Questo lavoro è stato supportato da diabete Canada.

<ol>
	<li>Guh, D. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+of+co-morbidities+related+to+obesity+and+overweight:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis.">The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis.</a> BMC. Public Health. 9, 88 (2009).</li><li>Wronska, A., Kmiec, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structural+and+biochemical+characteristics+of+various+white+adipose+tissue+depots.">Structural and biochemical characteristics of various white adipose tissue depots.</a> Acta Physiol (Oxf). 205 (2), 194-208 (2012).</li><li>Cannon, B., Nedergaard, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brown+adipose+tissue:+function+and+physiological+significance.">Brown adipose tissue: function and physiological significance.</a> Physiol Rev. 84 (1), 277-359 (2004).</li><li>Holland, N. T., Smith, M. 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E., Hoffmeister, D., Pallua, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+Isolation+from+Adipose+Tissue:+An+Optimized+Procedure+for+High+RNA+Yield+and+Integrity.">RNA Isolation from Adipose Tissue: An Optimized Procedure for High RNA Yield and Integrity.</a> Laboratory Medicine. 41 (2), 104-106 (2010).</li><li>Cirera, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+method+for+isolation+of+total+RNA+from+adipose+tissue.">Highly efficient method for isolation of total RNA from adipose tissue.</a> BMC Res Notes. 6, 472 (2013).</li><li>Tan, S. C., Yiap, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA,+RNA,+and+protein+extraction:+the+past+and+the+present.">DNA, RNA, and protein extraction: the past and the present.</a> J Biomed Biotechnol. 2009, 574398 (2009).</li><li>Sellin Jeffries, M. K., Kiss, A. J., Smith, A. W., Oris, J. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+commercially-available+automated+and+manual+extraction+kits+for+the+isolation+of+total+RNA+from+small+tissue+samples.">A comparison of commercially-available automated and manual extraction kits for the isolation of total RNA from small tissue samples.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 14, 94 (2014).</li><li>Tan, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+the+prorenin/renin+receptor+on+the+development+of+obesity+and+associated+cardiometabolic+risk+factors.">Impact of the prorenin/renin receptor on the development of obesity and associated cardiometabolic risk factors.</a> Obesity (Silver. Spring). 22 (10), 2201-2209 (2014).</li><li>Taylor, S., Wakem, M., Dijkman, G., Alsarraj, M., Nguyen, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+practical+approach+to+RT-qPCR-Publishing+data+that+conform+to+the+MIQE+guidelines.">A practical approach to RT-qPCR-Publishing data that conform to the MIQE guidelines.</a> Methods. 50 (4), 1-5 (2010).</li><li>Aranda, P. S., LaJoie, D. M., Jorcyk, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bleach+gel:+a+simple+agarose+gel+for+analyzing+RNA+quality.">Bleach gel: a simple agarose gel for analyzing RNA quality.</a> Electrophoresis. 33 (2), 366-369 (2012).</li><li>Mercure, C., Prescott, G., Lacombe, M. J., Silversides, D. W., Reudelhuber, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+increases+in+circulating+prorenin+are+not+associated+with+renal+or+cardiac+pathologies.">Chronic increases in circulating prorenin are not associated with renal or cardiac pathologies.</a> Hypertension. 53 (6), 1062-1069 (2009).</li><li>Dusaulcy, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipose-specific+disruption+of+autotaxin+enhances+nutritional+fattening+and+reduces+plasma+lysophosphatidic+acid.">Adipose-specific disruption of autotaxin enhances nutritional fattening and reduces plasma lysophosphatidic acid.</a> J. Lipid Res. 52 (6), 1247-1255 (2011).</li><li>Nakamura, K., Fuster, J. J., Walsh, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adipokines:+a+link+between+obesity+and+cardiovascular+disease.">Adipokines: a link between obesity and cardiovascular disease.</a> J Cardiol. 63 (4), 250-259 (2014).</li><li>Taylor, S. C., Mrkusich, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+state+of+RT-quantitative+PCR:+firsthand+observations+of+implementation+of+minimum+information+for+the+publication+of+quantitative+real-time+PCR+experiments+(MIQE).">The state of RT-quantitative PCR: firsthand observations of implementation of minimum information for the publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments (MIQE).</a> J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol. 24 (1), 46-52 (2014).</li><li>Hummon, A. B., Lim, S. R., Difilippantonio, M. 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HF-dieta seguente nutrire, topi obesi sono stati trovati una maggiore corpo e tessuto adiposo bianco pesi rispetto ai topi alimentati con una dieta di N. RNA estratto usando fenolo soluzione dato i campioni con buona purezza. Leptina è un'adipochina prodotta principalmente da tessuto adiposo ed è conosciuta per correlare positivamente con massa grassa16. Come previsto, espressione di mRNA di leptina aumentata di topi obesi in concomitanza con la loro massa grassa.
Que...

L'obesità è un'epidemia mondiale che può portare a complicazioni quali 2 diabete di tipo1. Modelli animali obesi e geneticamente indotta da dieta sono frequentemente utilizzati per la ricerca in obesità e delle complicanze associate. Tradizionalmente, il tessuto adiposo bianco è conosciuto come un vano portaoggetti per l'energia in eccesso ed è prevalentemente composto da lipidi mentre il tessuto adiposo bruno converte l'energia in calore2,3. Tessuto adiposo è dinamico e sarà ampliata e ridursi a seconda di molti fattori come l'ingestione di cibo e attività fisica. Quindi, per determinare i fattori che contribuiscono a questi cambiamenti, tessuto adiposo adeguata raccolta e manipolazione sono necessari4.
Tra i tessuti adiposi bianchi, è generalmente accettato che i depositi di grasso sottocutanei e viscerali hanno proprietà diverse, ad esempio la localizzazione anatomica e funzionano2,5. Di conseguenza, per evitare risultati contraddittori o grande variabilità, attenzione deve essere presa per evitare la contaminazione incrociata tra questi diversi depositi di grasso quando si raccolgono i cuscinetti adiposi.
Inoltre, ci sono tre grandi sfide quando isolando RNA o proteine da tessuto adiposo di topi bianchi. In primo luogo, raccogliendo i cuscinetti adiposi in topi obesi non è un compito facile come il confine che separa i diversi depositi di grasso bianchi non è sempre chiaro, a differenza di altri organi come i reni e cuore6. In secondo luogo, a causa del contenuto elevato del lipido del tessuto adiposo, durante l'isolamento di RNA o proteine, uno strato di lipidi galleggia sulla parte superiore e impedisce l'accesso diretto al campione. In terzo luogo, in contrasto con il tessuto adiposo bruno o altri tessuti, tessuto adiposo bianco è considerevolmente minore contenuto di RNA e proteine e questo è di grande preoccupazione quando si utilizza giovani topi, topi alimentati una dieta normale (N) e topi che dovrebbero abbiano basse masse grasse (cioè KO modelli, trattamento con farmaci, esercitano di formazione, ecc.) 7 , 8.
Di conseguenza, scegliere il metodo appropriato per isolare il RNA dal tessuto adiposo è fondamentale. Metodi alternativi all'estrazione del fenolo/cloroformio sono kit commerciali. In genere si basano su una fase di estrazione del fenolo iniziale, seguita da purificazione RNA su una colonna9. Tuttavia, quei kit sono in genere più costosi e dare campioni di rendimento più basso, mentre la qualità di RNA potrebbe essere variabile ma sono molto meno tempo. Tuttavia, uno dei maggiori vantaggi di estrazione del fenolo soluzione/cloroformio descritto qui è la possibilità di isolamento del RNA, DNA e proteina da un singolo campione10. Dal momento che i rilievi grassi topi sono solitamente piccoli e dare piccole quantità di RNA e proteine (soprattutto in modelli murini magra), questi protocolli massimizzano i dati uno può uscire da un piccolo campione.
L'obiettivo di questa carta è di descrivere in dettaglio un metodo per garantire la raccolta di campioni adeguati da depositi di tessuto adiposo bianco tre topi come pure la quantità e la qualità di isolamento del RNA. RNA ottenuto seguendo questo protocollo consente di eseguire analisi di PCR in tempo reale. Questo protocollo non è destinato all'isolamento del RNA dai adipocytes primario coltivati.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">1 mL seringes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">1X TE solution (10 mM Tris-HCl and 1 mM EDTA&#8226;Na2. pH 8.0)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">22 G needles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">26 G needles</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">75% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Block heater (dry bath)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C2432-500mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">dATP&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">R0141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">dCTP&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">R0151</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">dGTP&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">R0161</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">DNase I (1 U/&#181;l)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">EN0521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">dTTP&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">R0171</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Faststart Universal SYBR green Master (Rox)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">4913922001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Faststart universal SYBR green master (Rox) fluorescent dye&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Roche</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">4913914001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Filtered tips</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Forceps&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Instrumentarium</td>
			<td>HB275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Gauze</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Hammer</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">High fat rodent diet</td>
			<td>Bio-Serv, Frenchtown, NJ</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">F3282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Isopropanol&#160;</td>
			<td>Laboratoire MAT</td>
			<td>IH-0101</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:457px;">Leptin forward PCR primer (5&#8217;-GGGCTTCACCCCATTCTGA-3&#8217;) 10 uM</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:457px;">Leptin reverse PCR primer (5&#8217;-GGCTATCTGCAGCACATTTTG-3&#8217;) 10 uM</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Maxima Reverse Transcriptase (enzyme and 5x buffer)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">EP0742</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Nanopure water (referred as ultrapure water)</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Nitrile examination gloves</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Nitrile gloves</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:457px;">Normal rodent diet</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Harlan Laboratories, Madison, WI</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Harlan 2018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">P1000 pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">P2 pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">P20 pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">P200 pipetman</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Phenol solution (TRIzol)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Ambion Life Technologies</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">15598018</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Pre-identified aluminium foil</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Quartz spectrophotometer cuvette</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rack for PCR tube strips</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Racks for RT-PCR tube strips</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Random hexamers&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">58875</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:457px;">Real-time PCR Rotor Gene system&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Corbett research</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">RG-3000 Rotor-Gene thermal cycler</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Refrigerated bench-top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RiboLock RNase Inhibitor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermo scientific</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">EO0381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RNase-free 1.5 mL eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RNase-free 1.5 mL screw cap tubes</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RNase-free PCR tube strips (0.2 mL) and caps</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RNase-free water&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">SH30538.02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RT-PCR machine</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Rotor-Gene Corbett 3000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">RT-PCR tube strips (0.1 mL) and caps</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:457px;">S16 forward PCR primer (5&#8217;-ATCTCAAAGGCCCTGGTAGC-3&#8217;) 10 uM</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="39">
			<td height="39" style="height:39px;width:457px;">S16 reverse PCR primer (5&#8217; ACAAAGGTAAACCCCGATCG-3&#8217;) 10 uM</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biochrom</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Ultrospec 3100 pro</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Stainless steel mortar and pestle</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="77">
			<td height="77" style="height:77px;width:457px;">Surgical pads</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Home made a foam board wrapped in a disposable absorbent underpad</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Surgical scissors&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Intrumentarium</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">130.450.11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Thermal cycler</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Thermal cycler&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Biometra</td>
			<td style="width:189px;">Thermocycler</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Vortex mixer</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:457px;">Weighing spatula</td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td style="width:189px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

mouse adipose tissue collection and processing for rna analysis

Rispetto ad altri tessuti, tessuto adiposo bianco ha un considerevolmente meno contenuto di RNA e proteine per applicazioni a valle come Real-Time PCR e Western Blot, poiché esso contiene principalmente i lipidi. Isolamento del RNA dai campioni di tessuto adiposo è impegnativo anche come passaggi aggiuntivi sono necessari per evitare questi lipidi. Qui, presentiamo una procedura per raccogliere tre tessuti adiposi bianchi anatomicamente diversi da topi, per elaborare questi campioni ed eseguire isolamento del RNA. Descriviamo ulteriormente la sintesi di cDNA e gene esperimenti di espressione mediante Real Time PCR. Il protocollo descritto dichiara permette la riduzione della contaminazione dell'animale capelli e sangue su cuscinetti adiposi, nonché la contaminazione incrociata tra diversi rilievi grassi durante la raccolta del tessuto. Esso è stato ottimizzato anche per garantire un'adeguata quantità e qualità del RNA estratto. Questo protocollo può essere ampiamente applicato a qualsiasi modello di topo dove campioni di tessuto adiposo sono necessari per gli esperimenti di routine come la PCR in tempo reale, ma non è inteso per l'isolamento da colture cellulari primarie adipocytes.

Seguendo la procedura di autopsia, tre tessuti adiposi bianchi sono stati raccolti e appesantiti da due gruppi di topi (N e HF topi dieta-federazione). Come previsto, i topi sulla dieta HF avevano aumentato peso corporeo finale e aumento di peso rispetto ai littermates sulla dieta N (tabella 1). Queste osservazioni sono state accompagnate da più di un aumento di 2 volte del peso della PGF, PRF e SCF in topi obesi rispetto a quelli sulla dieta N.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis at JoVE.com

Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis

Accumulazione del tessuto adiposo del mouse ed elaborazione per l'analisi del RNA

Lo scopo di questa carta è di presentare una procedura dettagliata per raccogliere diversi tessuti adiposi bianchi dai topi, trattare i campioni di grasso ed estrarre RNA.

Compared to other tissues, white adipose tissue has a considerably less RNA and protein content for downstream applications such as real-time PCR and ...

mouse-adipose-tissue-collection-and-processing-for-rna-analysis

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

48.1K Views.  Université de Montréal. Lo scopo di questa carta è di presentare una procedura dettagliata per raccogliere diversi tessuti adiposi bianchi dai topi, trattare i campioni di grasso ed estrarre RNA.

Video: Mouse Adipose Tissue Collection and Processing for RNA Analysis

Experimental Design for Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq: Lessons from an Analysis of Maize Leaf Development

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not detected or are not identified as differentially expressed (DE) in transcriptomic analyses of whole plant organs. Laser Microdissection RNA-Seq (LM RNA-Seq) is a powerful tool to identify genes that are DE in specific developmental domains. However, the choice of cellular domains to microdissect and compare, and the accuracy of the microdissections are crucial to the success of the experiments. Here, two examples illustrate design considerations for transcriptomics experiments; a LM RNA-seq analysis to identify genes that are DE along the maize leaf proximal-distal axis, and a second experiment to identify genes that are DE in liguleless1-R (lg1-R) mutants compared to wild-type. Key elements that contributed to the success of these experiments were detailed histological and in situ hybridization analyses of the region to be analyzed, selection of leaf primordia at equivalent developmental stages, the use of morphological landmarks to select regions for microdissection, and microdissection of precisely measured domains. This paper provides a detailed protocol for the analysis of developmental domains by LM RNA-Seq. The data presented here illustrate how the region selected for microdissection will affect the results obtained.

Many developmentally important genes have cell- or tissue-specific expression patterns. This paper describes LM RNA-seq experiments to identify genes that are differentially expressed at the maize leaf blade-sheath boundary and in lg1-R mutants compared to wild-type. The experimental considerations discussed here apply to transcriptomic analyses of other developmental phenomena.

Il disegno sperimentale per Microdissezione laser RNA-Seq: Lezioni da una analisi dello sviluppo di mais Leaf

Genes with important roles in development frequently have spatially and/or temporally restricted expression patterns. Often these gene transcripts are not ...

Ricerca

Biochimica

An Efficient Method for the Isolation of Highly Purified RNA from Seeds for Use in Quantitative Transcriptome Analysis

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as industrial materials. Gene expression profiles are powerful tools for investigating metabolic regulation in plant cells. Therefore, detailed, accurate gene expression profiles during seed development are required for crop breeding. Acquiring highly purified RNA is essential for producing these profiles. Efficient methods are needed to isolate highly purified RNA from seeds. Here, we describe a method for isolating RNA from seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method enables highly purified RNA to be obtained from seeds without the use of phenol, chloroform, or additional processes for RNA purification. This method is applicable to Arabidopsis, rapeseed, and soybean seeds. Our method will be useful for monitoring the expression patterns of low level transcripts in developing and mature seeds.

We have succeeded in establishing a method for RNA isolation from plant seeds containing large amounts of oils, proteins, and polyphenols, which have inhibitory effects on high-purity RNA isolation. Our method is suitable for monitoring the expression of genes with low level transcripts in seeds.

Un metodo efficace per l&#39;isolamento di RNA altamente purificato da semi per l&#39;utilizzo in Quantitative Analysis trascrittoma

Plant seeds accumulate large amounts of storage reserves comprising biodegradable organic matter. Humans rely on seed storage reserves for food and as ...

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation of protein synthesis is the key to cellular stress-response, and dysregulation is central to many disease states, such as cancer. For instance, although cellular stress leads to the inhibition of global translation by attenuating cap-dependent initiation, certain stress-response proteins are selectively translated in a cap-independent manner. Discreet RNA regulatory elements, such as cellular internal ribosome entry sites (IRESes), allow for the translation of these specific mRNAs. Identification of such mRNAs, and the characterization of their regulatory mechanisms, have been a key area in molecular biology. Toeprinting is a method for the study of RNA structure and function as it pertains to translation initiation. The goal of toeprinting is to assess the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form stable complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions, in order to determine which sequences, structural elements, or accessory factors are involved in ribosome binding&#8212;a pre-cursor for efficient translation initiation. Alongside other techniques, such as western analysis and polysome profiling, toeprinting allows for a robust characterization of mechanisms for the regulation of translation initiation.

Toeprinting aims to measure the ability of in vitro transcribed RNA to form translation initiation complexes with ribosomes under a variety of conditions. This protocol describes a method for toeprinting mammalian RNA and can be used to study both cap-dependent and IRES-driven translation.

Toeprinting analisi di traduzione Iniziazione formazione complessa su mRNAs mammiferi

Translation initiation is the rate-limiting step of protein synthesis and represents a key point at which cells regulate their protein output. Regulation ...

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture (CARIC) Strategy

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used strategy for RBP capture exploits the polyadenylation [poly(A)] of target RNAs, which mostly occurs on eukaryotic mature mRNAs, leaving most binding proteins of non-poly(A) RNAs unidentified. Here we describe the detailed procedures of a recently reported method termed click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC), which enables the transcriptome-wide capture of both poly(A) and non-poly(A) RBPs by combining the metabolic labeling of RNAs, in vivo UV cross-linking, and bioorthogonal tagging.

Capture and Identification of RNA-binding Proteins by Using Click Chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome Capture CARIC Strategy

A detailed protocol for applying the click chemistry-assisted RNA-interactome capture (CARIC) strategy to identify proteins binding to both coding and noncoding RNAs is presented.

Cattura e identificazione delle proteine RNA-leganti utilizzando clic chimica-assistita RNA-Interactoma (Castaldi) strategia di acquisizione

A comprehensive identification of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) is key to understanding the posttranscriptional regulatory network in cells. A widely used ...

Rapid Collection of Floral Fragrance Volatiles using a Headspace Volatile Collection Technique for GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

Fragrances of many flower families have been sampled and the volatiles analyzed. Knowing the compounds that make up the fragrances can be an important step to conservation of flowers that are threatened or endangered. Because floral fragrance is critical for attracting pollinators, this method could be used to better understand or even enhance pollination. We present a protocol using a portable charcoal air filter and vacuum to collect floral fragrance volatiles, which are then analyzed by a GC-MS. By using this method, fragrance volatiles can be sampled using a non-destructive method with a machine that is easily transported. This methodology uses a rapid sampling procedure, cutting sampling time down from 2-3 hours to approximately 10 minutes. Using GC-MS, the fragrance compounds can be identified individually, based on authentic standards. The steps used for collecting fragrance and control data are presented, from material setup to collecting the data output.

Here, we present a protocol for collecting the floral fragrance volatiles from blooming flowers, using a non-destructive sampling procedure.

Raccolta rapida di volatili di fragranze floreali utilizzando una tecnica di raccolta volatile Headspace per il campionamento della postura termica GC-MS

Fragrances of many flower families have been sampled and the volatiles analyzed. Knowing the compounds that make up the fragrances can be an important ...

Studying RNA Interactors of Protein Kinase RNA-Activated during the Mammalian Cell Cycle

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral RNAs. When bound to viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), PKR undergoes dimerization and subsequent autophosphorylation. Phosphorylated PKR (pPKR) becomes active and induces phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2&#945;) to suppress global translation. Increasing evidence suggests that PKR can be activated under physiological conditions such as during the cell cycle or under various stress conditions without infection. However, our understanding of the RNA activators of PKR is limited due to the lack of a standardized experimental method to capture and analyze PKR-interacting dsRNAs. Here, we present an experimental protocol to specifically enrich and analyze PKR bound RNAs during the cell cycle using HeLa cells. We utilize the efficient crosslinking activity of formaldehyde to fix PKR-RNA complexes and isolate them via immunoprecipitation. PKR co-immunoprecipitated RNAs can then be further processed to generate a high-throughput sequencing library. One major class of PKR-interacting cellular dsRNAs is mitochondrial RNAs (mtRNAs), which can exist as intermolecular dsRNAs through complementary interaction between the heavy-strand and the light-strand RNAs. To study the strandedness of these duplex mtRNAs, we also present a protocol for strand-specific qRT-PCR. Our protocol is optimized for the analysis of PKR-bound RNAs, but it can be easily modified to study cellular dsRNAs or RNA-interactors of other dsRNA binding proteins.

We present experimental approaches for studying RNA-interactors of double-stranded RNA binding protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) during the mammalian cell cycle using HeLa cells. This method utilizes formaldehyde to crosslink RNA-PKR complexes and immunoprecipitation to enrich PKR-bound RNAs. These RNAs can be further analyzed through high-throughput sequencing or qRT-PCR.

Lo studio di RNA interattori della chinasi proteica RNA-attivato durante il ciclo cellulare dei mammiferi

Protein kinase RNA-activated (PKR) is a member of the innate immune response proteins and recognizes the double-stranded secondary structure of viral ...

Rapid and Cost-Effective RNA Extraction of Rat Pancreatic Tissue

Regardless of the extraction method, optimized RNA extraction of tissues and cell lines are carried out in four stages: 1) homogenization, 2) effective denaturation of proteins from RNA, 3) ribonuclease inactivation, and 4) removal of contamination from DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. However, it is very laborious to maintain the integrity of RNA when there are high levels of RNase in the tissue. Spontaneous autolysis makes it very difficult to extract RNA from pancreatic tissue without damaging it. Thus, a practical RNA extraction method is needed to maintain the integrity of pancreatic tissues during the extraction process. An experimental and comparative study of existing protocols was carried out by obtaining 20-30 mg of rat pancreatic tissues in less than 2 minutes and extracting the RNA. The results were assessed by electrophoresis. The experiments were carried out three times for generalization of the results. Immersing pancreatic tissue in RNA stabilization reagent at -80 &#176;C for 24 h yielded high integrity RNA, when the RNA extraction reagent was used as the reagent. The results obtained were comparable to the results obtained from commercial kits with spin column bindings.

The purity and integrity of the isolated RNA is a vital step in RNA dependent assays. Here, we present a practical, rapid, and inexpensive method to extract RNA from a small quantity of undamaged pancreatic tissue.

Estrazione rapida ed economica dell'RNA del tessuto pancreatico ratto

Regardless of the extraction method, optimized RNA extraction of tissues and cell lines are carried out in four stages: 1) homogenization, 2) effective ...

RNA Blot Analysis for the Detection and Quantification of Plant MicroRNAs

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and animals. Most miRNAs act as negative switches of gene expression targeting key genes. In plants, primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) transcripts are generated by RNA polymerase II, and they form varying lengths of stable stem-loop structures called pre-miRNAs. An endonuclease, Dicer-like1, processes the pre-miRNAs into miRNA-miRNA* duplexes. One of the strands from miRNA-miRNA* duplex is selected and loaded onto Argonaute 1 protein or its homologs to mediate the cleavage of target mRNAs. Although miRNAs are key signaling molecules, their detection is often carried out by less than optimal PCR-based methods instead of a sensitive northern blot analysis. We describe a simple, reliable, and extremely sensitive northern method that is ideal for the quantification of miRNA levels with very high sensitivity, literally from any plant tissue. Additionally, this method can be used to confirm the size, stability and the abundance of miRNAs and their precursors.

This method demonstrates use of the northern hybridization technique to detect miRNAs from total RNA extract.

RNA Blot Analisi per il rilevamento e la quantificazione dei microRNA vegetali

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenously expressed non-coding, ~21 nt small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression in both plants and ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.

Pinzette ottiche per studiare le interazioni RNA-proteina nella regolazione della traduzione

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the ...

Routine Collection of High-Resolution cryo-EM Datasets Using 200 KV Transmission Electron Microscope

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has been established as a routine method for protein structure determination during the past decade, taking an ever-increasing share of published structural data. Recent advances in TEM technology and automation have boosted both the speed of data collection and quality of acquired images while simultaneously decreasing the required level of expertise for obtaining cryo-EM maps at sub-3 &#197; resolutions. While most of such high-resolution structures have been obtained using state-of-the-art 300 kV cryo-TEM systems, high-resolution structures can be also obtained with 200 kV cryo-TEM systems, especially when equipped with an energy filter. Additionally, automation of microscope alignments and data collection with real-time image quality assessment reduces system complexity and assures optimal microscope settings, resulting in increased yield of high-quality images and overall throughput of data collection. This protocol demonstrates the implementation of recent technological advances and automation features on a 200 kV cryo-transmission electron microscope and shows how to collect data for the reconstruction of 3D maps that are sufficient for de novo atomic model building. We focus on best practices, critical variables, and common issues that must be considered to enable the routine collection of such high-resolution cryo-EM datasets. Particularly the following essential topics are reviewed in detail: i) automation of microscope alignments, ii) selection of suitable areas for data acquisition, iii) optimal optical parameters for high-quality, high-throughput data collection, iv) energy filter tuning for zero-loss imaging, and v) data management and quality assessment. Application of the best practices and improvement of achievable resolution using an energy filter will be demonstrated on the example of apo-ferritin that was reconstructed to 1.6 &#197;, and Thermoplasma acidophilum 20S proteasome reconstructed to 2.1-&#197; resolution using a 200 kV TEM equipped with an energy filter and a direct electron detector.

High-resolution cryo-EM maps of macromolecules can be also achieved by using 200 kV TEM microscopes. This protocol shows the best practices for setting accurate optics alignments, data acquisition schemes, and selection of imaging areas that are all essential for the successful collection of high-resolution datasets using a 200 kV TEM.

Accumulazione del tessuto adiposo del mouse ed elaborazione per l'analisi del RNA

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