Ringraziamo Simone Alberti per l&#39;assistenza nello sviluppo di questo protocollo. Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto da un finanziamento della National Institutes of Health (GM25874), un Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigatorship (per SL), e un National Science Foundation predoctoral borsa di formazione (a RH).

<html> Parte 1: Preparazione del gel <ol><li> Montare il vassoio di colata gel. Di serie per elettroforesi DNA orizzontali possono essere utilizzati. Per un gran numero di campioni, ci prepariamo a 20 cm x 24 cm lastra con fino a quattro 50-pettini bene. Assicurarsi che la lastra non ha graffi, come questi possono distorcere l&#39;immagine macchia. </li><li> Creare una soluzione di agarosio 1,5% (media o alta forza di gel, a basso EEO) in TAE 1X. Il volume dovrebbe essere sufficiente per sommergere completamente i denti pettine - si desidera caricare campione il più possibile per massimizzare il rilevamento. Microonde l&#39;impasto fino a quando il agarosio è completamente sciolto. </li><li> Si possono aggiungere rapidamente SDS allo 0,1% da uno stock del 10%. Mescolare. Se alcuni di agarosio si solidifica in questa fase, scioglierla con un piatto caldo e stare attenti per evitare di ebollizione. </li><li> Versare la soluzione nel cassetto casting. Usare un pettine a rastrello eliminare le bolle, come si potrebbe poi interferire con il trasferimento. </li><li> Dopo gel ha stabilito, pettini rimuovere e posizionare il gel nel serbatoio gel. Immergere completamente il gel in TAE 1X contenente 0,1% SDS. </li></ol> Parte 2: Preparazione dei campioni <ol><li> Per high-throughput analisi dei lisati di lievito, si comincia con 2 ml culture cresciute durante la notte con l&#39;agitazione rapida da 96 pozzetti blocchi. In questo caso, ogni cultura è sovraesprimono una proteina di interesse. Quando si analizzano le proteine ​​poco abbondanti, grandi volumi di coltura deve essere utilizzato </li><li> Celle di raccolta per centrifugazione a 2000 RCF per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Risospendere le cellule in acqua e centrifugare di nuovo. </li><li> Risospendere in 1 ml di soluzione spheroplasting. Incubare per circa 30 minuti a 30 ° C (si può confermare l&#39;efficienza spheroplasting al microscopio). </li><li> Centrifugare a 800 RCF per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. Rimuovere completamente il surnatante. </li><li> Risospendere sferoplasti pellet in 100 ml di tampone di lisi. </li><li> Coprire il blocco con nastro e vortice ad alta velocità per 2 minuti. </li><li> Pellet residui cellulari a 4000 RCF per 2 minuti. </li><li> Rimuovere con cura il supernatante in un nuovo contenitore, ad esempio, una piastra a 96 pozzetti PCR. </li><li> Se lo si desidera, determinare la concentrazione di proteine ​​del lisati. </li><li> Aggiungi tampone 4X campione per i campioni di generare lisati contenente 1X tampone del campione. Incubare per 5 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Carico gel. Se lo si desidera, salvare la metà del volume del campione e bollire per SDS-PAGE analisi. Al fine di monitorare l&#39;entità del trasferimento in seguito, dotati di un pre-colorato SDS-PAGE marcatore. Inoltre, un marcatore di peso molecolare costituita da proteine ​​molto grandi (ad esempio, pollo pettorale estratto) può essere utilizzato per stimare le dimensioni dei complessi risolto. </li><li> Funzionare a bassa tensione (≤ 3 V / cm lunghezza gel) fino a quando il fronte del colorante raggiunge ~ 1 cm dalla fine del gel. Questo richiederà parecchie ore. E &#39;importante che il gel rimangono fredde, altrimenti la diffusione di proteine ​​a basso peso molecolare (ad esempio, monomeri) possono limitare la loro rilevazione. </li></ol> Parte 3: Trasferimento <ol><li> Tagliare un pezzo di nitrocellulosa per le stesse dimensioni del gel. </li><li> Taglio di 20 pezzi GB004 e GB002 8 pezzi di carta assorbente, per le stesse dimensioni del gel. Tagliare un pezzo aggiuntivo di GB004 per essere usato come uno stoppino, ne fanno circa 20 centimetri più largo del gel. </li><li> Immergere la nitrocellulosa, stoppino, e 4 pezzi di GB002 in TBS 1X. </li><li> In un contenitore di plastica, assemblare una pila di fogli come segue: 20 pezzi di secco GB004, poi 4 pezzi di GB002 secco, poi un pezzo di pre-umido GB002. Stendere la nitrocellulosa in cima a questo stack. </li><li> Sciacquare il gel brevemente sulla barra di colata in acqua per rimuovere l&#39;eccesso tampone di corsa. Poi, con attenzione cominciano a far scorrere il gel fuori dal cassetto nello stack. Facendo scorrere il gel fuori dal cassetto, bagnare la membrana con TBS, se necessario. Il buffer in più aiuta a prevenire le bolle di diventare intrappolato sotto il gel. Una pipetta di trasferimento funziona bene per questo scopo. </li><li> Dopo che il gel è stata spostata la pila, controllare accuratamente per bolle. Se presenti, sollevare il bordo del gel e riapplicare buffer finché le bolle possono essere risolte. </li><li> Mettere i restanti tre pre-bagnate GB002 pezzi sulla parte superiore del gel. Garantire un perfetto contatto tra tutti i livelli facendo rotolare una pipetta saldamente nella parte superiore dello stack. </li><li> Fiancheggiano la pila di trasferimento con due vaschette contenenti TBS. Far passare il pre-stoppino bagnato tutto lo stack in modo tale che entrambe le estremità dello stoppino è immerso in TBS. </li><li> Coprire la pila trasferimento assemblato con un vassoio di plastica ulteriore cuscinetto di peso in più (per esempio, un flacone da 500 ml di acqua). </li><li> Consentire il trasferimento di procedere per un minimo di tre ore, o durante la notte. </li><li> Dopo il trasferimento, la membrana possono essere elaborati da standard di Western blotting. </li></ol> Soluzione Spheroplasting 1,2 M D-sorbitolo 0,5 mM MgCl 2 20 mM Tris, pH 7,5 50 mM BME (aggiungere fresco) 0,5 mg / ml Zymolyase 100T (aggiungere fresco) coration: underline; &quot;&gt; Lysis Buffer 100 mM Tris 7,5 50 mM NaCl 10 mM BME (aggiungere fresco) inibitori della proteasi (aggiungere fresco) Sample Buffer 4X 2X TAE 20% di glicerolo 8% SDS blu di bromofenolo alle preferenze

<ol>
	<li>Kryndushkin, D. S., Alexandrov, I. M., Ter-Avanesyan, M. D., Kushnirov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Yeast+[PSI+]+prion+aggregates+are+formed+by+small+Sup35+polymers+fragmented+by+Hsp104.">Yeast [PSI+] prion aggregates are formed by small Sup35 polymers fragmented by Hsp104.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 278, 49636-49643 (2003).</li><li>Alexandrov, I. M., Vishnevskaya, A. B., Ter-Avanesyan, M. D., Kushnirov, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Appearance+and+Propagation+of+Polyglutamine-based+Amyloids+in+Yeast:+TYROSINE+RESIDUES+ENABLE+POLYMER+FRAGMENTATION.">Appearance and Propagation of Polyglutamine-based Amyloids in Yeast: TYROSINE RESIDUES ENABLE POLYMER FRAGMENTATION.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 283, 15185-15192 (2008).</li><li>Allen, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hsp70+chaperones+as+modulators+of+prion+life+cycle:+novel+effects+of+Ssa+and+Ssb+on+the+Saccharomyces+cerevisiae+prion+[PSI+].">Hsp70 chaperones as modulators of prion life cycle: novel effects of Ssa and Ssb on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+].</a> Genetics. 169, 1227-1242 (2005).</li><li>Aron, R., Higurashi, T., Sahi, C., Craig, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=J-protein+co-chaperone+Sis1+required+for+generation+of+[RNQ+]+seeds+necessary+for+prion+propagation..">J-protein co-chaperone Sis1 required for generation of [RNQ+] seeds necessary for prion propagation..</a> The EMBO journal. 26, 3794-3803 (2007).</li><li>Bagriantsev, S. N., Kushnirov, V. V., Liebman, S. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+amyloid+aggregates+using+agarose+gel+electrophoresis.">Analysis of amyloid aggregates using agarose gel electrophoresis.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 412, 33-48 (2006).</li><li>Borchsenius, A. S., Muller, S., Newnam, G. P., Inge-Vechtomov, S. G., Chernoff, Y. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion+variant+maintained+only+at+high+levels+of+the+Hsp104+disaggregase.">Prion variant maintained only at high levels of the Hsp104 disaggregase.</a> Current Genetics. 49, 21-29 (2006).</li><li>Salnikova, A. B., Kryndushkin, D. S., Smirnov, V. N., Kushnirov, V. V., Ter-Avanesyan, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonsense+suppression+in+yeast+cells+overproducing+Sup35+(eRF3)+is+caused+by+its+non-heritable+amyloids.">Nonsense suppression in yeast cells overproducing Sup35 (eRF3) is caused by its non-heritable amyloids.</a> J. Biol. Chem. 280, 8808-8812 (2005).</li><li>Tank, E. M., Harris, D. A., Desai, A. A., True, H. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prion+protein+repeat+expansion+results+in+increased+aggregation+and+reveals+phenotypic+variability.">Prion protein repeat expansion results in increased aggregation and reveals phenotypic variability.</a> Mol. Cell. Biol. 27, 5445-5455 (2007).</li><li>Douglas, P. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chaperone-dependent+amyloid+assembly+protects+cells+from+prion+toxicity.">Chaperone-dependent amyloid assembly protects cells from prion toxicity.</a> Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 105, 7206-7211 (2008).</li><li>Nagy, B., Costello, R., Csako, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Downward+blotting+of+proteins+in+a+model+based+on+apolipoprotein(a)+phenotyping.">Downward blotting of proteins in a model based on apolipoprotein(a) phenotyping.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 231, 40-45 (1995).</li></ol>

SDD-AGE è stato riportato da Kryndushkin et al. 1, per studiare SDS-resistenti complessi del [PSI +] prioni nel lievito, e da allora ha trovato ampio utilizzo studiando sia prioni e non prione aggregati 2-9. Tuttavia, il trasferimento delle proteine ​​ad una elettroforesi membrana a seguito di un gel di agarosio è problematico, e può portare a una immagine distorta macchia 5. Inoltre, la tecnica sommersa elettroblotting più comunemente usato introduce limitazioni pratiche per le dimensioni del gel e quindi il numero di campioni che possono essere elaborati. Abbiamo affrontato questi problemi con l&#39;impiego verso il basso il trasferimento capillare 10, una procedura semplice che utilizza una pila di carta assorbente per asciugare il trasferimento delle proteine ​​dal gel ad una membrana di nitrocellulosa. Trasferimento capillare impedisce la distorsione e permette gel grande per essere elaborati facilmente. Ci sono alcune cose da considerare prima di utilizzare SDD-AGE. Per i campioni grezzi (ad esempio, lisati), immunolocalizzazione di proteine ​​specifiche è necessaria. SDD-AGE non è pienamente denaturare i complessi proteina di interesse, per cui la proteina (s) per essere rilevato deve recare un tag epitopo al di fuori della regione amiloidogenica. Lisati può generalmente essere preparati come lo sarebbero per un normale SDS-PAGE, con due importanti differenze. In primo luogo, una maggiore attenzione deve essere adottate per impedirne la degradazione per proteolisi. Le condizioni di parziale denaturazione usati qui non sono sufficienti a inattivare le proteasi, e possono anche rendere proteine ​​bersaglio più suscettibile alla proteolisi. Utilizzare un completo cocktail inibitore della proteasi in almeno due volte la concentrazione raccomandata. In secondo luogo, il riscaldamento i campioni devono essere evitati. Se un all-monomero controllo negativo è desiderato, per esempio per confermare che alto peso molecolare specie non sono dovuti a modificazioni covalenti, a 10 minuti di incubazione a 95 ° C può essere utilizzato, che consentirà di ripristinare la maggior parte alle proteine ​​amiloidi monomerico.

<table><tbody><tr><td>zymolyase 100T</td><td>Seikagaku Corporation</td><td>120493-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail</td><td>Thermo Fisher Scientific, Inc.</td><td>78429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hybond-C extra nitrocellulose</td><td>Amersham</td><td>RPN303E</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GB004 blotting paper</td><td>Whatman, GE Healthcare</td><td>10427926</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>GB002 (3MM Chr) blotting paper</td><td>Whatman, GE Healthcare</td><td>3030-917</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose (UltraPure)</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15510-027</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

screening for amyloid aggregation by semi-denaturing detergent-agarose gel electrophoresis

Aggregazione amiloide è associata a numerose patologie misfolding ed è alla base delle proprietà dei prioni infettivi, che sono conformationally auto-template proteine ​​che si pensa siano ruoli benefico negli organismi inferiori. Amiloidi sono notoriamente difficili da studiare a causa della loro insolubilità ed eterogeneità strutturale. Tuttavia, la risoluzione di polimeri amiloide in base alle dimensioni e insolubilità detergente è stato reso possibile da semi-denaturazione detergente-Agarosio elettroforesi su gel (SDD-AGE). Questa tecnica sta trovando ampio utilizzo per la rilevazione e la caratterizzazione di varianti amiloide conformazionale. Qui, dimostriamo un adattamento di questa tecnica che facilita il suo utilizzo in applicazioni su larga scala, come schermi per i prioni romanzo e altre proteine ​​amiloidogenica. Il nuovo SDD-AGE metodo utilizza trasferimento capillare per una maggiore affidabilità e facilità di utilizzo, e consente a qualsiasi gel dimensionato per essere ospitati. Così, un gran numero di campioni, preparati da cellule o proteine ​​purificate, possono essere trattati simultaneamente per la presenza di SDS-insolubile conformeri di proteine ​​marcate.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

SDD-AGE è una tecnica utile per la rilevazione e la caratterizzazione di amiloide-come i polimeri nelle cellule. Qui mostriamo un adattamento che rende questa tecnica suscettibile di applicazioni su larga scala.

Lo screening per aggregazione amiloide di semi-denaturazione detergente-Agarosio elettroforesi su gel

Amyloid aggregation is associated with numerous protein misfolding pathologies and underlies the infectious properties of prions, which are ...

screening-for-amyloid-aggregation-semi-denaturing-detergent-agarose

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

27.0K Views.  Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research. SDD-AGE è una tecnica utile per la rilevazione e la caratterizzazione di amiloide-come i polimeri nelle cellule. Qui mostriamo un adattamento che rende questa tecnica suscettibile di applicazioni su larga scala.

Video: Screening for Amyloid Aggregation by Semi-Denaturing Detergent-Agarose Gel Electrophoresis

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&beta; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis1. A&beta; is predominantly a 40- or 42-amino acid peptide that is prone to self-aggregation into &beta;-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils that are found in the cores of cerebral senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence suggests that low molecular weight, soluble A&beta; multimers are more toxic than fibrillar A&beta; amyloid2. The identification and quantification of low- and high-molecular weight multimeric A&beta; species in brain tissue is an essential objective in Alzheimer's disease research, and the methods employed also can be applied to the identification and characterization of toxic multimers in other proteopathies3. Naturally occurring A&beta; multimers can be detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by immunoblotting with A&beta;-specific antibodies. However, the separation and detection of multimeric A&beta; requires the use of highly concentrated cortical homogenates and antigen retrieval in small pore-size nitrocellulose membranes. Here we describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE, and antigen-epitope retrieval/Western blotting with antibody 6E10 to the N-terminal region of the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect A&beta; monomers, dimers, trimers, tetramers, and higher molecular weight multimers in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot Detection of A&#946; Multimers in Human Cortical Tissue Homogenates using Antigen-Epitope Retrieval

We describe a technique for the preparation of clarified human cortical homogenates, protein separation by SDS-PAGE, antigen retrieval and immunoblotting with an antibody to the A&beta; peptide. Using this protocol, we consistently detect monomeric and multimeric A&beta; in cortical tissue from humans with Alzheimer's pathology.

Rilevazione SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot di multimeri Aβ in Human tessuto corticale omogenati utilizzando Antigen-epitopi recupero

The anomalous folding and polymerization of the &beta;-amyloid (A&beta;) peptide is thought to initiate the neurodegenerative cascade in Alzheimer's ...

Ricerca

Neuroscienze

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &beta;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer&#39;s Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis difficult1. Definite AD diagnosis is achieved only postmortem, thus establishing presymptomatic, early diagnosis of AD is crucial for developing and administering effective therapies2,3.
Amyloid &beta;-protein (A&beta;) is central to AD pathogenesis. Soluble, oligomeric A&beta; assemblies are believed to affect neurotoxicity underlying synaptic dysfunction and neuron loss in AD4,5. Various forms of soluble A&beta; assemblies have been described, however, their interrelationships and relevance to AD etiology and pathogenesis are complex and not well understood6. Specific molecular recognition tools may unravel the relationships amongst A&beta; assemblies and facilitate detection and characterization of these assemblies early in the disease course before symptoms emerge. Molecular recognition commonly relies on antibodies. However, an alternative class of molecular recognition tools, aptamers, offers important advantages relative to antibodies7,8. Aptamers are oligonucleotides generated by in-vitro selection: systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX)9,10. SELEX is an iterative process that, similar to Darwinian evolution, allows selection, amplification, enrichment, and perpetuation of a property, e.g., avid, specific, ligand binding (aptamers) or catalytic activity (ribozymes and DNAzymes).
Despite emergence of aptamers as tools in modern biotechnology and medicine11, they have been underutilized in the amyloid field. Few RNA or ssDNA aptamers have been selected against various forms of prion proteins (PrP)12-16. An RNA aptamer generated against recombinant bovine PrP was shown to recognize bovine PrP-&beta;17, a soluble, oligomeric, &beta;-sheet-rich conformational variant of full-length PrP that forms amyloid fibrils18. Aptamers generated using monomeric and several forms of fibrillar &beta;2-microglobulin (&beta;2m) were found to bind fibrils of certain other amyloidogenic proteins besides &beta;2m fibrils19. Ylera et al. described RNA aptamers selected against immobilized monomeric A&beta;4020. Unexpectedly, these aptamers bound fibrillar A&beta;40. Altogether, these data raise several important questions. Why did aptamers selected against monomeric proteins recognize their polymeric forms? Could aptamers against monomeric and/or oligomeric forms of amyloidogenic proteins be obtained? To address these questions, we attempted to select aptamers for covalently-stabilized oligomeric A&beta;4021 generated using photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins (PICUP)22,23. Similar to previous findings17,19,20, these aptamers reacted with fibrils of A&beta; and several other amyloidogenic proteins likely recognizing a potentially common amyloid structural aptatope21. Here, we present the SELEX methodology used in production of these aptamers21.

Selection of Aptamers for Amyloid &#946;-Protein, the Causative Agent of Alzheimer's Disease

Aptamers are short ribo-/deoxyribo-oligonucleotides selected by in-vitro evolution methods based on affinity for a specific target. Aptamers are molecular recognition tools with versatile therapeutic, diagnostic, and research applications. We demonstrate methods for selection of aptamers for amyloid &beta;-protein, the causative agent of Alzheimer's disease.

Selezione di Aptamers per β-amiloide proteina, l&#39;agente eziologico della malattia di Alzheimer

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-dependent, neurodegenerative disorder with an insidious course that renders its presymptomatic diagnosis ...

Enrichment of Detergent-insoluble Protein Aggregates from Human Postmortem Brain

In this study, we describe an abbreviated single-step fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human postmortem brain. The ionic detergent N-lauryl-sarcosine (sarkosyl) effectively solubilizes natively folded proteins in brain tissue allowing the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from a wide range of neurodegenerative proteinopathies, such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), Parkinson&#39;s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and prion diseases. Human control and AD postmortem brain tissues were homogenized and sedimented by ultracentrifugation in the presence of sarkosyl to enrich detergent-insoluble protein aggregates including pathologic phosphorylated tau, the core component of neurofibrillary tangles in AD. Western blotting demonstrated the differential solubility of aggregated phosphorylated-tau and the detergent-soluble protein, Early Endosome Antigen 1 (EEA1) in control and AD brain. Proteomic analysis also revealed enrichment of &#946;-amyloid (A&#946;), tau, snRNP70 (U1-70K), and apolipoprotein E (APOE) in the sarkosyl-insoluble fractions of AD brain compared to those of control, consistent with previous tissue fractionation strategies. Thus, this simple enrichment protocol is ideal for a wide range of experimental applications ranging from Western blotting and functional protein co-aggregation assays to mass spectrometry-based proteomics.

An abbreviated fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human postmortem brain is described.

Arricchimento di aggregati proteici di detersivo-insolubili da cervello post mortem umano

In this study, we describe an abbreviated single-step fractionation protocol for the enrichment of detergent-insoluble protein aggregates from human ...

Biochimica

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. The ability to readily detect the formation of these fibers under various experimental conditions is essential for understanding their potential function. Many methods have been used to detect the fibers, but not without some drawbacks. For example, electron microscopy (EM), or staining with Congo Red or Thioflavin T often requires purification of the fibers. On the other hand, semi-denaturing detergent agarose gel electrophoresis (SDD-AGE) allows detection of the SDS-resistant amyloid-like fibers in the cell extracts without purification. In addition, it allows the comparison of the size difference of the fibers. More importantly, it can be used to identify specific proteins within the fibers by Western blotting. It is less time consuming and more easily accessible to a wider number of labs. SDD-AGE results often show variable degree of heterogeneity. It raises the question whether part of the heterogeneity results from the dissociation of the protein complex during the electrophoresis in the presence of SDS. For this reason, we have employed a second dimension of SDD-AGE to determine if the size heterogeneity seen in SDD-AGE is truly a result of fiber heterogeneity in vivo and not a result of either degradation or dissociation of some of the proteins during electrophoresis. This method allows fast, qualitative confirmation that the amyloid or amyloid-like fibers are not partially dissociating during the SDD-AGE process.

Here we use two-dimensional semi-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis to confirm the presence of amyloid-like fibers of heterogeneous size and exclude the possibility that the size heterogeneity is due to dissociation of the amyloid fibers during the gel running process.

Uso di elettroforesi del Gel di agarosio detergente semi-denaturante dimensionale due per confermare dimensioni eterogeneità delle fibre amiloidi o amiloide-come

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. ...

A11-positive &#946;-amyloid Oligomer Preparation and Assessment Using Dot Blotting Analysis

&#946;-amyloid (A&#946;) is a hydrophobic peptide with an intrinsic tendency to self-assemble into aggregates. Among various aggregates, A&#946; oligomer is widely accepted as the leading neurotoxin in the progress of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD) and is considered to be the crucial event in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, A&#946; oligomer inhibitors might prevent neurodegeneration and have the potential to be developed as disease-modifying treatments of AD. However, different formation protocols of A&#946; oligomer might lead to oligomers with different characteristics. Moreover, there are not many methods to effectively screen A&#946;1-42 oligomer inhibitors. An A11 antibody can react with a subset of toxic A&#946;1-42 oligomer with anti-parallel &#946;-sheet structures. In this protocol, we describe how to prepare an A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer-rich sample from a synthetic A&#946;1-42 peptide in vitro and to evaluate relative amounts of A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer in samples by a dot blotting analysis using A11 and A&#946;1-42-specific 6E10 antibodies. Using this protocol, inhibitors of A11-positive A&#946;1-42 oligomer can also be screened from semi-quantitative experimental results.

This protocol describes how to prepare A&#946; oligomers from a synthetic peptide in vitro and to evaluate relative amounts of A&#946; oligomer by a dot blotting analysis.

Oligomero di β-amiloide a11-positiva preparazione e valutazione utilizzando Dot Blotting analisi

&#946;-amyloid (A&#946;) is a hydrophobic peptide with an intrinsic tendency to self-assemble into aggregates. Among various aggregates, A&#946; oligomer ...

Purification and Aggregation of the Amyloid Precursor Protein Intracellular Domain

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a large extracellular domain and a short cytosolic domain termed the APP intracellular domain (AICD). During maturation through the secretory pathway, APP can be cleaved by proteases termed &alpha;, &beta;, and &gamma;-secretases1. Sequential proteolytic cleavage of APP with &beta; and &gamma;-secretases leads to the production of a small proteolytic peptide, termed A&beta;, which is amyloidogenic and the core constituent of senile plaques. The AICD is also liberated from the membrane after secretase processing, and through interactions with Fe65 and Tip60, can translocate to the nucleus to participate in transcription regulation of multiple target genes2,3. Protein-protein interactions involving the AICD may affect trafficking, processing, and cellular functions of holo-APP and its C-terminal fragments. We have recently shown that AICD can aggregate in vitro, and this process is inhibited by the AD-implicated molecular chaperone ubiquilin-14. Consistent with these findings, the AICD has exposed hydrophobic domains and is intrinsically disordered in vitro5,6, however it obtains stable secondary structure when bound to Fe657. We have proposed that ubiquilin-1 prevents inappropriate inter- and intramolecular interactions of AICD, preventing aggregation in vitro and in intact cells4. While most studies focus on the role of APP in the pathogenesis of AD, the role of AICD in this process is not clear. Expression of AICD has been shown to induce apoptosis8, to modulate signaling pathways9, and to regulate calcium signaling10. Over-expression of AICD and Fe65 in a transgenic mouse model induces Alzheimer's like pathology11, and recently AICD has been detected in brain lysates by western blotting when using appropriate antigen retrieval techniques12. To facilitate structural, biochemical, and biophysical studies of the AICD, we have developed a procedure to produce recombinantly large amounts of highly pure AICD protein. We further describe a method for inducing the in vitro thermal aggregation of AICD and analysis by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on AICD aggregation.

A method for large-scale purification of the APP intracellular domain (AICD) is described. We also describe methodology to induce in vitro AICD aggregation and visualization by atomic force microscopy. The methods described are useful for biochemical/structural characterization of the AICD and the effects of molecular chaperones on its aggregation.

Purificazione e aggregazione della proteina precursore dell&#39;amiloide dominio intracellulare

Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a type I transmembrane protein associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). APP is characterized by a ...

Medicina

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures of polypeptides fulfill many purposes, it is now recognized that most proteins can adopt an alternative assembly of beta-sheet rich amyloid. Insoluble amyloid fibrils are initially associated with multiple human ailments, but they are increasingly shown as functional players participating in various important cellular processes. In addition, amyloid deposited in patient tissues contains nonproteinaceous components, such as nucleic acids and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). These cofactors can facilitate the formation of amyloid, resulting in the generation of different types of insoluble precipitates. By taking advantage of our understanding how proteins misfold via an intermediate stage of soluble amyloid precursor, we have devised a method to convert native proteins to amyloid fibrils in vitro. This approach allows one to prepare amyloid in large quantities, examine the properties of amyloid generated from specific proteins, and evaluate the structural changes accompanying the conversion.

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Proteins can either adopt a native structure or misfold into insoluble amyloid. Conditions that favor the misfolding pathway lead to the formation of different types of amyloid fibrils. The methods described here allow rapid conversion of native proteins into amyloid in vitro.

Proteins carry out crucial tasks in organisms by exerting functions elicited from their specific three dimensional folds. Although the native structures ...

Biologia

Detecting Amyloid-&#946; Accumulation via Immunofluorescent Staining in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that contributes to 60-70% dementia around the world. One of the hallmarks of AD undoubtedly lies on accumulation of amyloid-&#946; (A&#946;) in the brain. A&#946; is produced from the proteolytic cleavage of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP) by &#946;-secretase and &#947;-secretase. In pathological circumstances, the increased &#946;-cleavage of APP leads to overproduction of A&#946;, which aggregates into A&#946; plaques. Since A&#946; plaques are a characteristic of AD pathology, detecting the amount of A&#946; is very important in AD research. In this protocol, we introduce the immunofluorescent staining method to visualize A&#946; deposition. The mouse model used in our experiments is 5&#215;FAD, which carries five mutations found in human familial AD. The neuropathological and behavioral deficits of 5xFAD mice are well-documented, which makes it a good animal model to study A&#946; pathology. We will introduce the procedure including transcardial perfusion, cryosectioning, immunofluorescent staining and quantification to detect A&#946; accumulation in 5&#215;FAD mice. With this protocol, researchers can investigate A&#946; pathology in an AD mouse model.

In the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease, one of the most crucial characteristics is the deposition of amyloid-&#946;. In this protocol, we describe the method of immunofluorescent staining in 5&#215;FAD transgenic mouse to detect amyloid-&#946; accumulation in plaques. The process of perfusion, cryosectioning, staining and quantification will be described in detail.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that contributes to 60-70% dementia around the world. One of the hallmarks of AD undoubtedly lies ...

Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease (AD), amyloid-beta peptides form protofibrils in the extracellular space, which act as seeds that gradually grow and mature into large amyloid plaques. Despite this basic understanding, current knowledge of the amyloid fibril structure, composition, and deposition patterns in the brain is limited. One major barrier has been the inability to isolate highly purified amyloid fibrils from brain extracts. Affinity purification and laser capture microdissection-based approaches have been previously used to isolate amyloids but are limited by the small quantity of material that can be recovered. This novel, robust protocol describes the biochemical purification of amyloid plaque cores using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilization with sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and ultrasonication and yields highly pure fibrils from AD patients and AD model brain tissues. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based bottom-up proteomic analysis of the purified material represents a robust strategy to identify nearly all the primary protein components of amyloid fibrils. Previous proteomic studies of proteins in the amyloid coronae have revealed an unexpectedly large and functionally diverse collection of proteins. Notably, after refining the purification strategy, the number of co-purifying proteins was reduced by more than 10-fold, indicating the high purity of the isolated SDS insoluble material. Negative staining and immuno-gold electron microscopy allowed confirmation of the purity of these preparations. Further studies are required to understand the spatial and biological attributes that contribute to the deposition of these proteins into amyloid inclusions. Taken together, this analytical strategy is well-positioned to increase the understanding of amyloid biology.

This biochemical purification method with mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis facilitates the robust characterization of amyloid fibril cores, which may accelerate the identification of targets for preventing Alzheimer's disease.

Purificazione biochimica e caratterizzazione proteomica dei nuclei di fibrille amiloidi dal cervello

Proteinaceous fibrillar inclusions are key pathological hallmarks of multiple neurodegenerative diseases. In the early stages of Alzheimer&#39;s disease ...

Isolation of Amyloid Fibrils from Brain Tissue Extract

Source: Upadhyay, A. et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/63816">Biochemical Purification and Proteomic Characterization of Amyloid Fibril Cores from the Brain.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2022)
This video demonstrates the protocol for isolating&#160; amyloid fibrils from mouse brain tissue extract using density gradient centrifugation and digestion of non-amyloid proteins.

Isolamento delle fibrille amiloidi dall'estratto di tessuto cerebrale

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Tissue harvesting and ...

Lo screening per aggregazione amiloide di semi-denaturazione detergente-Agarosio elettroforesi su gel

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Rilevazione SDS-PAGE/Immunoblot di multimeri Aβ in Human tessuto corticale omogenati utilizzando Antigen-epitopi recupero

Selezione di Aptamers per β-amiloide proteina, l'agente eziologico della malattia di Alzheimer

Arricchimento di aggregati proteici di detersivo-insolubili da cervello post mortem umano

Uso di elettroforesi del Gel di agarosio detergente semi-denaturante dimensionale due per confermare dimensioni eterogeneità delle fibre amiloidi o amiloide-come

Oligomero di β-amiloide a11-positiva preparazione e valutazione utilizzando Dot Blotting analisi

Purificazione e aggregazione della proteina precursore dell'amiloide dominio intracellulare

Rapid Generation of Amyloid from Native Proteins In vitro

Detecting Amyloid-β Accumulation via Immunofluorescent Staining in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease

Purificazione biochimica e caratterizzazione proteomica dei nuclei di fibrille amiloidi dal cervello

Isolamento delle fibrille amiloidi dall'estratto di tessuto cerebrale