This work was supported by the Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) M&#252;nster (SEED 03/12, SB), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB TR128, TP B6 to S.G.M. ME3283/2-1 to S.G.M.) and by Innovative Medizinische Forschung, M&#252;nster (I-BI111316, SB and SGM).

マウスを用いた実験はすべて、それぞれの機関の動物管理使用委員会のガイドラインに従って行われるべきである。 マウスの実験のために1。一般的なコメント<ol><li>病原体を含まない条件下でマウスを維持し、それらに食物と水を自由にアクセスできるようにする。 注：免疫学的パターンは、年齢や性別に応じて変化することができますので、それは実験群における年齢および性別をマッチさせたマウスを使用することが重要です。 </li></ol> 2. OVA特異的CD8 + T細胞（OT-I）の調製及び活性化<ol><li>脳スライスを準備する前に、5日以下に説明するようにOT-I T細胞の刺激を実行します。 注：5×10 5活性化エフェクターCD8 + OT-I T細胞（CD8 + T細胞はMHC-I分子の状況においてのみOVA 257-264ペプチドを認識するトランスジェニックマウス）は、スライス毎に必要とされる濃度5× 10 図5は、実験を選ばれました細胞は、同時に、スライスに移行し始めていることをいったん良好な細胞-細胞相互作用を有利にするために最適なものとして味方は、細胞の量は、単一の細胞が8,18をカウントできるように過剰反応を誘発するために高すぎない。 </li><li> OT-I T細胞を培養するための培地を準備します。 、5％ウシ胎仔血清（FCS）、10mMのHEPES、2mMのL-グルタミン、50μM2-メルカプトエタノール、1％非必須アミノ酸および25μg/ mlのゲンタマイシンを500mlのDMEMを補う。使用するまで4℃でメディアを保管してください。 </li><li>参照16に従ってOT-Iトランスジェニックマウスの脾臓を削除します。準備中にそれらを転送します。 </li><li> 5分、4℃、300×gで70μmのストレーナーと遠心サスペンションを通じて脾臓をすりつぶすことによって、単一細胞懸濁液を生成します。 </li><li>赤血球を溶解するために5分間、5ミリリットル塩化アンモニウム-カリウム（ACK）緩衝液（150mMのNH 4 Clを、10mMのKHCO 3、0.1mMのEDTA、pH7.3）中で細胞懸濁液をインキュベートする。 </li><li> incubati停止再度の10ml培地遠心分離機を持つに上記のように。 </li><li>培地中で細胞懸濁液を希釈し、数値を計算する。プレート3×10 7細胞の密度で細胞/ウェルで12ウェルプレートプライムそれらインキュベーションによるOVA 257 - 264（SIINFEKL; 1nMの）およびインターロイキン2（IL-2）（500 IU / ml）のための5日。 </li><li> 4日後、500 IU / mlの濃度で再度のIL-2を追加する。 </li><li>刺激に続いて、製造者の指示に従って負の選択ベースのマウスCD8 + T細胞単離キットを使用して、細胞懸濁液からのOT-I T細胞を精製する。精製は、CD4、のCD11b、CD11cの、CD19、CD45R（B220）、CD49b（DX5）、CD105、MHCクラスII、テル-119、およびTCRγに対する抗体のカクテルを使用して、すべての非CD8 +細胞の枯渇に基づいています/δその後、精製CD8 + T細胞の溶出に磁気カラムを使用して、破棄される。 注：この。手順で重要なステップREが製造してによって示されている：それは塊の存在は、溶出ステップの間に列をブロックする可能性があるため、反応は、単一の細胞が関与することが重要です。サンプルおよび手順の純度は非特異的抗体バインディングを最小限に抑えるために氷上で行われるべきであるためにByotinカクテルを添加する前に細胞をカウントすることが重要である。 </li></ol> OT-I T細胞急性脳スライスとの共培養の調製<ol><li>急性脳スライス19の製造の前に、200mMのスクロースを用いplacedine氷冷生理食塩水を調製し、20mMのPIPES、2.5mMのKCL、1.25ミリモルのNaH 2 PO 4、10mMのMgSO 4を、0.5のCaCl 2及び10mMデキストロースそして人工脳脊髄液（ACSF）125のNaCl、2.5のKClを使用して1.25のNaH 2 PO 4、24mMのNaHCO 3を、2mMのMgSO 4を、10mMのデキストロース2のCaCl 2、。使うによって7.35に各溶液のpHを調整するgのNaOHを。 ACSFのpHを調整する前に、溶液を、95％O 2および5％CO 2の混合物でバブリングされなければならない。 </li><li>解決策を事前に冷却する。 </li><li> 8麻酔- （10週齢のマウスを、例えば、のC57Bl 5.0％イソフルラン、5.0％ハロタンまたは待ち ​​腹腔内を介して100mg / kgのケタミンおよび10mg / kg体重のキシラジンを注入を使用してコントロールまたは吸入トランスジェニックODC-OVAマウス17のような/ 6麻酔のための麻酔のレベルを評価し、一度にそれらを斬首するためにつま先のピンチを使用しています。制度的動物のケアに従ってマウスを安楽死させると安楽死のための委員会の基準を使用。 </li><li>腹の位置にマウスを置く。駆除と矢状頭皮をカット。 、矢状頭蓋骨を開き、スクープの助けを借りてすぐに脳を除去し、接着剤を使用してビブラトームの板の上にそれを修正。 </li><li>準備placedine氷冷生理食塩水でプレートを埋める。 </li><li>ビブラトームで300μmの冠状切片をカットします。 注：この手順は、知られているnは、少なくとも8時間19-21の時間間隔内で機能的な細胞研究のための適切な実行可能な無傷の組織標本を得た。この期間の後、すでに6時間後に開始し、準備は品質の低下を示している事実、すなわち、活動電位発生と伝播などの基本的および機能的特性が変化する。 </li><li>切片化した後、ACSFで満たされた12ウェルプレートの各ウェルに直ちにつのスライスを転送する。 </li><li>スライスごとに慎重に5×10 5 OT-I T細胞を追加します。 </li><li>インキュベーター（37℃、5％CO 2）中で、最大8時間スライスをインキュベートする。 </li><li>インキュベーション期間の後、収穫スライスおよびOCT化合組織-tekのを使用してそれらを埋め込み、液体窒素中でそれらを凍結する。 例えばへの更なる組織学的研究のために-20℃で保管してください（抗MAPIIまたは抗シナプトフィジン抗体を使用するなど、）ニューロンの構造を評価するか、アポトーシス（ 例えば、抗カスパーゼ3抗体を使用し、抗NeuNの抗体）を、標準的な手順に従って。 </li></ol>

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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

別の動物モデルは、MSのような炎症性脱髄性疾患の病理学的特徴に対処するために、最後の数十年にわたって記載されている。 インビボでのマウス及びラットモデルは広く疾患の病態生理学的特徴を模倣するために使用される、すなわち、脱髄及び髄鞘再形成のプロセスの結果の分析炎症および神経変性の混在エピソードの。それにもかかわらず、唯一のex vivoでのアプローチは...

Death of oligodendrocytes and destruction of the myelin sheath accompanied by loss of neurons and axons are typical pathological findings in grey matter lesions in individuals suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS)1,2. Cortical lesions can be divided so far in three different subtypes2: subpial, intracortical and leukocortical lesions. In comparison to white matter plaques, infiltrates are characterized by a predominance of CD8+ T-cells, suggesting their possible decisive role in grey matter inflammation3. Furthermore, oligoclonal expansions in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and within inflammatory lesions can be found for CD8+ T-cells themselves4-6. 
In line with this, it is assumed that CD8+ T-cells may be specific for different myelin proteins7,8. Indeed, CD8+ T-cells are found near oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths9,10 that show MHC I expression11 and might therefore be responsible for the loss of the myelin sheath. This process is often seen together with extensive &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal and axonal damage within the central nervous system (CNS) grey matter1,2. In fact, direct and indirect death of oligodendrocytes and neurons is induced by CD8+ T-cells via two different mechanism: (i) cell membrane swelling and rupture due to the formation of cytotoxic granules following the release of perforins and granzymes and (ii) ligation to the Fas receptors or exposition of FasL on their surface8,12,13.
Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanism of the mentioned processes. In this respect, primed CD8+ T-cells specific for autoantigens with induced expression in CNS glial cells, like oligodendrocytes or astrocytes, can be adoptively transferred to analyse &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal and axonal death in grey matter subsequently14,15. To perform such in vivo experiments is a big help to mimic some pathophysiological aspects of MS, however, this approach is not suited to resolve the underlying mechanism and kinetics of axonal damage and neuronal apoptosis.
To overcome these restrictions, an ex vivo approach was established to study the mechanisms and time course of neuronal cell death following a oligondendrocytes-directed CD8+ T-cell attack. Since only oligodendrocytes and therefore myelin sheath production should be targeted by immune cells, MHC class-I-restricted, ovalbumin (OVA)-reactive OT-I Tcells are used16. These cells are subsequently transferred into brain slices obtained from mice selectively expressing OVA in oligodendrocytes (ODC-OVA mice)17.

<table><tbody><tr><td>12-Well plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>3513</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31350-010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2-Methylbutan</td><td>Roth</td><td>3927.1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>70 &amp;micro;m strainer</td><td>Falcon</td><td>352350</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.02382.0500</td><td>calcium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>CD8&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;-isolation kit</td><td>Miltenyi Biotech</td><td>130-090-859</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>D(+)-glucose</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.08337.1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>Gibco</td><td>31966-021</td><td>warm in 37 &amp;deg;C water bath before use</td></tr><tr><td>EDTA</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E5134</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FCS</td><td>PAA Laboratories</td><td>A15-151</td><td>fetal calve serum</td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15750-060</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HEPES 1 M</td><td>Gibco</td><td>15630-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-2</td><td>Peprotech</td><td>212-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isofluran</td><td>Abbott</td><td>05260-05</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>KCl</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.04933.0500</td><td>potassium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>KHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P9144</td><td>potassium hydrogen carbonate</td></tr><tr><td>L-Glutamine</td><td>Gibco</td><td>35050-038</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MgSO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.05886.0500</td><td>magnesium sulfate</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>31434</td><td>sodium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>NaH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; * H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06346.0500</td><td>sodium hydrogen phosphate</td></tr><tr><td>NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.06329.0500</td><td>sodium hydrogen carbonate</td></tr><tr><td>NaOH</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.09137.1000</td><td>sodium hydroxide</td></tr><tr><td>NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;Cl</td><td>Sigma</td><td>213330</td><td>ammonium chloride</td></tr><tr><td>Non essential amino acid</td><td>Gibco</td><td>11140-050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>OVA (257-264)</td><td>Genscript</td><td>RP10611</td><td>ovalbumin</td></tr><tr><td>PIPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>P6757</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Merck</td><td>1.07687.1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek OCT</td><td>Sakura</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

an ex vivo model of an oligodendrocyte-directed t-cell attack in acute brain slices

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter lesions in inflammatory demyelinating disorders like multiple sclerosis (MS). In these disorders, mainly CD8+ T-cells of putative specificity for myelin- and oligodendrocyte-related antigens are found, so that neuronal apoptosis in grey matter lesions may be a collateral effect of these cells. Different types of animal models are established to study the underlying mechanisms of the mentioned pathophysiological processes. However, although they mimic some aspects of MS, it is impossible to dissect the exact mechanism and time course of &#8216;&#8216;collateral&#8217;&#8217; neuronal cell death. To address this course, here we show a protocol to study the mechanisms and time response of neuronal damage following an oligodendrocyte-directed CD8+ T cell attack. To target only the myelin sheath and the oligodendrocytes, in vitro activated oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells are transferred into acutely isolated brain slices. After a defined incubation period, myelin and neuronal damage can be analysed in different regions of interest. Potential applications and limitations of this model will be discussed.

オリゴデンドロサイト特異的CD8 + T細胞による脳切片をインキュベートした後、希突起膠細胞、ならびに神経細胞（それぞれ図2Aおよび図1C）、アポトーシスを受ける。アポトーシス（ 例えば、カスパーゼ-3、TUNEL）の組織学的徴候が早いインキュベーションの3時間後に検出することができる。潜伏期間は準備と再現性のある結果の良い品質を保証するために、8時間...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices at JoVE.com

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

アン<em&gt;エクスビボ</em急性脳スライスにおけるオリゴデンドロサイト指向T細胞攻撃の&gt;モデル

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

an-ex-vivo-model-an-oligodendrocyte-directed-t-cell-attack-acute

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

6.9K ビュー.  University of Münster. To address mechanisms of demyelination and neuronal apoptosis in cortical lesions of inflammatory demyelinating disorders, different animal models are used. We here describe an ex vivo approach by using oligodendrocyte-specific CD8+ T-cells on brain slices, resulting in oligodendroglial and neuronal death. Potential applications and limitations of the model are discussed.

ビデオ: An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As such, primary or &#39;neuronal-like&#39; cell culture systems are commonly utilized. While&#160;these systems are relatively easy to work with, and are useful model systems in which various functional outcomes (such as cell death) can be readily quantified, the examined outcomes and pathways in cultured immature neurons (such as excitotoxicity-mediated cell death pathways) are not necessarily the same as those observed in mature brain, or in intact tissue. Therefore, there is the need to develop models in which cellular mechanisms in mature neural tissue can be examined. We have developed an in vitro technique that can be used to investigate a variety of molecular pathways in intact nervous tissue. The technique described herein utilizes rat cortical tissue, but this technique can be adapted to use tissue from a variety of species (such as mouse, rabbit, guinea pig, and chicken) or brain regions (for example, hippocampus, striatum, etc.). Additionally, a variety of stimulations/treatments can be used (for example, excitotoxic, administration of inhibitors, etc.). In conclusion, the brain slice model described herein can be used to examine a variety of molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.

Excitotoxic Stimulation of Brain Microslices as an In vitro Model of Stroke

We have developed a brain slice model which can be used to examine molecular mechanisms involved in excitotoxicity-mediated brain injury.&#160;This technique generates viable mature brain tissue and reduces animal numbers required for experimentation, whilst keeping the neuronal circuitry, cellular interactions, and postsynaptic compartments partly intact.

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;脳卒中のモデル

Examining molecular mechanisms involved in neuropathological conditions, such as ischemic stroke, can be difficult when using whole animal systems. As ...

医学

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion channel, and transporter cell surface presentation on a minutes time scale.&#160;There is a broad diversity of mechanisms that control endocytic trafficking of individual proteins. Studies investigating the molecular underpinnings of trafficking have primarily relied upon surface biotinylation to quantitatively measure changes in membrane protein surface expression in response to exogenous stimuli and gene manipulation.&#160;However, this approach has been mainly limited to cultured cells, which may not faithfully reflect the physiologically relevant mechanisms at play in adult neurons.&#160;Moreover, cultured cell approaches may underestimate region-specific differences in trafficking mechanisms.&#160;Here, we describe an approach that extends cell surface biotinylation to the acute brain slice preparation.&#160;We demonstrate that this method provides a high-fidelity approach to measure rapid changes in membrane protein surface levels in adult neurons.&#160;This approach is likely to have broad utility in the field of neuronal endocytic trafficking.

Brain Slice Biotinylation: An Ex Vivo Approach to Measure Region-specific Plasma Membrane Protein Trafficking in Adult Neurons

Neuronal membrane trafficking dynamically controls plasma membrane protein availability and significantly impacts neurotransmission.&#160;To date, it has been challenging to measure neuronal endocytic trafficking in adult neurons.&#160;Here, we describe a highly effective, quantitative method to measure rapid changes in surface protein expression ex vivo in acute brain slices.

脳スライスビオチン：<em&gt;生体外</emアダルトニューロンにおいて地域固有の細胞膜のタンパク質輸送を測定するために&gt;の取り組み

Regulated endocytic trafficking is the central mechanism facilitating a variety of neuromodulatory events, by dynamically controlling receptor, ion ...

神経科学

Organotypic Slice Cultures to Study Oligodendrocyte Dynamics and Myelination

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During embryonic and postnatal development they actively proliferate and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes. These cells have commonly been studied in primary dissociated cultures, neuron cocultures, and in fixed tissue. Using newly available transgenic mouse lines slice culture systems can be used to investigate proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells in both gray and white matter regions of the forebrain and cerebellum. Slice cultures are prepared from early postnatal mice and are kept in culture for up to 1 month. These slices can be imaged multiple times over the culture period to investigate cellular behavior and interactions. This method allows visualization of NG2 cell division and the steps leading to oligodendrocyte differentiation while enabling detailed analysis of region-dependent NG2 cell and oligodendrocyte functional heterogeneity. This is a powerful technique that can be used to investigate the intrinsic and extrinsic signals influencing these cells over time in a cellular environment that closely resembles that found in vivo.

A technique to study NG2 cells and oligodendrocytes using a slice culture system of the forebrain and cerebellum is described. This method allows examination of the dynamics of proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendrocyte lineage where the extracellular environment can be easily manipulated while maintaining tissue cytoarchitecture.

オリゴデンドロサイトダイナミクスと髄鞘形成を研究するための器官型スライス培養

NG2 expressing cells (polydendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursor cells) are the fourth major glial cell population in the central nervous system. During ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. This model is suitable for addressing different research questions that involve studies on neuroprotection, electrophysiological experiments on neurons, neuronal networks or tumor invasion. The hippocampal architecture and neuronal activity in multisynaptic circuits are well conserved in OHSC, even though the slicing procedure itself initially lesions and leads to formation of a glial scar. The scar formation alters presumably the mechanical properties and diffusive behavior of small molecules, etc. Slices allow the monitoring of time dependent processes after brain injury without animal surgery, and studies on interactions between various brain-derived cell types, namely astrocytes, microglia and neurons under both physiological and pathological conditions. An ambivalent aspect of this model is the absence of blood flow and immune blood cells. During the progression of the neuronal injury, migrating immune cells from the blood play an important role. As those cells are missing in slices, the intrinsic processes in the culture may be observed without external interference. Moreover, in OHSC the composition of the medium-external environment is precisely controlled. A further advantage of this method is the lower number of sacrificed animals compared to standard preparations. Several OHSC can be obtained from one animal making simultaneous studies with multiple treatments in one animal possible. For these reasons, OHSC are well suited to analyze the effects of new protective therapeutics after tissue damage or during tumor invasion. 
The protocol presented here describes a preparation method of OHSC that allows generating highly reproducible, well preserved slices that can be used for a variety of experimental research, like neuroprotection or tumor invasion studies.

Organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC) represent an in vitro model that simulates the in vivo situation very well. Here we describe a vibratome-based improved slicing protocol to obtain high quality slices for use in assessing the neuroprotective potential of novel substances or the biological behavior of tumor cells.

研究保護および腫瘍細胞の侵襲性をモデルとして脊髄海馬スライス培養

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...

Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy

Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced tools currently used to study neurons, have only partly been taken on by oligodendrocyte researchers. Cell type-specific staining by viral transduction is a useful approach to study live organelle dynamics. This paper describes a protocol for visualizing oligodendrocyte mitochondria in organotypic brain slices by transduction with adeno-associated virus (AAV) carrying genes for mitochondrial targeted fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of the myelin basic protein promoter. It includes the protocol for making organotypic coronal mouse brain slices. A procedure for time-lapse imaging of mitochondria then follows. These methods can be transferred to other organelles and may be particularly useful for studying organelles in the myelin sheath. Finally, we describe a readily available technique for visualization of unstained myelin in living slices by Confocal Reflectance microscopy (CoRe). CoRe requires no extra equipment and can be useful to identify the myelin sheath during live imaging.

Myelinating oligodendrocytes promote rapid action potential propagation and neuronal survival. Described here is a protocol for oligodendrocyte-specific expression of fluorescent proteins in organotypic brain slices with subsequent time-lapse imaging. Further, a simple procedure for visualizing unstained myelin is presented.

可視化とアデノ随伴ウイルスと共焦点顕微鏡を用いた脊髄脳スライスにおけるオリゴデンドロ サイト オルガネラのライブ イメージング

Neurons rely on the electric insulation and trophic support of myelinating oligodendrocytes. Despite the importance of oligodendrocytes, the advanced ...

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, very few have been widely accepted. Here, we propose&#160;a new procedure&#160;adapted from the well-known ex vivo brain slice technique, which offers a closer in vivo-like scenario than in vitro preparations, for investigating the early events triggering cell degeneration, as observed in Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD). This variation consists of simple and easily reproducible steps, which enable preservation of the anatomical cytoarchitecture of the selected brain region and its local functionality in a physiological milieu. Different anatomical areas can be obtained from the same brain, providing the opportunity to perform multiple experiments with the treatments in question in a site-, dose-, and time-dependent manner. Potential limitations&#160;which could affect the outcomes related to this methodology are related to the conservation of the tissue, i.e., the maintenance of its anatomical integrity during the slicing and incubation steps and the section thickness, which can influence the biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. This approach can be employed for different purposes, such as exploring molecular mechanisms involved in physiological or pathological conditions, drug screening, or dose-response assays. Finally, this protocol could also reduce the number of animals employed in behavioral studies. The application reported here has been recently described and tested for the first time on ex vivo rat brain slices containing the basal forebrain (BF), which is one of the cerebral regions primarily affected in AD. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that the administration of a toxic peptide derived from the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) could prompt an AD-like profile, triggering, along the antero-posterior axis of the BF, a differential expression of proteins altered in AD, such as the alpha7 nicotinic receptor (&#945;7-nAChR), phosphorylated Tau (p-Tau), and amyloid beta (A&#946;).

An Alternative Approach to Study Primary Events in Neurodegeneration Using Ex Vivo Rat Brain Slices

We present a method which can&#160;provide further insights into the early events underlying neurodegeneration and based on the established ex-vivo brain technique, combining the advantages of in vivo and in vitro experiments. Moreover, it represents a unique opportunity for direct comparison of treated and untreated group in the same anatomical plane.

Ex Vivoラット脳切片を用いた神経変性疾患の主要なイベントを勉強する方法

Despite&#160;numerous studies that attempt to develop reliable animal models&#160;which reflecting the primary processes underlying neurodegeneration, ...

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of homeostasis, undergo rapid morphological changes. For example, a laser lesion induces in a few minutes an oriented growth of microglial processes, also called &#34;directional motility&#34;, toward the site of injury. A similar effect can be obtained by delivering locally ATP or serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]). In this article, we describe a protocol to induce a directional growth of microglial processes toward a local application of ATP or 5-HT in acute brain slices of young and adult mice and to image this attraction over time by multiphoton microscopy. A simple method of quantification with free and open-source image analysis software is proposed. A challenge that still characterizes acute brain slices is the limited time, decreasing with age, during which the cells remain in a physiological state. This protocol, thus, highlights some technical improvements (medium, air-liquid interface chamber, imaging chamber with a double perfusion) aimed at optimizing the viability of microglial cells over several hours, especially in slices from adult mice.

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, respond quickly with morphological changes to modifications of their environment. This protocol describes how to use two-photon microscopy to study the attraction of microglial processes toward serotonin or ATP in acute brain slices of mice.

ATP または急性脳スライスにおけるセロトニンに対するミクログリアのプロセスの魅力の二光子励起イメージング

Microglial cells are resident innate immune cells of the brain that constantly scan their environment with their long processes and, upon disruption of ...

Ex Vivo Myelination and Remyelination in Cerebellar Slice Cultures as a Quantitative Model for Developmental and Disease-Relevant Manipulations

Studying myelination&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo poses numerous challenges. The differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)&#160;in vitro, although scalable,&#160;does not recapitulate axonal myelination. OPC-neuron cocultures and OPC-fiber cultures allow for the examination of in vitro myelination, but they lack additional cell types that are present in vivo, such as astrocytes and microglia. In vivo&#160;mouse models, however, are less amenable to chemical, environmental, and genetic manipulation and are much more labor intensive. Here, we describe&#160;an&#160;ex vivo mouse cerebellar slice culture (CSC) quantitative system that is useful for: 1) studying developmental myelination, 2) modeling demyelination and remyelination, and 3) conducting translational research. Sagittal sections of the cerebellum and hindbrain are isolated from postnatal day (P) 0&#8211;2 mice, after which they myelinate&#160;ex vivo&#160;for 12 days. During this period, slices can be manipulated in various ways, including the addition of compounds to test for an effect on developmental myelination. In addition, tissue can be fixed for electron microscopy to assess myelin ultrastructure and compaction. To model disease, CSC can be subjected to acute hypoxia to induce hypomyelination. Demyelination in these explants can also be induced by lysolecithin, which allows for the identification of factors that promote remyelination. Aside from chemical and environmental modifications, CSC can be isolated from transgenic mice and are responsive to genetic manipulation induced with Ad-Cre adenoviruses and tamoxifen. Thus, cerebellar slice cultures are a fast, reproducible, and quantifiable model for recapitulating myelination.

Presented is a protocol for an ex vivo quantitative model of demyelination and remyelination using mouse cerebellar slice cultures. This method closely recapitulates an in vivo model with its full complement of CNS cell types in intact tissue, while maintaining the chemical, genetic, and environmental amenability of an in vitro system.

Studying myelination&#160;in vitro&#160;and&#160;in vivo poses numerous challenges. The differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs)&#160;in ...

A Model of Epileptogenesis in Rhinal Cortex-Hippocampus Organotypic Slice Cultures

Organotypic slice cultures have been widely used to model brain disorders and are considered excellent platforms for evaluating a drug&#8217;s neuroprotective and therapeutic potential. Organotypic slices are prepared from explanted tissue and represent a complex multicellular ex vivo environment. They preserve the three-dimensional cytoarchitecture and local environment of brain cells, maintain the neuronal connectivity and the neuron-glia reciprocal interaction. Hippocampal organotypic slices are considered suitable to explore the basic mechanisms of epileptogenesis, but clinical research and animal models of epilepsy have suggested that the rhinal cortex, composed of perirhinal and entorhinal cortices, play a relevant role in seizure generation.
Here, we describe the preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. Recordings of spontaneous activity from the CA3 area under perfusion with complete growth medium, at physiological temperature and in the absence of pharmacological manipulations, showed that these slices depict evolving epileptic-like events throughout time in culture. Increased cell death, through propidium iodide uptake assay, and gliosis, assessed with fluorescence-coupled immunohistochemistry, was also observed. The experimental approach presented highlights the value of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slice cultures as a platform to study the dynamics and progression of epileptogenesis and to screen potential therapeutic targets for this brain pathology.

Here, we describe the preparation of rhinal cortex-hippocampus organotypic slices. Under a gradual and controlled deprivation of serum, these slices depict evolving epileptic-like events and can be considered an ex vivo model of epileptogenesis. This system represents an excellent tool for monitoring the dynamics of spontaneous activity, as well as for assessing the progression of neuroinflammatory features throughout the course of epileptogenesis.

リナル皮質-海馬の組織性スライス培養におけるてんかん発生のモデル

Organotypic slice cultures have been widely used to model brain disorders and are considered excellent platforms for evaluating a drug&#8217;s ...

Confocal Imaging of Mitochondrial Movement within Oligodendrocytes in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures

<a href='https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56237/visualization-live-imaging-oligodendrocyte-organelles-organotypic'>Source: Kennedy, L. H., et. al. Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and Confocal Microscopy. J. Vis. Exp. (2017)</a>This video demonstrates the imaging of oligodendrocyte mitochondria in organotypic mouse brain slices. The slice is placed inside a bath chamber with continuous fluid circulation and controlled temperature. After setting up various parameters of the confocal microscope, time-lapse images of mitochondria with red fluorescence are captured, followed by Z-stack images of the oligodendrocyte with green fluorescence.

Source: Kennedy, L. H., et. al. Visualization and Live Imaging of Oligodendrocyte Organelles in Organotypic Brain Slices Using Adeno-associated Virus and ...

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さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激

脳スライスビオチン：

オリゴデンドロサイトダイナミクスと髄鞘形成を研究するための器官型スライス培養

研究保護および腫瘍細胞の侵襲性をモデルとして脊髄海馬スライス培養

可視化とアデノ随伴ウイルスと共焦点顕微鏡を用いた脊髄脳スライスにおけるオリゴデンドロサイトオルガネラのライブイメージング

Ex Vivoラット脳切片を用いた神経変性疾患の主要なイベントを勉強する方法

ATP または急性脳スライスにおけるセロトニンに対するミクログリアのプロセスの魅力の二光子励起イメージング

Ex Vivo Myelination and Remyelination in Cerebellar Slice Cultures as a Quantitative Model for Developmental and Disease-Relevant Manipulations

リナル皮質-海馬の組織性スライス培養におけるてんかん発生のモデル

Confocal Imaging of Mitochondrial Movement within Oligodendrocytes in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures

アン

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

脳Microslicesの興奮毒性刺激

脳スライスビオチン：

オリゴデンドロサイトダイナミクスと髄鞘形成を研究するための器官型スライス培養

研究保護および腫瘍細胞の侵襲性をモデルとして脊髄海馬スライス培養

可視化とアデノ随伴ウイルスと共焦点顕微鏡を用いた脊髄脳スライスにおけるオリゴデンドロ サイト オルガネラのライブ イメージング

Ex Vivoラット脳切片を用いた神経変性疾患の主要なイベントを勉強する方法

ATP または急性脳スライスにおけるセロトニンに対するミクログリアのプロセスの魅力の二光子励起イメージング

Ex Vivo Myelination and Remyelination in Cerebellar Slice Cultures as a Quantitative Model for Developmental and Disease-Relevant Manipulations

リナル皮質-海馬の組織性スライス培養におけるてんかん発生のモデル

Confocal Imaging of Mitochondrial Movement within Oligodendrocytes in Organotypic Brain Slice Cultures

可視化とアデノ随伴ウイルスと共焦点顕微鏡を用いた脊髄脳スライスにおけるオリゴデンドロサイトオルガネラのライブイメージング