Funding for this project was provided by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 1046203 (BVB, AJV) and Melbourne Neuroscience Institute Fellowship (CTN).

<ol>
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The authors have no disclosures relevant to this work.

L&#39;ERG e VEP sono misure oggettive della funzione visiva dalla retina e la corteccia, rispettivamente. Il vantaggio di registrazione simultanea è che una visione più completa di tutto il percorso visivo è prestata. In particolare, le informazioni complementari da loro valutazione concomitante potrebbe fornire una più chiara delimitazione del sito di lesioni in via visiva (per esempio, per i disturbi con sovrapposizione ERG ancora distinto VEP manifestazioni 18, quando neuropatia ottica può co...

Misura della elettroretinogramma (ERG) e potenziali evocati visivi (PEV) fornire valutazioni quantitative utili dell&#39;integrità della via visiva. L&#39;ERG misura le risposte elettriche della retina alla stimolazione luminosa, mentre il VEP misura corrispondente integrità funzionale delle vie visive dalla retina alla corteccia visiva primaria seguendo lo stesso evento luce. Questo manoscritto descrive un protocollo per la registrazione e analisi delle risposte ERG e PEV in un modello di laboratorio comunemente usato, il ratto. Il ERG fornisce un indice della integrità funzionale di un certo numero di classi principali di cellule retiniche quantificando risposta elettrica lordo del retina un lampo di luce. Una serie coordinata di flussi ionici iniziata da insorgenza luce e offset, producono cambiamenti rilevabili in tensione che può essere misurato con elettrodi di superficie posizionati al di fuori dell&#39;occhio. La forma d&#39;onda risultante rappresenta la combinazione di un séRies di componenti ben definiti, che differiscono in ampiezza, i tempi e la frequenza. Una importante ricerca ha dimostrato che questi componenti sono relativamente ben conservati tra i molti retine vertebrati e che i componenti possono essere separati l&#39;uno dall&#39;altro. Selezionando giudiziosamente lo stimolo (stimolo flash, sfondo, intervallo interstimulus) le condizioni e la scelta di caratteristiche specifiche della forma d&#39;onda composita di analizzare si può essere sicuri di tornare una misura di un gruppo specifico di cellule retiniche 1,2. Queste caratteristiche sono alla base del programma di utilità e quindi le applicazioni diffuse della ERG come una misura non invasiva della funzione della retina. Questo manoscritto si concentra sulla metodologia per misurare l&#39;ERG e analizzando le sue caratteristiche per restituire informazioni su alcune delle principali classi di cellule nella retina, vale a dire fotorecettori (il componente PIII), cellule bipolari (il componente PII) e le cellule gangliari della retina (il positivo risposta soglia scotopica o PSTR). <p class= &quot;Jove_content&quot;&gt; Il VEP offre un saggio della risposta corticale alla luce; prima proveniente dalla retina e successivamente comunicato seriale tramite il nervo ottico, tratto ottico, talamo (genicolato laterale nucleo, LGN) e la radiazione ottica all&#39;area V1 della corteccia 3. Nei roditori, la maggioranza (90 - 95%) di fibre del nervo ottico da ciascun occhio decussate 4 e innervano controlaterale cervello medio. A differenza della ERG, è ancora possibile attribuire diversi componenti del VEP a classi cellulari specifici, 5 cambia così ovunque lungo il percorso visivo potrebbe influenzare la forma d&#39;onda VEP. Tuttavia, il VEP è una misura utile non invasiva di prestazioni visive e dell&#39;integrità via visiva. Il VEP, quando utilizzato in combinazione con l&#39;ERG, può fornire una valutazione più completa del sistema visivo (cioè, retina / via visiva). ERG e PEV registrazioni possono essere condotte isolatamente o in combinazione, a seconda del applicazione. La metodologia descritta in questo documento permette la valutazione contemporanea di elettrofisiologia evocati visivi della retina e corticale da entrambi gli occhi e entrambi gli emisferi nei ratti anestetizzati. Questo è un modo utile per valutare in modo più completo la funzione della retina e gli effetti a monte che i cambiamenti nella funzione retinica possono avere sulla funzione corticale evocati visivi.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Alligator clip</td><td>generic brand</td><td>HM3022</td><td>Stainless steel 26 mm clip for connecting VEP screw electrodes to cables</td></tr><tr><td>Bioamplifier</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>ML 135</td><td>For amplifying ERG and VEP signals</td></tr><tr><td>Carboxymethylcellulose sodium 1.0%</td><td>Allergan</td><td>CAS 0009000-11-7</td><td>Viscous fluid for improving signal quality of the active ERG electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Carprofen 0.5%</td><td>Pfizer Animal Health Group</td><td>CAS 53716-49-7</td><td>Proprietary name: Rimadyl injectable (50 mg/ml). For post-surgery analgesia, diluted to 0.5% (5 mg/ml) in normal saline</td></tr><tr><td>Chlorhexadine 0.5%</td><td>Orion Laboratories</td><td>27411, 80085</td><td>For disinfecting surgical instruments</td></tr><tr><td>Circulating water bath</td><td>Lauda-K&amp;ouml;nigshoffen</td><td>MGW Lauda</td><td>For maintaining body temperature of the anesthetized animal during surgery and electrophysiological recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Dental amalgam</td><td>DeguDent GmbH</td><td>64020024</td><td>For encasing the electrode-skull assembly to make it more robust</td></tr><tr><td>Dental burr</td><td>Storz Instruments, Bausch and Lomb</td><td>#E0824A</td><td>A miniature drill head of ~ 0.7 mm diameter for making a small hole in the skull over each hemisphere to implant VEP screws</td></tr><tr><td>Drill</td><td>Bosch</td><td>Dremel 300 series</td><td>An automatic drill for trepanning</td></tr><tr><td>Electrode lead</td><td>Grass Telefactor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F-E2-30</td><td>Platinum cables for connecting silver wire electrodes to the amplifier</td></tr><tr><td>Faraday Cage</td><td>custom-made</td><td></td><td>Ensures light proof to maintain dark adaptation. Encloses the Ganzfeld setup to improve signal to noise ratio</td></tr><tr><td>Gauze swabs</td><td>Multigate Medical Products Pty Ltd</td><td>57-100B</td><td>For drying the surgical incision and exposed skull surface during surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Ganzfeld integrating sphere</td><td>Photometric Solutions International</td><td></td><td>Custom designed light stimulator: 36 mm diameter, 13 cm aperture size</td></tr><tr><td>Velcro</td><td>VELCRO Australia Pty Ltd</td><td>VELCRO Brand Reusable Wrap</td><td>Hook-and-loop fastener to secure the electrodes and the animal on the recording platform</td></tr><tr><td>Isoflurane 99.9%</td><td>Abbott Australasia Pty Ltd</td><td>CAS 26675-46-7</td><td>Proprietary Name: Isoflo(TM) Inhalation anaaesthetic. Pharmaceutical-grade inhalation anesthetic mixed with oxygen gas for VEP electrode implant surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Troy Laboratories</td><td>Ilium Ketamil</td><td>Proprietary name: Ketamil Injection, Brand: Ilium. Pharmaceutical-grade anesthetic for electrophysiological recording</td></tr><tr><td>Luxeon LEDs</td><td>Phillips Lighting Co.</td><td></td><td>For light stimulation twenty 5 W and one 1 W LEDs.</td></tr><tr><td>Micromanipulator</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>BS4 50-2625</td><td>Holds the ERG active electrode during recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Needle electrode</td><td>Grass Telefactor&amp;nbsp;</td><td>F-E2-30</td><td>Subcutaneously inserted in the tail to serve as the ground electrode for both the ERG and VEP</td></tr><tr><td>Phenylephrine 2.5% minims&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bausch and Lomb</td><td>CAS 61-76-7</td><td>Instilled with Tropicamide to achieve maximal dilation for ERG recording</td></tr><tr><td>Povidone iodine 10%</td><td>Sanofi-Aventis</td><td>CAS 25655-41-8</td><td>Proprietory name: Betadine, Antiseptic to prepare the shaved skin for surgery 10%, 500 ml</td></tr><tr><td>Powerlab data acquisition system</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>ML 785</td><td>Controls the LEDs</td></tr><tr><td>Proxymetacaine 0.5%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 5875-06-9</td><td>For corneal anaesthesia during ERG recordings</td></tr><tr><td>Saline solution</td><td>Gelflex</td><td></td><td>Non-injectable, for electroplating silver wire electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Scope Software</td><td>ADInstruments</td><td>version 3.7.6</td><td>Simultaneously triggers the stimulus via the Powerlab system and collects data</td></tr><tr><td>Silver (fine round wire)</td><td>A&amp;amp;E metal</td><td>0.3 mm</td><td>Used to make active and inactive ERG electrodes, and the inactive VEP electrode</td></tr><tr><td>Stainless streel screws&amp;nbsp;</td><td>MicroFasterners</td><td></td><td>0.7 mm shaft diameter, 3 mm in length to be implanted over the primary visual cortex and serve as the active VEP electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Stereotaxic frame</td><td>David Kopf</td><td>Model 900</td><td>A small animal stereotaxic instrument for locating the primary visual cortices according to Paxinos &amp;amp; Watson&#039;s 2007 rat brain atlas coordinates</td></tr><tr><td>Surgical blade</td><td>Swann-Morton Ltd.</td><td>0206</td><td>For incising the area of skin overlaying the primary visual cortex to implant the VEP electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Suture</td><td>Shanghai Pudong Jinhuan Medical Products Co.,Ltd</td><td></td><td>3-0 silk braided suture non-absorbable, for skin retraction during VEP electrode implantation surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Tobramycine eye ointment 0.3%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 32986-56-4</td><td>Proprietary name: Tobrex. Prophylactic antibiotic ointment applied around the skin wound after surgery</td></tr><tr><td>Tropicamide 0.5%</td><td>Alcon Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>CAS 1508-75-4</td><td>Proprietary name: 0.5% Mydriacyl eye drop, Instilled to achieve mydriasis for ERG recording</td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine</td><td>Troy Laboratories</td><td>Ilium Xylazil-100</td><td>Pharmaceutical-grade anesthetic for electrophysiological recording</td></tr><tr><td>Pipette tip</td><td>Eppendorf Pty Ltd</td><td>0030 073.169</td><td>Eppendorf epTIPS 100 - 5,000 ml, for custom-made electrodes</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Office Excel</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>version 2010</td><td>spreadsheet software for data analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Lethabarb Euthanazia Injection</td><td>Virbac (Australia) Pty Ltd</td><td>LETHA450</td><td>325 mg/ml pentobarbital sodium for rapid euthanazia</td></tr></tbody></table>

simultaneous recording of electroretinography and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the electrical responses of the retina to light stimulation, while the VEP measures the corresponding functional integrity of the visual pathways from the retina to the primary visual cortex following the same light event. The ERG waveform can be broken down into components that reflect responses from different retinal neuronal and glial cell classes. The early components of the VEP waveform represent the integrity of the optic nerve and higher cortical centers. These recordings can be conducted in isolation or together, depending on the application. The methodology described in this paper allows simultaneous assessment of retinal and cortical visual evoked electrophysiology from both eyes and both hemispheres. This is a useful way to more comprehensively assess retinal function and the upstream effects that changes in retinal function can have on visual evoked cortical function.

L&#39;ERG un onda (&gt; -1.38 log cd.sm -2), b-onde (&gt; - 4,99 log cd.sm -2) STR (&lt;- 4,99 log cd.sm -2) e le PEV (&gt; - 0,52 cd.sm log -2) sono state registrate contemporaneamente (Figura 1 e 3). Al molto dim lampeggia, un STR positivo (PSTR) è visto a circa 110 msec dopo il flash, e STR ​​negativo (nSTR) in circa 220 msec (Figure 1 e 2). Un ERG con un grande b-wave, picchi tra 50 a 100 msec dopo l&#...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats at JoVE.com

Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats.

Registrazione simultanea di elettroretinografia e Potenziali evocati visivi nei ratti anestetizzati

The electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are commonly used to assess the integrity of the visual pathway. The ERG measures the ...

simultaneous-recording-electroretinography-visual-evoked-potentials

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.3K Views.  University of Melbourne. This protocol describes simultaneous measurement of electroretinogram and visual evoked potentials in anesthetized rats. 

Video: Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both laboratory and clinical settings. Currently, preclinical ERG and VEP measurements are performed with anesthesia to ensure stable electrode placements. However, the very presence of anesthesia has been shown to contaminate normal physiological responses. To overcome these anesthesia confounds, we develop a novel platform to assay ERG and VEP in conscious rats. Electrodes are surgically implanted sub-conjunctivally on the eye to assay the ERG and epidurally over the visual cortex to measure the VEP. A range of amplitude and sensitivity/timing parameters are assayed for both the ERG and VEP at increasing luminous energies. The ERG and VEP signals are shown to be stable and repeatable for at least 4 weeks post surgical implantation. This ability to record ERG and VEP signals without anesthesia confounds in the preclinical setting should provide superior translation to clinical data.

We show surgical implantation and Recording procedures to measure visual electrophysiological signals from the eye (electroretinogram) and brain (visual evoked potential) in conscious rats, which is more analogous to the human condition where recordings are conducted without anesthesia confounds.

L&#39;impianto e la registrazione di Wireless Elettroretinogramma e potenziale visivo evocato ratto conscio

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

Ricerca

Comportamento

Using the Electroretinogram to Assess Function in the Rodent Retina and the Protective Effects of Remote Limb Ischemic Preconditioning

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the retina. The ERG is a sensitive measure of changes in retinal function that are pan-retinal, but is less effective for detecting damage confined to a small area of retina. In the present work we describe how to record the &#8216;flash&#8217; ERG, which is the potential generated when the retina is exposed to a brief light flash. We describe methods of anaesthesia, mydriasis and corneal management during recording; how to keep the retina dark adapted; electrode materials and placement; the range and calibration of stimulus energy; recording parameters and the extraction of data. We also describe a method of inducing ischemia in one limb, and how to use the ERG to assess the effects of this remote-from-the-retina ischemia on retinal function after light damage. A two-flash protocol is described which allows isolation of the cone-driven component of the dark-adapted ERG, and thereby the separation of the rod and cone components. Because it can be recorded with techniques that are minimally invasive, the ERG has been widely used in studies of the physiology, pharmacology and toxicology of the retina. We describe one example of this usefulness, in which the ERG is used to assess the function of the light-damaged retina, with and without a neuroprotective intervention; preconditioning by remote ischemia.

The electroretinogram (ERG) is an electrical potential generated by the retina in response to light. This paper describes how to use the ERG to assess retinal function, in dark-adapted rats, and how it can be can be used to assess a neuroprotective intervention, in the present case remote ischemic preconditioning.

Utilizzando il Elettroretinogramma per valutare la funzione in roditori Retina e gli effetti protettivi del Remote Limb ischemico precondizionamento

The ERG is the sum of all retinal activity. The ERG is usually recorded from the cornea, which acts as an antenna that collects and sums signals from the ...

Neuroscienze

Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to monitor the disease course in the follow-up period. Changes in the VEP parameters closely correlate with pathological damage in the optic nerve. This protocol provides a detailed description about the rodent model of optic nerve microinjection, in which a partial demyelination lesion is produced in the optic nerve. VEP recording techniques are also discussed. Using skull implanted electrodes, we are able to acquire reproducible intra-session and between-session VEP traces. VEPs can be recorded on individual animals over a period of time to assess the functional changes in the optic nerve longitudinally. The optic nerve demyelination model, in conjunction with the VEP recording protocol, provides a tool to investigate the disease processes associated with demyelination and remyelination, and can potentially be employed to evaluate the effects of new remyelinating drugs or neuroprotective therapies.

Focal demyelination is induced in the optic nerve using lysolecithin microinjection. Visual evoked potentials are recorded via skull electrodes implanted over the visual cortex to examine the signal conduction along the visual pathway in vivo. This protocol details the surgical procedures underlying electrode implantation and optic nerve microinjection.

Registrazione potenziale evocato visivo in un modello murino di sperimentale del nervo ottico demielinizzazione

The visual evoked potential (VEP) recording is widely used in clinical practice to assess the severity of optic neuritis in its acute phase, and to ...

Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the neurogenesis of EEG is still very limited. Local field potentials (LFPs) recorded via a multi-laminar microelectrode can provide a more detailed account of simultaneous neural activity across different cortical layers in the neocortex, but the technique is invasive. Combining EEG and LFP measurements in a pre-clinical model can greatly enhance understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in the generation of EEG signals, and facilitate the derivation of a more realistic and biologically accurate mathematical model of EEG. A simple procedure for acquiring concurrent and co-localized EEG and multi-laminar LFP signals in the anesthetized rodent is presented here. We also investigated whether EEG signals were significantly affected by a burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode. Our results suggest that the burr hole has a negligible impact on EEG recordings.

This protocol describes a simple method for concurrent recording of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and multi-laminar local field potential in an anesthetized rat. A burr hole drilled in the skull for the insertion of a microelectrode is shown to produce negligible distortion of the EEG signal.

Registrazione simultanea di co-localizzato elettroencefalografia e potenziali di campo locale nel roditore

Although electroencephalography (EEG) is widely used as a non-invasive technique for recording neural activities of the brain, our understanding of the ...

Electroretinogram Recording for Infants and Children under Anesthesia to Achieve Optimal Dark Adaptation and International Standards

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and cone photoreceptor function as well as inner retinal function and is an important measure in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases as well as inflammatory, toxic, and nutritional retinopathies. Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid and reliable dark-adapted (scotopic) and light-adapted (photopic) ffERG responses. Performing ffERG in infants and children is challenging and often requires general anesthesia in the operating room. However, maintaining retinal dark adaptation in the operating room is becoming increasingly difficult given the numerous light sources from anesthesiology monitoring systems and other equipment. A practical and widely applicable method for ffERG testing is described in the operating room that optimizes retinal dark adaptation. The method reduces operating room time by dark-adapting the patient before general anesthesiology is instituted. The operating room is modified for dark adaptation and any remaining light source in the darkened operating room is minimized with the use of a modified portable foldable darkroom that encloses the patient&#8217;s head and the ERG examiner during ffERG scotopic recordings. The simple method adheres to ffERG international standards and provides valid reliable scotopic and photopic ffERG recordings that are critical to assess objective retinal function in this young age group where subjective assessment of visual function such as visual acuity and visual fields are not possible. Furthermore, the ffERG is the gold standard clinical test in detecting early onset inherited retinal diseases including Leber congenital amaurosis where approved gene therapy has become available. In sedated conditions, very low amplitude ffERG signals can be detected due to minimal orbicularis muscle activity interference, which is particularly relevant in patients after gene therapy to detect improved amplitude responses.

Adhering to international standards and maintaining retinal dark adaptation are critical to acquire valid full-field electroretinogram responses in the diagnosis and management of inherited retinal diseases. A practical protocol using a portable darkroom is provided to obtain full-field&#160;electroretinogram for infants and children under sedation or general anesthesia in the operating room setting.

Registrazione elettroretinogramma per neonati e bambini in anestesia per ottenere un adattamento oscuro ottimale e standard internazionali

Electroretinogram (ERG) is the only clinical objective test available to assess retinal function. Full-field ERG (ffERG) measures the panretinal rod and ...

Medicina

Full-Circle Cauterization of Limbal Vascular Plexus for Surgically Induced Glaucoma in Rodents

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, resulting in visual dysfunction by interrupting the transmission of visual information from the eye to the brain. Elevated intraocular pressure is the most important risk factor; thus, several models of ocular hypertension have been developed in rodents by either genetic or experimental approaches to investigate the causes and effects of the disease. Among those, some limitations have been reported such as surgical invasiveness, inadequate functional assessment, requirement of extensive training, and highly variable extension of retinal damage. The present work characterizes a simple, low-cost, and efficient method to induce ocular hypertension in rodents, based on low-temperature, full-circle cauterization of the limbal vascular plexus, a major component of aqueous humor drainage. The new model provides a technically easy, noninvasive, and reproducible subacute ocular hypertension, associated with progressive RGC and optic nerve degeneration, and a unique post-operative clinical recovery rate that allows in vivo functional studies by both electrophysiological and behavioral methods.

The goal of this protocol is to characterize a novel model of glaucomatous neurodegeneration based on 360&#176; thermic cauterization of limbal vascular plexus, inducing subacute ocular hypertension.

Cauterizzazione a cerchio completo del plesso vascolare limbare per il glaucoma indotto chirurgicamente nei roditori

Glaucoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, is a heterogeneous group of ocular disorders characterized by structural damage to the optic ...

Preparing a Rat Model to Assess Visual Pathway Integrity Using an Electrophysiology Setup

Source: Nguyen, C. T. et al., <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/54158">Simultaneous Recording of Electroretinography and Visual Evoked Potentials in Anesthetized Rats.</a>&#160;J. Vis. Exp. (2016)
This video demonstrates the preparation of a rat model to study retinal health and visual pathway integrity. Visual evoked potential and electroretinography reference and active electrodes are connected to the rat, followed by aligning the platform with the rat in front of the Ganzfeld bowl for even retinal illumination and closing the Faraday cage to avoid external interference.

Preparazione di un modello di ratto per valutare l'integrità del percorso visivo utilizzando una configurazione di elettrofisiologia

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

Neurophysiology

Electrophysiology Techniques

Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram Recording of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium in a Mouse

Source: Miyagishima, K. J., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/61491">Direct-Coupled Electroretinogram (DC-ERG) for Recording the Light-Evoked Electrical Responses of the Mouse Retinal Pigment Epithelium.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2020).
This video demonstrates the recording of a direct-coupled electroretinogram (DC-ERG) on a dark-adapted, anesthetized mouse retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). After applying dilating drops, the animal is placed in a recording setup, and the capillary electrode filled with a salt buffer is placed on the cornea. After establishing the baseline, DC-ERG is recorded.

Registrazione dell'elettroretinogramma ad accoppiamento diretto dell'epitelio pigmentato retinico in un topo

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. Mouse ...

Imaging and Optical Techniques

Recording of Visual Evoked Potentials via the Skull Electrodes in a Rat Model

Source: You, Y., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/52934">Visual Evoked Potential Recording in a Rat Model of Experimental Optic Nerve Demyelination.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015).
This video demonstrates the process of measuring visual evoked potentials or VEPs in a dark-adapted, anesthetized rat with pre-implanted skull electrodes, which record the electrical signals from the brain&#39;s visual cortex in response to light stimuli.

Registrazione dei potenziali evocati visivi tramite gli elettrodi del cranio in un modello di ratto

All procedures involving animal models have been reviewed by the local institutional animal care committee and the JoVE veterinary review board.
1. VEP ...

Concurrent Electroencephalographic and Local Field Potential Recordings in an Anesthetized Rat

Source: Kang, S., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/56447">Concurrent Recording of Co-localized Electroencephalography and Local Field Potential in Rodent.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2017).
This video demonstrates the procedure for concurrent recordings of co-localized electroencephalography (EEG) and local field potentials (LFPs) in an anesthetized rat. The process involves preparing the rat and attaching stimulating electrodes to its whisker pads. An EEG spider electrode is placed on the rat&#39;s skull for surface EEG measurements. At the same time, a multi-channel microelectrode is inserted into a specific brain region through a burr hole in the skull to record neural activity from a localized brain area.

Registrazione simultanea di elettroretinografia e Potenziali evocati visivi nei ratti anestetizzati

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L'impianto e la registrazione di Wireless Elettroretinogramma e potenziale visivo evocato ratto conscio