Core - Organic Chemistry

Chapter 2

Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics

2.1 : Chemical Reactions

2.1 : Chemical Reactions

A balanced chemical equation provides the information of chemical formulas of the reactants and products involved in the chemical change. A ...

2.2 : Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

2.2 : Enthalpy and Heat of Reaction

Combustion, commonly known as burning, is a reaction in which a substance reacts with an oxidizing agent, which in most cases is molecular oxygen, to ...

2.3 : Energetics of Solution Formation

2.3 : Energetics of Solution Formation

The formation of a solution is an example of a spontaneous process, which is a process that occurs under specified conditions without energy from some ...

2.4 : Entropy and Solvation

2.4 : Entropy and Solvation

The process of surrounding a solute with solvent is called solvation. It involves evenly distributing the solute within the solvent. The rule of thumb for ...

2.5 : Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability

2.5 : Gibbs Free Energy and Thermodynamic Favorability

The spontaneity of a process depends upon the temperature of the system. Phase transitions, for example, will proceed spontaneously in one direction or ...

2.6 : Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

2.6 : Chemical and Solubility Equilibria

The free energy change associated with dissolving a solute in a liter of solvent is called the free energy of a solution, ΔGsolution. The overall ...

2.7 : Rate Law and Reaction Order

2.7 : Rate Law and Reaction Order

The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions ...

2.8 : Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

2.8 : Effect of Temperature Change on Reaction Rate

The Arrhenius equation, relates the activation energy and the rate constant, k, for many chemical reactions. In this equation, R is the ideal gas ...

2.9 : Multi-Step Reactions

2.9 : Multi-Step Reactions

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates ...

2.10 : Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

2.10 : Bond Dissociation Energy and Activation Energy

Bond energy is the energy required to break a bond homolytically. These values are usually expressed in units of kcal/mol or kJ/mol and are referred to as ...

2.11 : Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

2.11 : Energy Diagrams, Transition States, and Intermediates

Free-energy diagrams, or reaction coordinate diagrams, are graphs showing the energy changes that occur during a chemical reaction. The reaction ...

2.12 : Predicting Reaction Outcomes

2.12 : Predicting Reaction Outcomes

Kinetics describes the rate and path by which a reaction occurs. In contrast, thermodynamics deals with state functions and describes the properties, ...

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