難、より高速streambank評価のためにと非専門家は導入研修との評価を完了するのを許可された。研究銀行·高さの比率のこの除去は、環境品質14のミシガン州省でジョーRATHBUNによって開発された修正されたBEHI手順に基づいていた。フィールドの追加計算の必要性を排除するために、他のすべてのメトリックがバンク角を除いて、百分率、及び成層とバンク材料の調整として表現さ​​れる。根密度は、最初の根が伸長している根からなる土壌のパーセントとして表した。これは、バンク全体の高さを考慮してルート深さを掛けた。しかし、我々は、バンク全体における根の密度の簡単な見積もりでこれを置き換える。スコア調整は研究銀行、高比メトリック推定パーセントの除去を考慮するために、元のBEHIスコアリングシステムに加えられた。オリジナルBEHIで説明したようにプロトコル測定されたメトリックは、1-10のリスク評価（10リスクの最高レベルである）に変換した。 1から10までのリスク評価は非常に、低い低い、中程度、高い、非常に高く、そして極端な潜在的な浸食の評価を危険に対応しています。これらの関係は、野外観察10のカタログに基づいて設立された。修正されたBEHIプロトコルでは、研究銀行·高さの比率のメトリックのスコアは、新たな合計スコアとリスク評価（ 図2）を反映するために、元のBEHIスコアリングシステムから差し引いた。これらの変更は、北東部のオハイオ州の元BEHIプロトコルの制限に対処し、一貫性を維持し、ユーザーの偏りを減らすのに支援した。 改変BEHIプロトコルはクリーブランドメトロ内の複数の高優先度のストリームを評価した。オリジナルBEHI評価は同定における修飾の有効性を確認するために、ストリームの長さに、訓練されたクリーブランドメトロパークの担当者によって行われた浸食の高いレートでstreambanksをfying。修正されたBEHIプロトコルはクリーブランドメトロを通じてstreambank浸食を評価するために、専門家、ボランティア、スタッフ、学生によって使用されます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>200&#039; reel tape measure</td><td></td><td></td><td>Tape measure can be used to measure bank length and height</td></tr><tr><td>Inclinometer</td><td></td><td></td><td>Inclinometer may be used to measure bank angle.</td></tr><tr><td>GPS</td><td></td><td></td><td>GPS is used to take points along the stream, make sure for mapping purposes to use a GPS that takes accurate readings.</td></tr><tr><td>Camera</td><td></td><td></td><td>Camera is used to take photos of the banks under assessment and of any major stream features.</td></tr></tbody></table>

modifying the bank erosion hazard index (behi) protocol for rapid assessment of streambank erosion in northeastern ohio

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. Sediments from highly eroding streambanks are a major source of pollution in a stream system and have the potential to jeopardize habitat, infrastructure, and stream function. Watershed management practices throughout the Cleveland Metroparks attempt to locate and inventory the source and rate the risk of potential streambank erosion to assist in formulating effect stream, riparian, and habitat management recommendations. The Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), developed by David Rosgen of Wildland Hydrology is a fluvial geomorphic assessment procedure used to evaluate the susceptibility of potential streambank erosion based on a combination of several variables that are sensitive to various processes of erosion. This protocol can be time consuming, difficult for non-professionals, and confined to specific geomorphic regions. To address these constraints and assist in maintaining consistency and reducing user bias, modifications to this protocol include a &#8220;Pre-Screening Questionnaire&#8221;, elimination of the Study Bank-Height Ratio metric including the bankfull determination, and an adjusted scoring system. This modified protocol was used to assess several high priority streams within the Cleveland Metroparks. The original BEHI protocol was also used to confirm the results of the modified BEHI protocol. After using the modified assessment in the field, and comparing it to the original BEHI method, the two were found to produce comparable BEHI ratings of the streambanks, while significantly reducing the amount of time and resources needed to complete the modified protocol.

オリジナルBEHIプロトコル（ 図10）で評価した場合の事前スクリーニングアンケートに合格しなかったと修正されたBEHIプロトコルで評価されなかったStreambanksは、低いまたは非常に低いランクインしています。これはすぐに浸食の極端な速度に中程度発生しているstreambanksを識別するための方法として、事前スクリーニングアンケートの使用をサポートしています。 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio at JoVE.com

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen&#8217;s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

北東オハイオ州のStreambank浸食を迅速に評価するための河岸侵食の危険指数（BEHI）プロトコルの変更

Understanding the source of pollution in a stream is vital to preserving, restoring, and maintaining the stream&#8217;s function and habitat it provides. ...

modifying-bank-erosion-hazard-index-behi-protocol-for-rapid

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI) Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

9.0K ビュー.  Cleveland Metroparks. Streambank erosion potential can be evaluated and ranked using David Rosgen’s Bank Erosion Hazard Index (BEHI), however this protocol has significant limitations. Here we present protocol modifications to address time constraints, allow nonprofessionals to complete accurate assessments, and account for non-alluvial stream conditions in Northeast Ohio.

ビデオ: Modifying the Bank Erosion Hazard Index BEHI Protocol for Rapid Assessment of Streambank Erosion in Northeastern Ohio

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

環境学

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.

Understanding the role of environmental heterogeneity in species coexistence has typically focused on types of heterogeneity that are extrinsic to the community&#8217;s species composition. We provide novel detailed methods for creating soil heterogeneity treatments using soils subject to plant-soil feedback conditioning, or heterogeneity intrinsic to the community composition.

の操作植物に誘導される土壌の不均一性のための実験プロトコール

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

Methods of Soil Resampling to Monitor Changes in the Chemical Concentrations of Forest Soils

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental changes. Repeated sampling to monitor these changes in forest soils is a relatively new practice that is not well documented in the literature and has only recently been broadly embraced by the scientific community. The objective of this protocol is therefore to synthesize the latest information on methods of soil resampling in a format that can be used to design and implement a soil monitoring program. Successful monitoring of forest soils requires that a study unit be defined within an area of forested land that can be characterized with replicate sampling locations. A resampling interval of 5 years is recommended, but if monitoring is done to evaluate a specific environmental driver, the rate of change expected in that driver should be taken into consideration. Here, we show that the sampling of the profile can be done by horizon where boundaries can be clearly identified and horizons are sufficiently thick to remove soil without contamination from horizons above or below. Otherwise, sampling can be done by depth interval. Archiving of sample for future reanalysis is a key step in avoiding analytical bias and providing the opportunity for additional analyses as new questions arise.

Repeated soil sampling has recently been shown to be an effective way to monitor forest soil change over years and decades. To support its use, a protocol is presented that synthesizes the latest information on soil resampling methods to aid in the design and implementation of successful soil monitoring programs.

森林土壌の化学濃度の変化を監視するための土壌リサンプリングの方法

Recent soils research has shown that important chemical soil characteristics can change in less than a decade, often the result of broad environmental ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Laboratory and Field Protocol for Estimating Sheet Erosion Rates from Dendrogeomorphology

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to severe environmental impacts. The understanding of sheet erosion is, consequently, a worldwide issue with implications for both environment and economies. However, the knowledge on how erosion evolves in space and time is still limited, as well as its effects on the environment. Below, we explain a new dendrogeomorphological protocol for deriving eroded soil thickness (Ex) by acquiring accurate microtopographic data using both terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and microtopographic profile gauges. Additionally, standard dendrogeomorphic procedures, dependent on anatomical variations in root rings, are utilized to establish the timing of exposure. Both TLS and microtopographic profile gauges are used to obtain ground surface pro&#64257;les, from which Ex is estimated after the threshold distance (TD) is determined, i.e., the distance between the root and the sediment knickpoint, which allows de&#64257;ning the lowering of the ground surface caused by sheet erosion. For each profile, we measured the height between the topside of the root and a virtual plane tangential to the ground surface. In this way, we intended to avoid small-scale impacts of soil deformation, which may be due to pressures exerted by the root system, or by the arrangement of exposed roots. This may provoke small amounts of soil sedimentation or erosion depending on how they physically affect the surface runoff. We demonstrate that an adequate microtopographic characterization of exposed roots and their associated ground surface is very valuable to obtain accurate erosion rates. This finding could be utilized to develop the best management practices designed to eventually halt or perhaps, at least, lessen soil erosion, so that more sustainable management policies can be put into practice.

Characterizing erosion from dendrogeomorphology has usually focused on accurately finding the starting time of root exposure, by examining macroscopic or cell level changes caused by exposure. Here, we offer a detailed description of different novel techniques to obtain more precise erosion rates from highly accurate microtopographic data.

実験室およびフィールド プロトコル Dendrogeomorphology からシート侵食速度の推定

Sheet erosion is among the crucial drivers of soil degradation. Erosion is controlled by environmental factors and human activities, which often lead to ...

Simulating Impacts of Ice Storms on Forest Ecosystems

Ice storms can have profound and lasting effects on the structure and function of forest ecosystems in regions that experience freezing conditions. Current models suggest that the frequency and intensity of ice storms could increase over the coming decades in response to changes in climate, heightening interest in understanding their impacts. Because of the stochastic nature of ice storms and difficulties in predicting when and where they will occur, most past investigations of the ecological effects of ice storms have been based on case studies following major storms. Since intense ice storms are exceedingly rare events it is impractical to study them by waiting for their natural occurrence. Here we present a novel alternative experimental approach, involving the simulation of glaze ice events on forest plots under field conditions. With this method, water is pumped from a stream or lake and sprayed above the forest canopy when air temperatures are below freezing. The water rains down and freezes upon contact with cold surfaces. As the ice accumulates on trees, the boles and branches bend and break; damage that can be quantified through comparisons with untreated reference stands. The experimental approach described is advantageous because it enables control over the timing and amount of ice applied. Creating ice storms of different frequency and intensity makes it possible to identify critical ecological thresholds necessary for predicting and preparing for ice storm impacts.

Ice storms are important weather events that are challenging to study because of difficulties in predicting their occurrence. Here, we describe a novel method for simulating ice storms that involves spraying water over a forest canopy during sub-freezing conditions.

森林生態系に対する氷嵐の影響のシミュレーション

Ice storms can have profound and lasting effects on the structure and function of forest ecosystems in regions that experience freezing conditions. ...

北東オハイオ州のStreambank浸食を迅速に評価するための河岸侵食の危険指数（BEHI）プロトコルの変更

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この動画の章

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

の操作植物に誘導される土壌の不均一性のための実験プロトコール

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

森林土壌の化学濃度の変化を監視するための土壌リサンプリングの方法

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

実験室およびフィールドプロトコル Dendrogeomorphology からシート侵食速度の推定

森林生態系に対する氷嵐の影響のシミュレーション

北東オハイオ州のStreambank浸食を迅速に評価するための河岸侵食の危険指数（BEHI）プロトコルの変更

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

の操作植物に誘導される土壌の不均一性のための実験プロトコール

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

森林土壌の化学濃度の変化を監視するための土壌リサンプリングの方法

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

実験室およびフィールド プロトコル Dendrogeomorphology からシート侵食速度の推定

森林生態系に対する氷嵐の影響のシミュレーション

実験室およびフィールドプロトコル Dendrogeomorphology からシート侵食速度の推定