この作品は、LAP（PI）への補助金によって支えられている。 国民健康R21 HD50558の研究所、2005から07を受賞、国立健康R01 HD045822の研究所は、2004から09を受賞。ダナ財団助成を、 イノベーションのためのカナダの財団（&quot;CFI&quot;助成金）、授与、2004から06を受賞 2008-2012、オンタリオの研究助成は、2008から2012を受賞。

パート1：参加者の前に研究室に到着<ol><li>部屋は参加者に邪魔になる可能性があります余分な記事がないことを保証すること。 </li><li> - セットアップとfNIRS日立ETG - 4000のシステムで実験的なプロトコルをロードする。 </li><li>あなたの実験パラダイムを設定します。実験的なパラダイムはEprime、プレゼンテーション、PsyscopeやMatlabベースの心理学のツールボックスを含む別のプレゼンテーションソフトウェアでプログラムすることができます。ここでは、MATLABベースの心理学のツールボックスを使用してください。 </li><li>タイミングは、このように実験的なパラダイムが完全にデータの収集とタイムアウトする必要がある、データ解析のためのキーです。 fNIRS日立ETG - 4000は、データ収集またはその逆をトリガするために実験的なパラダイムを可能にする、機能をトリガしている。 fNIRS日立ETG - 4000のプレゼンテーションプログラムのトリガテストします。トリガは、並列、逐次、またはUSBポートを使用して行うことができます。ここでは、パラレルポートを介してトリガを示す。 </li><li>前のfNIRSの調査を開始するには、参加者の背景のスクリーニングを行うことが重要です。プティト教授の研究室では、我々は参加者や親が勉強、適切な標準化されたアンケートを29に記入することによって背景のスクリーニングを実施する。 </li></ol>参加者が到着<ol start="6"><li>セッションを実施するために、専門の方法で参加者を治療することが重要です。実験が始まる前に、参加者または参加者の両親/法的保護者が同意書に署名する必要があります。それは、これらの重要でエキサイティングな実験では彼らの時間のために参加者に感謝することが重要です。 </li><li>参加者は快適に近いfNIRSの試験室に装着されている。乳児の参加者は、親の膝の上に取り付けられていない可能性があります。 </li></ol>パート2：Optodesを配置＆10月20日システムを使用する一貫性のあるデータの解釈を可能にする分析法の別のコンポーネントには、fNIRS記録プロトコルの標準化です。これはoptode配置、参加者の位置、および刺激提示ソフトウェアのトリガを伴います。プローブの正確な神経解剖学的配置の両方と関心領域（ROI）の確認、10〜20システム3,4,30を使用して実現されています。さらに、プローブの配列の定位局在は、各プローブの位置3,4に配置されたビタミンEのカプセルを実施した参加者の解剖学的MRI共同登録のスキャンにPolhemus社の高速TRAKシステムから3Dトラッキングの情報を重ねることによって参加者の頭蓋骨に確認された。最適な参加者の位置は、本体または椅子に接触することなく緩く吊り下げ、光ファイバと、リクライニングチェアで快適に、参加者を置くことに関与。 <ol><li>以下のヘッドの測定は、巻尺で撮影し、参加者のデータシートを下に書かれている。 <ul><li>周りイニオンへ[後]頭骨</li><li>トップ上Inionsへ[後]頭骨</li><li>トップ上の耳への耳</li></ul></li><li>サージカルテープは、特定のターゲットの位置をマークするために使用することができます。この実験では、FP、T3/T4、F8/F7を迎えます</li><li> Optodeの配列は、実験の目的によって指示10月20日のポイントに停泊して特定のoptodesと参加者の頭の上に配置されています。 </li></ol>パート4：Optodeアレイのテスト<ol><li>日立ETG - 4000のGUIインタフェースとプローブテストの紹介。 </li><li>信号をテストする：一度optodesが参加者の頭皮に配置され、信号品質がテストされます。 optodeは明確なシグナルがない場合は、研究者がやさしくoptodeと頭皮の接続から毛を取り除く。機会にoptodesはア​​ルコール綿で拭くことが必要な場合があります。 </li></ol>パート5：実験を実行する。 <ol><li>少なくとも二つの実験者が部屋に常に存在する必要があります。fNIRS日立ETG - 4000リアルタイム読み出すと参加者を観察し、他を観察つ。参加者に焦点を当てたビデオカメラを持っておくことを高く事後観察のために推奨されます。 fNIRS日立ETG - 4000の利点は、ビデオとfNIRSの信号が同期し、共同で登録されていることです。生成されたすべての関連情報およびファイルを含むログが保持されます。 </li><li>実験的な血行動態のパラダイムを構築するのよく確立されたメソッドが存在する、すなわち設計およびイベント関連のデザインをブロックします。より完全な説明については最近のレビュー論文31を参照してください。 </li></ol>パート6：分析すべてのデータが収集された、参加者は自分の時間と参加意欲のために感謝し、ラボを残している。分析がfNIRS日立ETG - 4000上で行われていないとして、として、ではなく、データは分析のコンピュータにエクスポートされます。 <ol><li>ヘモグロビン濃度へμVからの変換。生の減衰値はレーザー強度の減衰（のようなμVで測定）で収集されるように、これらの値は、酸素と脱酸素化ヘモグロビンVALUに変換する必要があります。ES。これは、修正されたランバート - ベールの法則を使って行われます。 </li><li>修正Beer - Lambertののアプリケーションは、2つの手順で行われている。散乱は、最初のパスの長さ、信号の計算されたベースラインへのそれぞれの波長（ΔAλ（t）は ）タスク（I タスク ）の間に光強度の光学濃度を比較することによって計算される（のための減衰にわたって一定であるという仮定の下で私ベースライン ）。各波長のΔAの値と変更されたランバート-ベールの法則を解決するためにサンプリングした時点（t）を。 <table border="0"><tbody><tr><td> 式（1） <img style="float:left;" src="/files/ftp_upload/1268/eq1.jpg" alt="式（1）" /></td><td> 式（2） <img style="float:left;" src="/files/ftp_upload/1268/eq2.jpg" alt="式（2）" /></td></tr></tbody></table></li></ol> λ1∈デオキシ、λ1∈オキシ 、波長λ2∈デオキシとλ2∈酸素は、組織内の単位濃度の距離ごとに吸収するために失われた光の割合を測定する吸光係数の定数である。その結果、CのデオキシとC オキシ値は、各tに対して脱酸素化と酸素化ヘモグロビンの濃度です。 パート7：代表的な結果いくつかの明確な特性の典型的な血行動態の応答結果。酸素ヘモグロビンの応答では、特徴的なディップは、最初にあります。ニューロンの領域が活性化し、利用可能な酸素を枯渇させるようにこのディップが発生します。血流が増加するにつれて、酸素化ヘモグロビンを運ぶ、オキシヘモグロビンの応答は、定常状態のレベルに最初のベースラインレベルの上に急速に上昇する。領域はもはやアクティブにされていないときは、酸素ヘモグロビンの応答次の12から15秒以上の減衰ゆっくりとではベースラインレベルに下がります。初期のベースラインレベルに戻った血液動態反応の前に発生したアンダーシュートが時折あります。 悪い結果が適切に頭皮や過度の運動に装着されていないoptodesの形で通常です。ノイズのこれらのタイプ - &quot;きっぱりと&quot;、と呼ばれる - マイクロボルトの値が飽和し、異なるチャンネル数、状況に応じたやり方で酸素とデオキシ-応答の両方の動きとして、信号で顕著となっている。 デモ：光ファイバを振る。 統計的分析：各チャネルごとに、各参加者のと各タスクの抽出された酸素とデオキシヘモグロビンの値は、従来の統計分析に提出することができる、t -検定を含め、ANOVAs、相関等

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

本研究では、我々は人間の認知や知覚に関連して人間の脳機能を調べるために小説、非侵襲的fNIRSの脳のイメージング技術の使用を実証。 fNIRSを脳機能イメージングは​​、一日研究室で広く利用できる可能性があること、特に幼児や子供の集団で、医師のオフィスを非侵襲的脳機能イメージングの未来を表す場合があります、と臨床医がに関する基本的な科学的知見を適用できるように学?...

<table><tbody><tr><td>ETG-4000</td><td>Hitachi</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matlab</td><td>Mathworks</td><td></td><td>Psychology toolbox</td></tr></tbody></table>

exploring cognitive functions in babies, children &amp; adults with near infrared spectroscopy

そのような言語1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10、メモリ11、及び注意12などの高次認知過程に関連皮質の活性化を調査する赤外分光法（fNIRS）の研究、近機能の爆発進行中の典型的な非定型認知20,21,22と3,4,13,14,15,16,17,18,19世界的に関わる大人、子供や乳幼児です。認知神経科学のためfNIRSを用いての現代的課題は、彼らが23,24,25,26普遍的に解釈可能であり、したがって、機能的な組織と人間のより高い認知の基礎となる神経システムに関する重要な科学的問題を進めることができるようデータの体系的分析を達成することです。 既存のニューロイメージング技術は、どちらか少ない堅牢な時間や空間分解能を持っている。ポジトロンCTと機能的磁気共鳴イメージング（PETやfMRIが）より良い空間分解能を持っているのに対し、事象関連電位と磁気脳機能イメージング（ERPやMEG）は、優れた時間分解能を持っている。オキシヘモグロビンは優先的に680nmのとデオキシヘモグロビンによって吸収される近赤外域（700〜1000 nm）を、で、光の非イオン化の波長を使用しては、優先的に830nmの（例えば、実際に、非常に波長がにハードワイヤードで吸収されるここに示したfNIRS日立ETG - 400システム）、fNIRSはよくそれは放射線と良好な空間分解能（〜4cmの深さ）を使用せずに良好な時間分解能（〜5秒）の両方を持っているので、より高い認知の研究に最適、とされないことです参加者は密閉構造27,28に存在する必要があります。快適に普通の椅子（大人、子供）に座って、あるいはお母さんのラップ（乳幼児）に座っている間皮質活動の参加者が評価できる。特に、NIRSは事実上サイレント、（デスクトップのコンピュータのサイズ）ユニークなポータブルであり、そして参加者の微妙な動きに耐えることができます。これは、必ずしもそのキーコンポーネントの一つ音声生成や手話の手の​​中に口の動きとして持っている人間の言語の神経研究の場合に特に顕著である。 血行動態応答がローカライズされている方法は、レーザーエミッターと検出器の配列によってです。検出器は、皮質表面から反射される量を検出しながらエミッターは、非電離光の既知の強度を発する。近くに一緒にoptodesを、より空間分解能、さらに離れてoptodes一方、浸透の大きい深さ。のためのfNIRS日立ETG - 4000システム最適普及/解像度optodeの配列は、2センチメートルに設定されています。 私たちの目標は、フィールドを標準化し、共通のバックグラウンドを持っている別のfNIRSのラボが世界中で有効にするためのfNIRSデータの取得と分析の手法を示すことです。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy at JoVE.com

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

ここでは、特に子供の脳の発達を研究するには、赤外分光法（fNIRS）、認知神経科学で使用される新規非侵襲的脳機能イメージングシステムの近くに機能するためのデータ収集とデータ分析の方法を説明します。このメソッドは、データ収集およびデータの解釈と科学的発見に不可欠な分析の普遍的な標準を提供します。

近赤外分光法で赤ちゃん、子供と大人の認知機能を探る

An explosion of functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) studies investigating cortical activation in relation to higher cognitive processes, such as ...

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Biology

Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children &amp; Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

20.4K ビュー.  University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. ここでは、特に子供の脳の発達を研究するには、赤外分光法（fNIRS）、認知神経科学で使用される新規非侵襲的脳機能イメージングシステムの近くに機能するためのデータ収集とデータ分析の方法を説明します。このメソッドは、データ収集およびデータの解釈と科学的発見に不可欠な分析の普遍的な標準を提供します。

ビデオ: Exploring Cognitive Functions in Babies, Children & Adults with Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy of the Sensory and Motor Brain Regions with Simultaneous Kinematic and EMG Monitoring During Motor Tasks

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is relatively flexible with respect to participant positioning and allows for some head movements during tasks. Additionally, it is inexpensive, light weight, and portable, with very few contraindications to its use. This presents a unique opportunity to study functional brain activity during motor tasks in individuals who are typically developing, as well as those with movement disorders, such as cerebral palsy. An additional consideration when studying movement disorders, however, is the quality of actual movements performed and the potential for additional, unintended movements. Therefore, concurrent monitoring of both blood flow changes in the brain and actual movements of the body during testing is required for appropriate interpretation of fNIRS results. Here, we show a protocol for the combination of fNIRS with muscle and kinematic monitoring during motor tasks. We explore gait, a unilateral multi-joint movement (cycling), and two unilateral single-joint movements (isolated ankle dorsiflexion, and isolated hand squeezing). The techniques presented can be useful in studying both typical and atypical motor control, and can be modified to investigate a broad range of tasks and scientific questions.

Monitoring brain activity during upright motor tasks is of great value when investigating the neural source of movement disorders. Here, we demonstrate a protocol that combines functional near infrared spectroscopy with continuous monitoring of muscle and kinematic activity during 4 types of motor tasks.

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

There are several advantages that functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) presents in the study of the neural control of human movement. It is ...

行動学

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted virtual 3D environments, track a participants' behavioral performance within the virtual environment and synchronize with external devices for physiological and neuroimaging measures, including electroencephalogram and eye tracking.
Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables continuous, noninvasive, and portable monitoring of changes in cerebral blood oxygenation related to human brain functions2-7. Over the last decade fNIR is used to effectively monitor cognitive tasks such as attention, working memory and problem solving7-11. fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device; it has the capacity to monitor brain activity in ecologically valid environments. 
Cognitive functions assessed through task performance involve patterns of brain activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that vary from the initial novel task performance, after practice and during retention12. Using positron emission tomography (PET), Van Horn and colleagues found that regional cerebral blood flow was activated in the right frontal lobe during the encoding (i.e., initial na&iuml;ve performance) of spatial navigation of virtual mazes while there was little to no activation of the frontal regions after practice and during retention tests. Furthermore, the effects of contextual interference, a learning phenomenon related to organization of practice, are evident when individuals acquire multiple tasks under different practice schedules13,14. High contextual interference (random practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a non-sequential, unpredictable order. Low contextual interference (blocked practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a predictable order.
Our goal here is twofold: first to illustrate the experimental protocol design process and the use of MazeSuite, and second, to demonstrate the setup and deployment of the fNIR brain activity monitoring system using Cognitive Optical Brain Imaging (COBI) Studio software15. To illustrate our goals, a subsample from a study is reported to show the use of both MazeSuite and COBI Studio in a single experiment. The study involves the assessment of cognitive activity of the PFC during the acquisition and learning of computer maze tasks for blocked and random orders. Two right-handed adults (one male, one female) performed 315 acquisition, 30 retention and 20 transfer trials across four days. Design, implementation, data acquisition and analysis phases of the study were explained with the intention to provide a guideline for future studies.

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables noninvasive and portable monitoring of cerebral blood oxygenation changes. This paper summarizes collective use of MazeSuite and fNIR within a cognitive processing learning paradigm.

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments1. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted ...

神経科学

Non-invasive Optical Measurement of Cerebral Metabolism and Hemodynamics in Infants

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can accurately screen for brain injury, monitor injury evolution, or assess response to therapy. The energy used by neurons is derived largely from tissue oxidative metabolism, and neural hyperactivity and cell death are reflected by corresponding changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). Thus, measures of CMRO2 are reflective of neuronal viability and provide critical diagnostic information, making CMRO2 an ideal target for bedside measurement of brain health.
Brain-imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) yield measures of cerebral glucose and oxygen metabolism, but these techniques require the administration of radionucleotides, so they are used in only the most acute cases.
Continuous-wave near-infrared spectroscopy (CWNIRS) provides non-invasive and non-ionizing radiation measures of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen consumption. However, SO2 is less than ideal as a surrogate for cerebral oxygen metabolism as it is influenced by both oxygen delivery and consumption. Furthermore, measurements of SO2 are not sensitive enough to detect brain injury hours after the insult 1,2, because oxygen consumption and delivery reach equilibrium after acute transients 3. We investigated the possibility of using more sophisticated NIRS optical methods to quantify cerebral oxygen metabolism at the bedside in healthy and brain-injured newborns. More specifically, we combined the frequency-domain NIRS (FDNIRS) measure of SO2 with the diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) measure of blood flow index (CBFi) to yield an index of CMRO2 (CMRO2i) 4,5.
With the combined FDNIRS/DCS system we are able to quantify cerebral metabolism and hemodynamics. This represents an improvement over CWNIRS for detecting brain health, brain development, and response to therapy in neonates. Moreover, this method adheres to all neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) policies on infection control and institutional policies on laser safety. Future work will seek to integrate the two instruments to reduce acquisition time at the bedside and to implement real-time feedback on data quality to reduce the rate of data rejection.

We combined frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy measures of cerebral hemoglobin oxygenation with diffuse correlation spectroscopy measures of cerebral blood flow index to estimate an index of oxygen metabolism. We tested the utility of this measure as a bedside screening tool to evaluate the health and development of the newborn brain.

乳幼児の脳代謝と血行動態の非侵襲的光計測

Perinatal brain injury remains a significant cause of infant mortality  and morbidity, but there is not yet an effective bedside tool that can  accurately ...

医学

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in remote locations. This paper shows the development of field functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) imaging to the study of child language, reading, and cognitive development in a rural village setting of C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and the development of culturally appropriate neuroimaging protocols allow&#160;a first-time look into the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in understudied environments. This paper demonstrates protocols for transporting and setting up a mobile laboratory, discusses considerations for field versus laboratory neuroimaging, and presents a guide for developing neuroimaging consent procedures and building meaningful long-term collaborations with local government and science partners. Portable neuroimaging methods can be used to study complex child development contexts, including the impact of significant poverty and adversity on brain development. The protocol presented here has been developed for use in C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire, the world&#39;s primary source of cocoa, and where reports of child labor in the cocoa sector are common. Yet, little is known about the impact of child labor on brain development and learning. Field neuroimaging methods have the potential to yield new insights into such urgent issues, and the development of children globally.

Neuroimaging Field Methods Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy NIRS Neuroimaging to Study Global Child Development: Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Portable neuroimaging approaches (functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy) provide advances to the study of the brain in previously inaccessible regions; here, rural C&#244;te d&#39;Ivoire. Innovation in methods and development of culturally-appropriate neuroimaging protocols permits novel study of the brain&#39;s development and children&#39;s learning outcomes in environments with significant poverty and adversity.

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロ イメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

Portable neuroimaging approaches provide new advances to the study of brain function and brain development with previously inaccessible populations and in ...

Conducting Hyperscanning Experiments with Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding of the neurobiological underpinnings of social interactions, and possibly interpersonal relationships. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is well suited for conducting hyperscanning experiments because it measures local hemodynamic effects with a high sampling rate and, importantly, it can be applied in natural settings, not requiring strict motion restrictions. In this article, we present a protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments with parent-child dyads and for analyzing brain-to-brain synchrony. Furthermore, we discuss critical issues and future directions, regarding the experimental design, spatial registration of the fNIRS channels, physiological influences and data analysis methods. The described protocol is not specific to parent-child dyads, but can be applied to a variety of different dyadic constellations, such as adult strangers, romantic partners or siblings. To conclude, fNIRS hyperscanning has the potential to yield new insights into the dynamics of the ongoing social interaction, which possibly go beyond what can be studied by examining the activities of individual brains.

The present protocol describes how to conduct fNIRS hyperscanning experiments and analyze brain-to-brain synchrony. Further, we discuss challenges and possible solutions.

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Concurrent brain recordings of two or more interacting persons, an approach termed hyperscanning, are gaining increasing importance for our understanding ...

Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the capacity of blood vessels in the brain to alter cerebral blood flow (either with dilation or constriction) in response to chemical or physical stimuli. The amount of reactivity in the cerebral microvasculature depends on the integrity of the capacitance vasculature and is the primary function of endothelial cells. CVR is, therefore, an indicator of the microvasculature&#8217;s physiology and overall health. Imaging methods that can measure CVR are available but can be costly, and require magnetic resonance imaging centers and technical expertise. In this study, we used fNIRS technology to monitor changes of oxyhemoglobin (HbO) and deoxyhemoglobin (HbR) in the cerebral microvasculature to assess the CVR of 15 healthy controls (HC) in response to a vasoactive stimulus (inhaled 5% carbon dioxide or CO2). Our results suggest that this is a promising imaging technology that offers a non-invasive, accurate, portable, and cost-effective method of mapping cortical CVR and associated microvasculature function, resulting from a traumatic brain injury or other conditions associated with cerebral microvasculopathy.

Presented here is a protocol for imaging and measurement of cerebrovascular reactivity in humans with functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). fNIRS is a novel imaging modality that captures the concentration changes of hemoglobin species in the brain&#8217;s outermost cortex under specific stimuli.

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) is the capacity of blood vessels in the brain to alter cerebral blood flow (either with dilation or constriction) in ...

Qualitative and Comparative Cortical Activity Data Analyses from a Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Experiment Applying Block Design

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical treatment. Among the many neuroimaging technologies used to measure brain activity, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) enables the evaluation of dynamic cortical activities by measuring the local hemoglobin levels similar to functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Also, due to lesser physical restriction in fNIRS, multiple variants of sensorimotor tasks can be evaluated. Many laboratories have developed several methods for fNIRS data analysis; however, despite the fact that the general principles are the same, there is no universally standardized method. Here, we present the qualitative and comparative analytic methods of data obtained from a multi-channel fNIRS experiment using a block design. For qualitative analysis, we used a software for NIRS as a mass-univariate approach based on the generalized linear model. The NIRS-SPM analysis shows qualitative results for each session by visualizing the activated area during the task. In addition, the non-invasive three-dimensional digitizer can be used to estimate the fNIRS channel locations relative to the brain. To corroborate the NIRS-SPM findings, the amplitude of the changes in hemoglobin levels induced by the sensorimotor task can be statistically analyzed by comparing the data obtained from two different sessions (before and after intervention) of the same study subject using a multi-channel hierarchical mixed model. Our methods can be used to measure the pre- vs. post-intervention analysis in a variety of neurological disorders such as movement disorders, cerebrovascular diseases, and neuropsychiatric disorders.

We describe the analysis of continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy experiment using a block design with a sensorimotor task. To increase the reliability of the data analysis, we used the qualitative general linear model-based statistical parametric mapping and the comparative hierarchical mixed models for multi-channels.

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

Neuroimaging studies play a pivotal role in the evaluation of pre- vs. post-interventional neurological conditions such as in rehabilitation and surgical ...

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the ...

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calculates regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) using the different absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin molecules. A probe placed on the skin emits light that is absorbed, scattered, and reflected by the underlying tissue. Detectors in the probe sense the amount of reflected light: this reflects the organ-specific ratio of oxygen supply and consumption - independent of pulsatile flow. Modern devices enable the simultaneous monitoring at different body sites. A rise or dip in the rSO2 curve visualizes changes in oxygen supply or demand before vital signs indicate them. The evolution of rSO2 values in relation to the starting point is more important for interpretation than are absolute values.
A routine clinical application of NIRS is the surveillance of somatic and cerebral oxygenation during and after cardiac surgery. It is also administered in preterm infants at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis, newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy and a potential risk of impaired tissue oxygenation. In the future, NIRS could be increasingly used in multimodal neuromonitoring, or applied to monitor patients with other conditions (e.g., after resuscitation or traumatic brain injury).

This protocol is designed to assist clinicians to measure regional tissue oxygenation at different body sites in infants and children. It can be used in situations where tissue oxygenation is potentially compromised, particularly during cardiopulmonary bypass, when using non-pulsatile cardiac-assist devices, and in critically ill neonates, infants and children.

重症新生児、乳児、小児における近赤外分光の管理方法

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calculates regional tissue oxygenation (rSO2) using the different absorption spectra of oxygenated and deoxygenated ...

fNIRS研究の革命:ニューラルカップリングへの新しいアプローチ

New Framework for Understanding Cross-Brain Coherence in Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Hyperscanning Studies

Despite the growing body of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning studies, the assessment of coupling between two neural signals using wavelet transform coherence (WTC) seems to ignore the directionality of the interaction. The field is currently lacking a framework that allows researchers to determine whether a high coherence value obtained using a WTC function reflects in-phase synchronization (i.e., neural activation is seen in both members of the dyad at the same time), lagged synchronization (i.e., neural activation is seen in one member of the dyad prior to the other member), or anti-phase synchronization (i.e., neural activation is increased in one member of the dyad and decreased in the other). To address this need, a complementary and more sensitive approach for analyzing the phase coherence of two neural signals is proposed in this work. The toolbox allows investigators to estimate the coupling directionality by classifying the phase angle values obtained using traditional WTC into in-phase synchronization, lagged synchronization, and anti-phase synchronization. The toolbox also allows researchers to assess how the dynamics of interactions develop and change throughout the task. Using this novel WTC approach and the toolbox will advance our understanding of complex social interactions through their uses in fNIRS hyperscanning studies.

著者スポットライト:fNIRS研究における新たな洞察の解き放つ - 脳間同期分析のための新しいフレームワーク 

Wavelet transform coherence (WTC) is a common methodology for assessing the coupling between signals that is used in functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning studies. A toolbox for assessing the directionality of the signal interaction is presented in this work.

機能的近赤外分光法(fNIRS)ハイパースキャニング研究における脳間コヒーレンスを理解するための新しいフレームワーク

Despite the growing body of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) hyperscanning studies, the assessment of coupling between two neural signals ...

近赤外分光法で赤ちゃん、子供と大人の認知機能を探る

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運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

乳幼児の脳代謝と血行動態の非侵襲的光計測

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロイメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

重症新生児、乳児、小児における近赤外分光の管理方法

機能的近赤外分光法(fNIRS)ハイパースキャニング研究における脳間コヒーレンスを理解するための新しいフレームワーク

近赤外分光法で赤ちゃん、子供と大人の認知機能を探る

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

運動課題中に同時キネマとEMGの監視と感覚運動の脳領域の機能的近赤外分光法

空間ナビゲーションで学習研究するために近赤外分光法をMazeSuiteおよび機能の使用

乳幼児の脳代謝と血行動態の非侵襲的光計測

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロ イメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村

機能的近赤外分光法による Hyperscanning 実験を実施

Cerebrovascular Reactivity Measurement with Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy

ブロック設計を応用した機能近赤外分光法実験による定性的・比較皮質活動データ解析

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

重症新生児、乳児、小児における近赤外分光の管理方法

機能的近赤外分光法(fNIRS)ハイパースキャニング研究における脳間コヒーレンスを理解するための新しいフレームワーク

近赤外線分光法 (NIRS) ニューロイメージングを使用してグローバル発達を研究する神経イメージング研究フィールドのメソッド: サハラ以南アフリカの農村