The scientific advice of Drs. Timothy McMahon and Siqing Shan is appreciated. The presenters thank Drs. David Kirsch and Patricia Steeg for the generous gift of the fluorescently labeled Mouse Sarcoma and metastatic MDAMB-231 cells, respectively. This work was funded in part by the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) Prime Award Number N66001-10-C-2134, and in part by the Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center.

注：このプロトコルで説明されているすべての動物関連する手順は、以前にデューク大学施設内動物管理使用委員会（DUIACUC）によって承認されている。 1.がん細胞培養およびインジェクション<ol><li>蛍光標識された転移性癌細胞（ 例えば 、ヒトMDAMB231-GFP乳癌細胞、博士パトリシアシュテーク、NCIからの贈り物、とYFP標識マウス肉腫細胞、デビッドキルシュ、デューク大学医療センター、放射線腫瘍科からの贈り物）を育成（10％ウシ胎児血清および1％ペニシリン/ストレプトアビジン、例えばダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM））適切な培養培地中で、37℃で約90％コンフルエントになるまで。 </li><li>トリプシン処理細胞を、カウント、PBSでそれらを2回洗浄し、次いで27 G針を注射器を用いて、動物あたり5百万個の細胞で、イソフルラン麻酔10週齢の雌ヌードラットの尾静脈へ注入。外科レベルanesthesとりわけ、トーピンチに対する反応の欠如によって確認される。 </li></ol>マイクロCTを使用して、転移の2モニタリング<ol><li>上記転移直径が直径約2mmの存在を検出するために、マイクロCT /マイクロ照射装置を用いて週に一度、ラットを調べる。以前12に記載のように、マイクロCTは、委託されている。 <ol><li>イメージングの前に3％のイソフルラン麻酔の対象とラット。つま先のピンチによる深い麻酔を確認してください。 </li><li>麻酔の発症後、すぐに画像化チャンバ内イメージングクレードルにラットを転送し、2.5から3パーセントにイソフルランと空気の混合物にノーズコーンを経由して接続します。イメージングクレードルの外部に位置制御とレーザー区切り文字を使用して、その胸部がマイクロCTスキャナの光子ビームに配置されている方法で、クレードルにラットの位置を調整します。ガンマ線から調査員を遮蔽するために、イメージング室のドアが閉じていることを確認してください。 </li><li>再び用いて動物の位置を制御するカラービデオカメラ。低解像度のCT撮影テストの実行を実行し、胸腔のXYZ寸法に視野を調整するために、得られる画像を使用しています。 </li><li>イメージラットの40のkVpで2ミリメートルのAlフィルタを使用して、胸郭、2.5ミリアンペア、及び7 fpsで0.008ボクセルとそのケージに動物を返す。 1動物の画像化はしないより15以上または20分を取る必要があります。完全に回復するまで、他の動物の会社に手術を受けた動物を返さないでください。それは胸骨横臥位を維持するのに十分な意識を取り戻したまでは無人の動物を放置しないでください。 </li><li>胸腔内の血管では説明できない、比較的放射線不透過オブジェクトの出現によって転移を確認する（ 図1A） </li></ol></li></ol> 3.ウィンドウ商工手術<ol><li>麻酔、バイタルサイン及び尾静脈カテーテル法<ol><li>転移性疾患の存在で動物を選択します。腹腔dで動物に注入する50mg / kgのペントバルビタールのOSE。先に進む前に、つま先のピンチによって外科レベルの麻酔を確認してください。 注：麻酔プロトコルは、それぞれの実験のセットアップに一致させる必要があります。容易な再​​投薬の選択肢を提供しながらペントバルビタールは、長い手順のための深い麻酔を誘導するために、長時間作用型麻酔薬として、ここで選ばれました。しかし、過剰投与の動物の損失はペントバルビタール麻酔に共通の問題である。ペントバルビタールよりも大きな程度に自律神経反射神経を保持する別のオプションは、そのようなしかし、単一の再投与サイクルのために許可しキシラジンまたはメデトミジン、などの鎮静剤と​​の組み合わせでケタミンです。 </li><li>クリッパーを使用して、転移性疾患を有する、頸部領域における本体の側面に動物を剃る。皮膚から残りのすべての抜け毛を拭き取ってください。抜け毛を除去した後、乾燥するのを防ぐために、眼に獣医軟膏を適用する。 注：無胸腺ヌードラットはrequiが残留髪を持っていること外科手術手順に進む前にRES除去。それは外科的手技およびイメージングを妨げる可能性として、それは、徹底的にすべての毛を除去することは非常に重要です。 </li><li> 37℃の水を循環加熱パッド上に配置された金属板上に仰臥位で動物を修正。フロントと後肢四肢をテープでプレートに固定されている。 注：それは制御し、外科的および実験手順を通じて、パルス酸素濃度計を使用して、このような心拍数と動脈血酸素化などのバイタルサインを記録するのに便利です。 </li></ol></li><li>気管挿管<ol><li>動物の換気のためにカテーテルを配置するために、最初の気管に縦筋系の腹の中央分離することにより横方向子宮頸部皮膚切開を行う。 </li><li>気管の背側を通して縫合糸の通路を作成するには、鋭いピンセットを用いて繰り返し開閉·ツー·クローズアクションを使用します。 </li><li> T上の気管内に小さな切開を作る彼腹側、およそ第二及び第三の気管輪の間に、半円形を超えない。気管カテーテルの固定を可能にするために、背側表面に露出した気管の十分長い部分のままにしておきます。 </li><li>気管内に2.5〜3.0ミリメートル &quot;Y&quot;気管カニューレを挿入し、4-0モノフィラメント縫合糸で締めます。正の肺動脈圧を維持するために、カニューレは水の6センチメートルで満たされている有効期限のダクトに接続され、ボトルに圧力循環人工呼吸器に接続されていることを確認してください。実験的にそれ以外の目的のない限り、流入ガスは、100％酸素でなければなりません。 </li><li> 25-27 G針でカテーテルを挿入し、ラットの尾静脈のいずれかに、ヘパリン化生理食塩水で満たされ、テープで固定します。 注：繰り返し尾静脈にヘパリン処理生理食塩水を少量注入することにより、作業中は尾静脈カテーテルの開存性を確認してください。気管の指導すなわちまた、オロ·気管挿管、麻酔した動物の口を経由し、気管に喉頭過去のチューブは、ここで説明されている気管切開手順に可能な代替である。しかし、この方法は、気管への損傷を避けるために、特別な訓練と経験を必要とし、また、食道の偶発的カニューレ挿入を排除する。 </li></ol></li><li>肺のウィンドウの適用<ol><li>切開を作成することにより、転移性疾患が配置されて胸の側から皮膚を除去した後、鈍的切開を使用して皮膚を外す。 注：皮膚を切除し、剥離の後に除去することができます</li><li>オーバーレイする筋肉組織（胸筋、鋸、および広背筋）の2つの層を切開するが、そのまま肋間筋を残すことによって進んでください。典型的には、2つの隣接するリブの一部を除去することにより、直径約1.5cmの胸腔内の穿孔を作成する。理想的には、第六及び第七rの領域の中に穿孔を見つけるIBS。 </li><li>骨切り術： <ol><li>肺表面に出血し、被害を最小限に抑えるために、しっかりと切削中に歯の手術鉗子で切断するリブを開催。外科用ハサミを使用して、外部のポインティング残存肋骨の尖った側を残して、約45°の角度で、第一リブの内側をカット。 </li><li>その後、再度、肺表面の損傷を防止するために、外側に向いて肋骨の尖った側を残して、同様にして肋骨の側面を切る。 </li><li>肋間筋をカットし、切除した部分を削除した後、隣接するリブのための手順を繰り返します。この手順の間、肺表面と胸郭との間の機械的相互作用が最小化されるように、肺の圧力を維持する。適切に人工呼吸器上のインスピレーションの圧力を調節することによってこれを行います。 </li></ol></li><li>ウィンドウの挿入： <ol><li>あるカバーガラスからなる、カスタムメイドの肺のウィンドウを挿入しますプレキシグラスソケット（ 図1B）に装着。接着によってソケットに窓を取り付け、または真空グリースの非常に少量を適用することによって。表面転移がウィンドウの中心に近い位置していることのようにウィンドウを挿入します。必要に応じて、それぞれの側に少し穴を大きくすることで、ウィンドウの中心に微小転移をもたらすために挿入された穴を調整します。 注：胸膜表面上の転移性疾患は、割れ目に沿って、主に現れる肺表面のそれ以外の場合はピンク·ツー·サーモン色の健全な部品内明確に認識白い点または領域として識別することができます。微小転移は胸膜外装の他の領域で発生する可能性がありますが、調べた細胞株は、ほとんど常に転移性疾患は放射線学的に検出することができたら、穿孔領域に微小転移を浮上表示します。 </li><li>穿孔にソケットに挿入、およびlの臓側胸膜との直接接触を作成した後長官、4.0モノフィラメント縫合糸（ 図1C）を使用して、周囲の肋間筋に、窓枠の縁を縫合する。脱出するとシールを作成するために残留空気を助けるために人工呼吸器にインスピレーション圧力のわずかな増加を使用してください。 注：ラットの呼吸速度は、それは70と90拍の間の呼吸速度を調整することが推奨されるなど、麻酔、興奮や不安状態、吸気中の酸素濃度（のFiO 2）の状態に応じて、大きく変化し得る。インスピレーション圧力が慎重に調整されるべきであり、約以上に設定することはできませ。肺表面への損傷を回避するための8cm H 2 O（0.6 mmHg）で、。 </li></ol></li><li>蛍光顕微鏡下で、恒温（電気）加熱ブランケット上に配置された鋼板上のZ方向の動き（ 図1D）を排除するように設計されているカスタムデザインの制止に動物を配置します。動物の体を制御する直腸サーミスタを用いた温度。動物の制止のネジを調整し、人工呼吸器にインスピレーション圧力が横方向の動きの最適な制御を実現する。 注：二国間、背腹、および頭尾：哺乳動物の自然な呼吸は、肺の動きと胸の延長のすべての3つの方向を伴う。可能な限り自然な呼吸運動を維​​持するためには、必要な範囲でZ方向の圧縮を最小限にすることが重要である。 Z次元拘束血流と他のパラメータに影響を与える可能性のアーチファクトを導入する可能性があるので、同じ動物で繰り返した一連の測定の間、一定の条件を維持することが望ましい。 </li></ol></li></ol>微小循環血流の4イメージングおよび測定<ol><li>心穿刺によって赤血球を収集し、前述のように、のDiI（1,1 = -dioctadecyl -3,3,3- =、3 =テトラメチルインドカルボシアニン過塩素酸塩）でそれらをラベル&lt;SUP&gt; 10。 </li><li>窓室手術が行われる前にガラス窓に初回通過の接着効果を回避するために、ラットの尾静脈への標識赤血球の300μLを注入する。静脈内への空気の導入はそれ以上の注射を阻害するように、注射器やカテーテル内の任意の気泡を除去。 </li><li>画像血液温度を冷却-40℃チップにおける顕微鏡CCDカメラで流れ、及び約100X全体の解像度（10X顕微鏡対物レンズを有する、すなわち 、および10Xプレカメラ眼）。標準ローダミン/ TRITCフィルターセット（励起450から490ナノメートル、放射&gt; 515 nm）を使用してください。結果として生じる画像シーケンスの実際のフレームレートとピクセル解像度を記録する。スタックごとにレコードが少なくとも200（理想的には約300）の画像は、流速の成功分析を確実にする。 </li><li>すべての時間食塩IPの約1ミリリットルを注入することによって、動物における流体損失を補充する。 注：介入を伴う実験的な設定、 例えば肺の癌転移における血流速度を修正する薬剤は、肺転移癌の血流速度の繰り返し測定を必要とする。これらの拡張された実験では、十分な流体を動物に補充することが重要である。 </li><li>尾静脈に3NのKCl 3mlを注入することによって動物を安楽死させる</li><li>すべての血流の流速グレースケール及びカラーコードされたマップ10,11をトレース作成され公開され、公的に利用可能なMatlabのベースのコンピュータアルゴリズムを使用して画像スタックを評価する。続いて、そのようなイメージJとして、商業的または公的に利用可能な画像解析ソフトを用いて得られたグレースケール画像を評価し、血液細胞のない動きがないことを示す値から閾値処理の後、アクティブな脈管構造、すなわちない 。 </li></ol>

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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+combination+of+theophylline+and+endothelin+receptor+antagonism+improves+exercise+performance+of+rats+under+simulated+high+altitude.">The combination of theophylline and endothelin receptor antagonism improves exercise performance of rats under simulated high altitude.</a> Journal of applied physiology. 113, 1243-1252 (2012).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もない。

モデルは、生体顕微鏡と計算血流分析を用いて、画像の微小循環血流の変化とラットの肺転移の他の動的プロセスを実行可能であることが示されている。他の方法は、げっ歯類の開放胸郭内の露出肺に顕微鏡検査を実行するために存在するが、このモデルは、閉胸設定における胸壁の穿孔を通して画像肺転移の最初のものである。この方法を使用して、実現可能性は、肺転移の微小循環血流?...

The lung is one of the most important target organs of metastatic disease, and because this condition is difficult to treat successfully with chemo- and radiation therapy, a cure is still rare1,2. Specific pathophysiological and microcirculatory features of solid primary and metastatic tumors, such as microregional hypoxia, diffusion limitation and inefficient tumor vasculature, greatly contribute to their resistance to anticancer treatment3,4. Due to the microscopic scale and dynamic nature of parameters such as microvascular blood flow, intravital microscopy of the tumor in the living animal has become a very important research tool in the field5. While intravital microscopy models have been applied to tumors in different organ sites, including the metastatic lung within an open rib cage, no protocol has been developed yet for the research of pulmonary metastases in a physiologically preserving, closed-chest environment6,7. Such an endeavor is particularly hampered by the necessity to surgically access the rib cage without affecting the overall function of the lung7-9. Recently, a method was introduced to image pulmonary microcirculatory blood flow in a close-chest setting in live rats, using fluorescence intravital microscopy10. This protocol enables the systematic quantification of blood flow velocity from injected, fluorescently labeled red blood cells, using computerized analysis, while keeping the animal physiologically stable and preserving the integrity of the lung11. In this present study, it is shown how this technology can be modified to image and quantify microcirculatory blood flow in tail vein-inoculated pulmonary metastases on the pleural surface in the immunocompromised rat. This model is also the first one to study metastatic lung tumors in a closed-chest intravital microscopy setting.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Athymic nude rats</td><td>Charles River</td><td>Strain code 316</td><td>Female 10 week-old athymic nude rats</td></tr><tr><td>micro-CT/micro-Irradiator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Precision X-ray Inc.</td><td>Xrad 225Cx</td><td>Use MicroCT to detect metastases</td></tr><tr><td>DiI (1,1=-dioctadecyl-3,3,3=,3=-tetramethyl-indocarbocyanine perchlorate)</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>468495-100MG</td><td>Mix 100 ul packed red blood cells with 100 ul of 0.5 mg/ml DiI in 200 proof ethanol, 2 ml of 5% dextrose solution in water, and fill up to a 10-ml final volume with saline</td></tr><tr><td>Rodent ventilator</td><td>Kent Scientific</td><td>TOPO Small Animal Ventilator</td><td>Device is important to maintain positive lung pressure after application of pneumothorax</td></tr><tr><td>Zeiss Axioskop fluorescence microscope upright</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axioskop</td><td>Microscope for intravital imaging</td></tr><tr><td>Andor CCD camera</td><td>Andor</td><td>iXonEM 885</td><td>CCD camera for live imaging of blood flow</td></tr><tr><td>Pulse oximeter</td><td>StarrLife</td><td>MouseOx</td><td>Pulse oximeter</td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence microscope</td><td>Zeiss</td><td>Axioskop</td><td>Fluorescence microscope</td></tr></tbody></table>

automated measurement of microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary metastases of rats

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. However, very few methods exist to date to investigate lung metastases in a dynamic fashion at the microcirculatory level, due to the difficulty to access the lung with a microscope. Here, an intravital microscopy method is presented to functionally image and quantify the microcirculation of superficial pulmonary metastases in rats, using a closed-chest pulmonary window and automated analysis of blood flow velocity and direction. The utility of this method is demonstrated to measure increases in blood flow velocity in response to pharmacological intervention, and to image the well-known tortuous vasculature of solid tumors. This is the first demonstration of intravital microscopy on pulmonary metastases in a closed-chest model. Because of its minimized invasiveness, as well as due to its relative ease and practicality, this technology has the potential to experience widespread use in laboratories that specialize on pulmonary tumor research.

固形腫瘍における血管系は、屈曲度の大きい度、高い脈管間の距離13を示し、正常な血液供給と大きく異なることが知られている。正常な肺の微小循環（ 図2A、上パネル）と比較した場合、それに応じて、実験的肺乳癌および肉腫の転移における血流トラックは、不規則な形状、大きな脈管間の隙間（ 図2A、下側2パネル）を有する。以前の研究では、肺のウ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Automated Measurement of Microcirculatory Blood Flow Velocity in Pulmonary Metastases of Rats at JoVE.com

Automated Measurement of Microcirculatory Blood Flow Velocity in Pulmonary Metastases of Rats

A method is presented to measure microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary cancer metastases of the pleural surface in rats in an automated fashion, using closed-chest pulmonary intravital microscopy. This model has potential to be used as a widespread tool to perform physiologic research on pulmonary metastases in rodents.

ラットの肺転移における微小循環血流速度の自動測定

Because the lung is a major target organ of metastatic disease, animal models to study the physiology of pulmonary metastases are of great importance. ...

automated-measurement-microcirculatory-blood-flow-velocity-pulmonary

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.4K ビュー.  Duke University Medical Center. A method is presented to measure microcirculatory blood flow velocity in pulmonary cancer metastases of the pleural surface in rats in an automated fashion, using closed-chest pulmonary intravital microscopy. This model has potential to be used as a widespread tool to perform physiologic research on pulmonary metastases in rodents.

ビデオ: Automated Measurement of Microcirculatory Blood Flow Velocity in Pulmonary Metastases of Rats

Long-term High-Resolution Intravital Microscopy in the Lung with a Vacuum Stabilized Imaging Window

Metastasis to secondary sites such as the lung, liver and bone is a traumatic event with a mortality rate of approximately 90% 1. Of these sites, the lung is the most difficult to assess using intravital optical imaging due to its enclosed position within the body, delicate nature and vital role in sustaining proper physiology. While clinical modalities (positron emission tomography (PET), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT)) are capable of providing noninvasive images of this tissue, they lack the resolution necessary to visualize the earliest seeding events, with a single pixel consisting of nearly a thousand cells. Current models of metastatic lung seeding postulate that events just after a tumor cell&#39;s arrival are deterministic for survival and subsequent growth. This means that real-time intravital imaging tools with single cell resolution 2 are required in order to define the phenotypes of the seeding cells and test these models. While high resolution optical imaging of the lung has been performed using various ex vivo preparations, these experiments are typically single time-point assays and are susceptible to artifacts and possible erroneous conclusions due to the dramatically altered environment (temperature, profusion, cytokines, etc.) resulting from removal from the chest cavity and circulatory system 3. Recent work has shown that time-lapse intravital optical imaging of the intact lung is possible using a vacuum stabilized imaging window 2,4,5 however, typical imaging times have been limited to approximately 6 hr. Here we describe a protocol for performing long-term intravital time-lapse imaging of the lung utilizing such a window over a period of 12 hr. The time-lapse image sequences obtained using this method enable visualization and quantitation of cell-cell interactions, membrane dynamics and vascular perfusion in the lung. We further describe an image processing technique that gives an unprecedentedly clear view of the lung microvasculature.

This protocol describes the use of multiphoton microscopy to perform long-term high-resolution, single cell imaging of the intact lung in real time using a vacuum stabilized imaging window.

真空安定化撮像窓と肺における長期高分解能生体顕微鏡

Metastasis to secondary sites such as the lung, liver and bone is a traumatic event with a mortality rate of approximately 90% 1. Of these sites, the lung ...

がん研究

Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification and testing of novel therapeutic targets that will facilitate the development of better treatments for metastatic disease requires preclinical in vivo models. Demonstrated here is a syngeneic mouse model for assaying breast cancer metastatic colonization and subsequent growth. Metastatic cancer cells are stably transduced with viral vectors encoding firefly luciferase and ZsGreen proteins. Candidate genes are then stably manipulated in luciferase/ZsGreen-expressing cancer cells and then the cells are injected into mice via the lateral tail vein to assay metastatic colonization and growth. An in vivo imaging device is then used to measure the bioluminescence or fluorescence of the tumor cells in the living animals to quantify changes in metastatic burden over time. The expression of the fluorescent protein allows the number and size of metastases in the lungs to be quantified at the end of the experiment without the need for sectioning or histological staining. This approach offers a relatively quick and easy way to test the role of candidate genes in metastatic colonization and growth, and provides a great deal more information than traditional tail vein metastasis assays. Using this approach, we show that simultaneous knockdown of Yes associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with a PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) in breast cancer cells leads to reduced metastatic burden in the lungs and that this reduced burden is the result of significantly impaired metastatic colonization and reduced growth of metastases.

The described approach combines experimental tail vein metastasis assays with in vivo live animal imaging to allow real-time monitoring of breast cancer metastasis formation and growth in addition to the quantification of metastasis number and size in the lungs.

尾静脈転移アッセイとリアルタイムインビボイメージングの併用による乳癌転移性コロニー形成と肺の負担の定量化

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification ...

A Permanent Window for Investigating Cancer Metastasis to the Lung

Metastasis, accounting for ~90% of cancer-related mortality, involves the systemic spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to secondary sites such as the bone, brain, and lung. Although extensively studied, the mechanistic details of this process remain poorly understood. While common imaging modalities, including computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), offer varying degrees of gross visualization, each lacks the temporal and spatial resolution necessary to detect the dynamics of individual tumor cells. To address this, numerous techniques have been described for intravital imaging of common metastatic sites. Of these sites, the lung has proven especially challenging to access for intravital imaging owing to its delicacy and critical role in sustaining life. Although several approaches have previously been described for single-cell intravital imaging of the intact lung, all involve highly invasive and terminal procedures, limiting the maximum possible imaging duration to 6-12 h. Described here is an improved technique for the permanent implantation of a minimally invasive thoracic optical Window for High-Resolution Imaging of the Lung (WHRIL). Combined with an adapted approach to microcartography, the innovative optical window facilitates serial intravital imaging of the intact lung at single-cell resolution across multiple imaging sessions and spanning multiple weeks. Given the unprecedented duration of time over which imaging data can be gathered, the WHRIL can facilitate the accelerated discovery of the dynamic mechanisms underlying metastatic progression and numerous additional biologic processes within the lung.

Here, we present a protocol for the surgical implantation of a permanently indwelling optical window for the murine thorax, which enables high-resolution, intravital imaging of the lung. The permanence of the window makes it well-suited to the study of dynamic cellular processes in the lung, especially those that are slowly evolving, such as metastatic progression of disseminated tumor cells.

肺への癌転移を調査するための永久的な窓

Metastasis, accounting for ~90% of cancer-related mortality, involves the systemic spread of cancer cells from primary tumors to secondary sites such as ...

Videomorphometric Analysis of Hypoxic Pulmonary Vasoconstriction of Intra-pulmonary Arteries Using Murine Precision Cut Lung Slices

Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) - also known as von Euler-Liljestrand mechanism - which serves to match lung perfusion to ventilation. Up to now, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The major vascular segment contributing to HPV is the intra-acinar artery. This vessel section is responsible for the blood supply of an individual acinus, which is defined as the portion of lung distal to a terminal bronchiole. Intra-acinar arteries are mostly located in that part of the lung that cannot be selectively reached by a number of commonly used techniques such as measurement of the pulmonary artery pressure in isolated perfused lungs or force recordings from dissected proximal pulmonary artery segments1,2. The analysis of subpleural vessels by real-time confocal laser scanning luminescence microscopy is limited to vessels with up to 50 &#181;m in diameter3.
We provide a technique to study HPV of murine intra-pulmonary arteries in the range of 20-100 &#181;m inner diameters. It is based on the videomorphometric analysis of cross-sectioned arteries in precision cut lung slices (PCLS). This method allows the quantitative measurement of vasoreactivity of small intra-acinar arteries with inner diameter between 20-40 &#181;m which are located at gussets of alveolar septa next to alveolar ducts and of larger pre-acinar arteries with inner diameters between 40-100 &#181;m which run adjacent to bronchi and bronchioles. In contrast to real-time imaging of subpleural vessels in anesthetized and ventilated mice, videomorphometric analysis of PCLS occurs under conditions free of shear stress. In our experimental model both arterial segments exhibit a monophasic HPV when exposed to medium gassed with 1% O2 and the response fades after 30-40 min at hypoxia.

Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is an important physiological phenomenon by which at alveolar hypoxia lung perfusion is matched to ventilation. The major vascular segment contributing to HPV is the intra-acinar artery. Here, we describe our protocol for the analysis of HPV of murine pulmonary vessels with diameters of 20-100 &mu;m.

マウス精密切り出肺スライスを用いた低酸素肺血管収縮のビデオモルフォメトリクス解析

Acute alveolar hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) - also known as von Euler-Liljestrand mechanism - which serves to match lung perfusion to ...

医学

マイクロ流体工学に基づく血管新生ヒト微小腫瘍モデルの準備

Establishing a Physiologic Human Vascularized Micro-Tumor Model for Cancer Research

A lack of validated cancer models that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers in vitro remains a significant bottleneck for preclinical cancer research and therapeutic development.&#160;To overcome this problem, we have developed the vascularized microtumor (VMT), or tumor chip, a microphysiological system that realistically models the complex human tumor microenvironment. The VMT forms de novo within a microfluidic platform by co-culture of multiple human cell types under dynamic, physiological flow conditions. This tissue-engineered micro-tumor construct incorporates a living perfused vascular network that supports the growing tumor mass just as newly formed vessels do in vivo. Importantly, drugs and immune cells must cross the endothelial layer to reach the tumor, modeling in vivo physiological barriers to therapeutic delivery and efficacy. Since the VMT platform is optically transparent, high-resolution imaging of dynamic processes such as immune cell extravasation and metastasis can be achieved with direct visualization of fluorescently labeled cells within the tissue. Further, the VMT retains in vivo tumor heterogeneity, gene expression signatures, and drug responses. Virtually any tumor type can be adapted to the platform, and primary cells from fresh surgical tissues grow and respond to drug treatment in the VMT, paving the way toward truly personalized medicine. Here, the methods for establishing the VMT and utilizing it for oncology research are outlined. This innovative approach opens new possibilities for studying tumors and drug responses, providing researchers with a powerful tool to advance cancer research.

著者スポットライト:トランスレーショナルがん研究のモデルとしてのヒト血管新生微小腫瘍の作成 

This protocol presents a physiologically relevant tumor-on-a-chip model to perform high-throughput basic and translational human cancer research, advancing drug screening, disease modeling, and personalized medicine approaches with a description of loading, maintenance, and evaluation procedures.

がん研究のための生理学的ヒト血管新生微小腫瘍モデルの確立

A lack of validated cancer models that recapitulate the tumor microenvironment of solid cancers in vitro remains a significant bottleneck for preclinical ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Flow-Mediated Dilation of the Brachial and Superficial Femoral Arteries in Rats

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of endothelial function can be achieved by employing the flow-mediated dilation technique, typically performed in the brachial or superficial femoral artery. Briefly, a blood pressure cuff placed distal to an ultrasound probe is inflated to a suprasystolic pressure, which results in limb ischemia. After 5 min of occlusion the cuff is deflated, resulting in reactive hyperemia and increases in wall shear rate that signal vasodilatory molecules to be released from the endothelium eliciting vasodilation. Despite the thousands of studies performing flow-mediated dilation in humans, surprisingly, no studies have performed this technique non-invasively in living rats. Considering the recent shift in focus to translational research, the establishment of guidelines for non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in rats and other rodents would be extremely valuable. In the following article, a protocol is presented for the non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats, as those sites are most commonly measured in humans.

Non-invasive assessment of endothelial function in humans can be determined by the flow-mediated dilation technique. Although thousands of studies have used this technique, no study has performed this technique non-invasively in rats. The following article describes non-invasive measurement of flow-mediated dilation in the brachial and superficial femoral arteries of rats.

ラットにおける上腕と浅大腿動脈のフロー依存性血管拡張の超音波評価

Arterial vasodilation to increases in wall shear rate is indicative of vascular endothelial function. In humans, the non-invasive measurement of ...

Evaluation of Vascular Control Mechanisms Utilizing Video Microscopy of Isolated Resistance Arteries of Rats

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other vessels), and describes techniques for evaluating tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) and microvessel density utilizing fluorescently labeled Griffonia simplicifolia (GS1) lectin. Current methods for studying isolated resistance arteries at transmural pressures encountered in vivo and in the absence of parenchymal cell influences provide a critical link between in vivo studies and information gained from molecular reductionist approaches that provide limited insight into integrative responses at the whole animal level. LDF and techniques to selectively identify arterioles and capillaries with fluorescently-labeled GS1 lectin provide practical solutions to enable investigators to extend the knowledge gained from studies of isolated resistance arteries. This paper describes the application of these techniques to gain fundamental knowledge of vascular physiology and pathology in the rat as a general experimental model, and in a variety of specialized genetically engineered &#34;designer&#34; rat strains that can provide important insight into the influence of specific genes on important vascular phenotypes. Utilizing these valuable experimental approaches in rat strains developed by selective breeding strategies and new technologies for producing gene knockout models in the rat, will expand the rigor of scientific premises developed in knockout mouse models and extend that knowledge to a more relevant animal model, with a well understood physiological background and suitability for physiological studies because of its larger size.

This manuscript describes in vitro video microscopy protocols for evaluating vascular function in rat cerebral resistance arteries. The manuscript also describes techniques for evaluating microvessel density with fluorescently labeled lectin and tissue perfusion using Laser Doppler Flowmetry.

分離抵抗性ラットの動脈のビデオ顕微鏡を用いた血管制御機構の評価

This protocol describes the use of in vitro television microscopy to evaluate vascular function in isolated cerebral resistance arteries (and other ...

Quantifying Single Microvessel Permeability in Isolated Blood-perfused Rat Lung Preparation

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with real time imaging, it becomes feasible to determine permeability changes in individual pulmonary microvessels. Herein we describe steps to isolate rat lungs and perfuse them with autologous blood. Then, we outline steps to infuse fluorophores or agents via a microcatheter into a small lung region. Using these procedures described, we determined permeability increases in rat lung microvessels in response to infusions of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The data revealed that lipopolysaccharide increased fluid leak across both venular and capillary microvessel segments. Thus, this method makes it possible to compare permeability responses among vascular segments and thus, define any heterogeneity in the response. While commonly used methods to define lung permeability require postprocessing of lung tissue samples, the use of real time imaging obviates this requirement as evident from the present method. Thus, the isolated lung preparation combined with real time imaging offers several advantages over traditional methods to determine lung microvascular permeability, yet is a straightforward method to develop and implement.

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation makes it feasible to visualize microvessel networks on the lung surface. Here we describe an approach to quantify permeability of single microvessels in isolated lungs using real time fluorescence imaging.

単離された血液灌流ラットの肺の準備にシングル微小血管透過性を定量化する

The isolated blood-perfused lung preparation is widely used to visualize and define signaling in single microvessels. By coupling this preparation with ...

ラットの肺転移における微小循環血流速度の自動測定

要約

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真空安定化撮像窓と肺における長期高分解能生体顕微鏡

尾静脈転移アッセイとリアルタイムインビボイメージングの併用による乳癌転移性コロニー形成と肺の負担の定量化

肺への癌転移を調査するための永久的な窓

マウス精密切り出肺スライスを用いた低酸素肺血管収縮のビデオモルフォメトリクス解析

がん研究のための生理学的ヒト血管新生微小腫瘍モデルの確立

がん研究のための生理学的ヒト血管新生微小腫瘍モデルの確立

がん研究のための生理学的ヒト血管新生微小腫瘍モデルの確立

ラットにおける上腕と浅大腿動脈のフロー依存性血管拡張の超音波評価

分離抵抗性ラットの動脈のビデオ顕微鏡を用いた血管制御機構の評価

単離された血液灌流ラットの肺の準備にシングル微小血管透過性を定量化する