This work was supported by Inserm. Marion Bouvet is a fellow of the French Ministry for Research and Technology. Annie Turkieh is a fellow granted by European Union FP7 HOMAGE (305507).

Il protocollo segue le linee guida delle nostre istituzioni umana comitato etico di ricerca. Buffy-coat da sani donatori umani sono stati ottenuti dal Regional Blood Transfusion Center (Lille, Francia). I campioni ottenuti dai buffy coats sono dichiarati come una collezione Inserm (n ° DC2010-1209). 1. Materiale e Culture Media Preparazione <ol><li> Diluire 10x tampone fosfato salino (PBS) in acqua distillata sterile per ottenere 1x PBS. </li><li> Effettuare terreno RPMI 1640 supplementato con gentamicina (40 mcg / ml) e L-glutammina (2 mM), con e senza il 10% di siero umano pool. </li></ol> 2. Le colture primarie di macrofagi derivate da monociti (MDM) <ol><li> Diluire buffycoat (25 ml) con 1x PBS. Caricare con attenzione su un Ficoll / provetta leucosep e centrifugare a 1600 xg per 20 min a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Raccogliere monociti all&#39;interfaccia in un nuovo tubo. Lavare 3x con 10 ml di PBS 1X contenente 0,1% etilendiamminotetraacido acetico (EDTA) per successive centrifugazioni a 1000 xg, 370 xg e 160 xg per 10 minuti ciascuno, e poi una volta in PBS 1x solo a 160 xg per 10 min. </li><li> Risospendere il pellet cellulare in 5 ml di terreno RPMI-1640 senza siero e seminare le cellule su 35 mm piatti ad una densità di 1 x 10 6 cellule per piastra. </li><li> Dopo sedimentazione per 90 min in incubatrice, scartare il surnatante contenente le cellule non aderenti. Lavare le cellule aderenti, composto da monociti, 3x con 1 ml di PBS; quindi aggiungere 1 ml di mezzo fresco contenente 10% (v / v) di siero umano per le celle libere precedenza siero. </li><li> Dopo 6 giorni di coltura, per produrre macrofagi differenziati alternativi (M2), aggiungere umana ricombinante IL-4 (15 ng / ml) e mantenere per 6 giorni. Quindi, il trattamento di macrofagi differenziati con lipopolisaccaride (100 ng / ml) al giorno 12 per 4 ore per ottenere macrofagi M1. </li></ol> 3. Estrazione di M1 e M2 macrofagi proteine ​​per elettroforesi 2D <ol><li> Lavare macrophetà tre volte con 25 mM Tris, pH 7,4, e rottami in tampone contenente 30 mM Tris pH 8, 4% 3 - [(3-cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio] -1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS), 2 M tiourea e 7 M urea. </li><li> Lisare le cellule utilizzando un mixer adatto per provette da 1,5 ml microcentrifuga per 5 min in ghiaccio e conservare a -20 ° C. </li><li> Determinare la concentrazione di proteine ​​usando un reagente commerciale Bradford. Conservare aliquote di 100 microlitri di proteine ​​a -20 ° C fino al momento dell&#39;uso. </li></ol> 4. Isoelettrofocalizzazione NOTA: Eseguire tutte le procedure di etichettatura nel buio. <ol><li> Ridurre 5 mg di ciascun campione (M1 e M2 macrofagi) regolato a 9 microlitri di tampone di lisi con 2 mM Tris (2-carbossietil) fosfina (TCEP) per 1 ora a 37 ° C. </li><li> Aggiungere cianina 3 (Cy3) per estrarre M1 e M2 estratto sulfidrilici colorante reattivo ad una concentrazione di 0,8 nM proteina / mg. Aggiungere cianina 5 (Cy5) M1 e M2 estrae ad una concentrazione di 0,8 nM / mg proteine ​​e incubareper 30 minuti a 37 ° C. </li><li> Arrestare la reazione con l&#39;aggiunta di un volume uguale di tampone campione contenente 7 M urea, 2 M tiourea, 4% CHAPS, 130 mM ditiotreitolo (DTT) e 2% pharmalytes. </li><li> Mix Cy3-marcato campioni M1 con M2 campioni Cy5-etichettati in una mano e Cy3-marcato campioni M2 con campioni M1 Cy5-etichettati in un altro mano. </li><li> Reidratare un gradiente di pH immobilizzato (IPG) striscia (240 mm pH 3-10 gradiente lineare) con 450 ml di campioni misti etichettati in tampone contenente 7 M urea, 2 M tiourea e il 4% CHAPS su un sistema di messa a fuoco isoelettrica delle cellule (IEF) per 24 ore senza applicare alcuna corrente. </li><li> Eseguire focalizzazione a 300 volt (V) per 3 ore, e poi ad un gradiente di 1000 V per 6 ore, con una pendenza a 8000 V per 3 ore e infine a 8000 V per 3 ore. </li></ol> 5. Seconda Dimensione NOTA: Eseguire tutte le procedure di elettroforesi nel buio. <ol><li> Incubare le strisce IPG in tampone per l&#39;equilibrazione contengonoing 0,1 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8), 6 M urea, 2% (w / v) di sodio dodecil solfato (SDS) e 30% (v / v) di glicerolo per 10 min. </li><li> Trasferire le strisce IPG equilibrate per la seconda dimensione (elettroforesi su gel di SDS-poliacrilammide (PAGE)) sul 12,5% gel PAGE e sigillare con basso punto di fusione agarosio. </li><li> Effettuare elettroforesi a 20 ° C utilizzando un sistema Ettan-Daltsix ad una tensione costante di 70 V durante la notte seguita da 300 V fino alla bromofenolo blu anteriore raggiunge il fondo del gel. </li></ol> 6. Acquisizione di immagini e analisi bioinformatica <ol><li> Gel scansione espressi tra le due lastre di vetro a bassa fluorescenza con uno scanner DIGE Imager a lunghezze d&#39;onda di eccitazione / emissione di 532/580 nm per Cy3 e Cy5 633/670 nm per cedere immagini con una dimensione di pixel di 100 micron. </li><li> Eseguire l&#39;analisi delle immagini con software commerciale come precedentemente descritto 12. </li><li> Calcolare e normalizzare i volumi pronti in ogni immagine. Assegnare un volume posto normalizzato come un oggetto di scenaortion del valore totale di ogni punto rilevato nel gel. </li><li> Analizzare le differenze di volumi di campione proteiche per ciascun tipo di macrofagi confrontando il valore del volume posto normalizzato tra i due gruppi (M1 e M2). Si consideri la differenza tra i volumi pronti ad essere significativo se il cambiamento è 1,5 volte (p &lt;0.05, unidirezionale analisi ANOVA). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>van Ginderachter, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Classical+and+alternative+activation+of+mononuclear+phagocytes:+picking+the+best+of+both+worlds+for+tumor+promotion.">Classical and alternative activation of mononuclear phagocytes: picking the best of both worlds for tumor promotion.</a> Immunobiology. 211, (2006).</li><li>Porcheray, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+activation+switching:+an+asset+for+the+resolution+of+inflammation.">Macrophage activation switching: an asset for the resolution of inflammation.</a> Clin. Exp. Immunol. 142, 481-489 (2005).</li><li>Gordon, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alternative+activation+of+macrophages.">Alternative activation of macrophages.</a> Nat. Rev. Immunol. 3, 23-35 (2003).</li><li>Mantovani, A., Locati, M., Vecchi, A., Sozzani, S., Allavena, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoy+receptors:+a+strategy+to+regulate+inflammatory+cytokines+and+chemokines.">Decoy receptors: a strategy to regulate inflammatory cytokines and chemokines.</a> Trends Immunol. 22, 328-336 (2001).</li><li>Pinet, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology,+homogeneity+and+functionality+of+human+monocytes-derived+macrophages.">Morphology, homogeneity and functionality of human monocytes-derived macrophages.</a> Cell. Mol. Biol. 49, 899-905 (2003).</li><li>Boyum, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+mononuclear+cells+and+granulocytes+from+human+blood.">Isolation of mononuclear cells and granulocytes from human blood.</a> Isolation of monuclear cells by one centrifugation, and of granulocytes by combining centrifugation and sedimentation at 1. 97, 77-89 (1968).</li><li>Chinetti-Gbaguidi, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+atherosclerotic+plaque+alternative+macrophages+display+low+cholesterol+handling+but+high+phagocytosis+because+of+distinct+activities+of+the+PPAR&#947;+and+LXR&#945;+pathways.">Human atherosclerotic plaque alternative macrophages display low cholesterol handling but high phagocytosis because of distinct activities of the PPAR&#947; and LXR&#945; pathways.</a> Circ. Res. 108, 985-995 (2011).</li><li>Tonge, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+and+development+of+fluorescence+two-dimensional+differential+gel+electrophoresis+proteomics+technology.">Validation and development of fluorescence two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis proteomics technology.</a> Proteomics. 1, 377-396 (2001).</li><li>Shaw, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+saturation+labelling+two-dimensional+difference+gel+electrophoresis+fluorescent+dyes.">Evaluation of saturation labelling two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis fluorescent dyes.</a> Proteomics. 3, 1181-1195 (2003).</li><li>Dupont, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+saturation+dye+2D+DIGE+proteomics+to+characterize+proteins+modulated+by+oxidized+low+density+lipoprotein+treatment+of+human+macrophages.">Application of saturation dye 2D DIGE proteomics to characterize proteins modulated by oxidized low density lipoprotein treatment of human macrophages.</a> J. Proteome Res. 7, 3572-3582 (2008).</li><li>Dupont, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-dimensional+maps+and+databases+of+the+human+macrophage+proteome+and+secretome.">Two-dimensional maps and databases of the human macrophage proteome and secretome.</a> Proteomics. 4, 1761-1778 (2004).</li><li>Acosta-Martin, A. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+incomplete+DNase+I+treatment+on+human+macrophage+analysis.">Impact of incomplete DNase I treatment on human macrophage analysis.</a> Proteomics Clin. Appl. 3, 1236-1246 (2009).</li><li>Acosta-Martin, A. E., Lane, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Combining+bioinformatics+and+MS-based+proteomics:+clinical+implications.">Combining bioinformatics and MS-based proteomics: clinical implications.</a> Expert Rev Proteomics. , (2014).</li><li>Boytard, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+proinflammatory+CD68+MR-+macrophages+in+peroxiredoxin-1+expression+and+in+abdominal+aortic+aneurysms+in+humans.">Role of proinflammatory CD68+MR- macrophages in peroxiredoxin-1 expression and in abdominal aortic aneurysms in humans.</a> Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 33, 431-438 (2013).</li></ol>

There are no declared conflict of interest.

Il protocollo qui descritto dettaglio un metodo per analizzare l&#39;impatto di vari stimoli dei due sottotipi di macrofagi M1 (pro-infiammatori) e M2 (anti-infiammatori). Colture primarie di M1 e M2 macrofagi sono stati ottenuti dalla differenziazione dei monociti come precedentemente pubblicato 7. La procedura di elettroforesi su gel 2D DIGE richiede materiali e delle attrezzature speciali, come le batterie IEF per piatti isoelettrofocalizzazione, a bassa fluorescenza per l&#39;...

I macrofagi sono cellule eterogenee e plastica che sono in grado di acquisire fenotipi funzionali distinti. In vivo, queste cellule rispondono ad una grande varietà di micro signalssuch ambientale come prodotti microbici, citochine, ecc. 1. In vitro, il fenotipo pro-infiammatorio (M1) di macrofagi può essere indotta da lipopolisaccaride (LPS) e il fenotipo antinfiammatorio (M2) da alcune citochine come l&#39;interleuchina-4 (IL-4). Inoltre, i macrofagi possono passare da una M1 M2 fenotipo attivato, e viceversa, sui segnali specifici 2. A seconda del fenotipo, macrofagi avranno diverse funzioni. Macrofagi M1 sono cellule che producono citochine pro-infiammatorie, come il fattore di necrosi tumorale α (TNF-α), per uccidere i microrganismi o cellule tumorali 3. Al contrario, i macrofagi M2 evitare che queste risposta infiammatoria come nella guarigione delle ferite e la fibrosi producendo anti-inflammatorfattori y, come TGF-β 3,4. Cellule mononucleate del sangue periferico umani di donatori sani sono stati isolati da Ficoll centrifugazione in gradiente di densità come descritto in precedenza 5 utilizzando una tecnica adattata da Boyum 6. I macrofagi in coltura possono essere differenziati in M1 o M2 fenotipo dopo 6 giorni di coltura primaria 7. Analisi di espressione della proteina o modifiche proteina tra i due sottotipi di macrofagi sotto vari stimoli controllati, quali patogenicità host o tossine microbiche, sarà utile per decifrare la funzionalità del pro- e macrofagi antinfiammatori. Proteomica sono strumenti unici per il monitoraggio diretto di proteine ​​che sono specificamente up- o down-regolato nei macrofagi in coltura umani sotto vari stimoli. Coloranti fluorescenti hanno risolto alcune delle limitazioni di elettroforesi su gel 2D, come la bassa sensibilità e analisi d&#39;immagine 8 &lt;<html> / Sup&gt;. I coloranti reagiscono con residui di cisteina hanno aumentato la sensibilità di rilevamento rispetto a quelli reagire con residui di lisina 9. In uno studio precedente, abbiamo dimostrato l&#39;utilità di etichettatura saturazione DIGE per l&#39;analisi di campioni scarse 10 rispetto al classico argento macchiato elettroforesi 2D 11. Questa tecnologia è utile per analizzare rapidamente modificazioni proteiche tra i due sottotipi di macrofagi o tra macrofagi non trattati e trattati dallo stesso sottotipo. I vantaggi di questa tecnica proteomica stanno avendo accesso alle informazioni di formato proteine ​​e modificazioni post-traduzionali analizzando il gel 2D 12. Si deve tenere conto che questa non è una tecnica elevata produttività, limitando il numero di campioni che possono essere analizzati. Lo sviluppo di saggi high throughput basato su spettrometria di massa come rivisto recentemente 13 può migliorare questa. _content &quot;&gt; Qui vi presentiamo come eseguire l&#39;analisi 2D DIGE dall&#39;estrazione di proteine ​​di macrofagi in coltura attraverso i processi di elettroforesi, isoelettrofocalizzazione, e SDS-PAGE e informazioni sull&#39;utilità di un adeguato software 2D.

<table><tbody><tr><td>RPMI 1640</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>31870-074</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PBX 10 X</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>14200-083</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine-200 mM-100X</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>25030-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>gentamycin 10 mg/ml</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15710-049</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>human serum</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>34005100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ficoll d = 1,077</td><td>ATGC</td><td>L6115</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leucosep</td><td>Dutscher</td><td>16760</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&amp;nbsp;6-wells plate PRIMARIA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Becton Dickinson</td><td>353846</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IL-4</td><td>Promocell</td><td>B-61410</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>lipopolysaccharide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L-2654</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Giemsa</td><td>Fluka</td><td>48900</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EDTA MM372,2</td><td>Research Organics&amp;nbsp;</td><td>3.00E+01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Filter 0.22 &amp;micro;m</td><td>Millipore</td><td>SCGPTORE</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml cylinder</td><td>Corning</td><td>430182</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TCEP</td><td>Interchim</td><td>UP242214</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bradford reagent</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>5000006</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cy3+Cy5-reactive dye</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>25-8009-83</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IPG strip 3-10 24cm</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-6002-44</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protean IEF cell</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>165-4000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low-melting agarose</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>15517-014</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ettan-Daltsix system</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>80-6485-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ettan DIGE Imager scanner</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Progenesis Samespot</td><td>Non linear dynamics</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>50 ml tubes</td><td>any supplier</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>15 ml tubes</td><td>any supplier</td><td>n/a</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CHAPS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>C5070</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ur&amp;eacute;e</td><td>Merk</td><td>108484-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thiour&amp;eacute;e</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T7875</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DTT</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>1610611</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>APS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A3678</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEMED</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T9281</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris Base</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1503</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris HCl</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T3253</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pharmalytes 3-10</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>17-0456-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SDS</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>L3773</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bromophenol blue</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>114391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G6279</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acrylamide 40%</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>161-0148</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2D clean Up</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>80-6454-51</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G7126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dim&amp;eacute;thylformamide</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>22705-6</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>electrode wicks</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>165-4071</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

proteomic profiling of macrophages by 2d electrophoresis

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The key role of macrophages has been shown in various pathological disorders such as inflammatory, immunological, and infectious diseases. In this protocol, we use primary cultures of human monocyte-derived macrophages that can be differentiated into the M1 (pro-inflammatory) or the M2 (anti-inflammatory) phenotype. This in vitro model is reliable for studying the biological activities of M1 and M2 macrophages and also for a proteomic approach. Proteomic techniques are useful for comparing the phenotype and behaviour of M1 and M2 macrophages during host pathogenicity. 2D gel electrophoresis is a powerful proteomic technique for mapping large numbers of proteins or polypeptides simultaneously. We describe the protocol of 2D electrophoresis using fluorescent dyes, named 2D Differential Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE). The M1 and M2 macrophages proteins are labelled with cyanine dyes before separation by isoelectric focusing, according to their isoelectric point in the first dimension, and their molecular mass, in the second dimension. Separated protein or polypeptidic spots are then used to detect differences in protein or polypeptide expression levels. The proteomic approaches described here allows the investigation of the macrophage protein changes associated with various disorders like host pathogenicity or microbial toxins.

Per eseguire un&#39;adeguata analisi proteomica differenziale, il trattamento dei campioni da analizzare vanno verificate. Nell&#39;esempio presentato, è richiesta la qualità di coltura cellulare di macrofagi per aspetti morfologici e molecolari come precedentemente pubblicato 5. La differenziazione dei monociti in macrofagi e l&#39;omogeneità della cultura è stata seguita da fase microscopio. Figura 1 ha mostrato un esempio di colture primarie di M1 e M2 macr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis at JoVE.com

Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Proteomica Profiling dei macrofagi da 2D elettroforesi

The goal of the two-dimensional (2D) electrophoresis protocol described here is to show how to analyse the phenotype of human cultured macrophages. The ...

proteomic-profiling-of-macrophages-by-2d-electrophoresis

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

12.6K Views.  University Lille Nord de France. Macrophages are the key cells involved in host pathogenicity. Macrophages display phenotypic and functional diversity that can be analysed and detected by proteomic analysis. This article describes how to perform 2D electrophoresis of primary cultures of human macrophages differentiated into M1 or M2 phenotype.

Video: Proteomic Profiling of Macrophages by 2D Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional Gel Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry Methods for an Analysis of Human Pituitary Adenoma Tissue Proteome

Human pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common tumor that occurs in the human pituitary gland in the hypothalamus-pituitary-targeted organ axis systems, and may be classified as either clinically functional or nonfunctional PA (FPA and NFPA). NFPA is difficult for early stage diagnosis and therapy due to barely elevating hormones in the blood compared to FPA. Our long-term goal is to use proteomics methods to discover reliable biomarkers for clarification of PA molecular mechanisms and recognition of effective diagnostic, prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Effective two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) methods were presented here to analyze human PA proteomes, including preparation of samples, 2D gel electrophoresis, protein visualization, image analysis, in-gel trypsin digestion, peptide mass fingerprint (PMF), and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). 2-Dimensional gel electrophoresis matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry PMF (2DE-MALDI MS PMF), 2DE-MALDI MS/MS, and 2DE-liquid chromatography (LC) MS/MS procedures have been successfully applied in an analysis of NFPA proteome. With the use of a high-sensitivity mass spectrometer, many proteins were identified with the 2DE-LC-MS/MS method in each 2D gel spot in an analysis of complex PA tissue to maximize the coverage of human PA proteome.

Here, we present a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) to separate and identify human pituitary adenoma tissue proteome, which presents a good and reproducible 2DE pattern. Many proteins are observed in each 2DE spot when analyzing complex cancer proteome with the use of high-sensitivity MS.

Elettroforesi bidimensionale accoppiata con spettrometria di massa per un'analisi del proteoma di tessuto umano Adenoma pituitario

Human pituitary adenoma (PA) is a common tumor that occurs in the human pituitary gland in the hypothalamus-pituitary-targeted organ axis systems, and may ...

Ricerca

Ricerca sul cancro

Selective Labelling of Cell-surface Proteins using CyDye DIGE Fluor Minimal Dyes

Surface  proteins are central to the cell's ability to react to its environment and to interact with neighboring cells. They are known to be inducers of almost all intracellular signaling. Moreover, they play an important role in environmental adaptation and drug treatment, and are often involved in disease pathogenesis and pathology (1). Protein-protein interactions are intrinsic to signaling pathways, and to gain more insight in these complex biological processes, sensitive and reliable methods are needed for studying cell surface proteins. Two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis is used extensively for detection of biomarkers and other targets in complex protein samples to study differential changes. Cell surface proteins, partly due to their low abundance (1 2% of cellular proteins), are difficult to detect in a 2-D gel without fractionation or some other type of enrichment. They are also often poorly represented in 2-D gels due to their hydrophobic nature and high molecular weight (2). In this study, we present a new protocol for intact cells using CyDye  DIGE Fluor minimal dyes for specific labeling and detection of this important group of proteins. The results showed specific labeling of a large number of cell surface proteins with minimal labeling of intracellular proteins. This protocol is rapid, simple to use, and all three CyDye DIGE Fluor minimal dyes (Cy 2, Cy 3 and Cy 5) can be used to label cell-surface proteins. These features allow for multiplexing using the 2-D Fluorescence Difference Gel Electrophoresis (2-D DIGE) with Ettan  DIGE technology and analysis of protein expression changes using DeCyder  2-D Differential Analysis Software. The level of cell-surface proteins was followed during serum starvation of CHO cells for various lengths of time (see Table 1). Small changes in abundance were detected with high accuracy, and results are supported by defined statistical methods.

A simple and specific method was demonstrated for fluorescent labeling and enhanced detection of cell surface proteins without a fractionation step. Differential abundance in cell surface proteins was analyzed using two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis and Ettan&#x2122; DIGE technology.

Etichettatura selettiva di proteine ​​della superficie cellulare utilizzando CyDye DIGE Coloranti Fluor Minimal

Surface  proteins are central to the cell's ability to react to its environment and to interact with neighboring cells. They are known to be inducers of ...

Biologia

Proteomic Analysis of Human Macrophage Polarization Under a Low Oxygen Environment

Macrophages are innate immune cells involved in a number of physiological functions ranging from responses to infectious pathogens to tissue homeostasis. The various functions of these cells are related to their activation states, which is also called polarization. The precise molecular description of these various polarizations is a priority in the field of macrophage biology. It is currently acknowledged that a multidimensional approach is necessary to describe how polarization is controlled by environmental signals. In this report, we describe a protocol designed to obtain the proteomic signature of various polarizations in human macrophages. This protocol is based on a label-free quantification of macrophage protein expression obtained from in-gel fractionated and Lys C/trypsin-digested cellular lysis content. We also provide a protocol based on in-solution digestion and isoelectric focusing fractionation to use as an alternative. Because oxygen concentration is a relevant environmental parameter in tissues, we use this protocol to explore how atmospheric composition or a low oxygen environment affects the classification of macrophage polarization.

We present a protocol to obtain proteomic signatures of human macrophages and apply this to determination of the impact of a low oxygen environment on macrophage polarization.

Analisi proteomica di polarizzazione di macrofago umano in un ambiente a basso tenore di ossigeno

Macrophages are innate immune cells involved in a number of physiological functions ranging from responses to infectious pathogens to tissue homeostasis. ...

Biochimica

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry is an Accurate and Rapid Method to Analyze Different Modes of Macrophage Activation

MALDI-TOF is an extensively used mass spectrometry technique in chemistry and biochemistry. It has been also applied in medicine to identify molecules and biomarkers. Recently, it has been used in microbiology for the routine identification of bacteria grown from clinical samples, without preparation or fractionation steps. We and others have applied this whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry technique successfully to eukaryotic cells. Current applications range from cell type identification to quality control assessment of cell culture and diagnostic applications. Here, we describe its use to explore the various polarization phenotypes of macrophages in response to cytokines or heat-killed bacteria. It allowed the identification of macrophage-specific fingerprints that are representative of the diversity of proteomic responses of macrophages. This application illustrates the accuracy and simplicity of the method. The protocol we described here may be useful for studying the immune host response in pathological conditions or may be extended to wider diagnostic applications.

This protocol describes the use of whole-cell MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on eukaryotic cells. Here, we illustrate the accuracy of this technique by analyzing the multiple activation states of macrophages in response to their microenvironment.

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF spettrometria di massa è un metodo accurato e rapido per analizzare diverse modalità di attivazione dei macrofagi

MALDI-TOF is an extensively used mass spectrometry technique in chemistry and biochemistry. It has been also applied in medicine to identify molecules and ...

Immunologia e infezioni

Consensus Brain-derived Protein, Extraction Protocol for the Study of Human and Murine Brain Proteome Using Both 2D-DIGE and Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or pathological conditions. Basically, this technique is based on the separation of proteins according to their isoelectric point in a first step, and secondly according to their molecular weights by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In this report an optimized sample preparation protocol for little amount of human post-mortem and mouse brain tissue is described. This method enables to perform both two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) and mini 2DE immunoblotting. The combination of these approaches allows one to not only find new proteins and/or protein modifications in their expression thanks to its compatibility with mass spectrometry detection, but also a new insight into markers validation. Thus, mini-2DE coupled to western blotting permits to identify and validate post-translational modifications, proteins catabolism and provides a qualitative comparison among different conditions and/or treatments. Herein, we provide a method to study components of protein aggregates found in AD and Lewy body dementia such as the amyloid-beta peptide and the alpha-synuclein. Our method can thus be adapted for the analysis of the proteome and insoluble proteins extract from human brain tissue and mice models too. In parallel, it may provide useful information for the study of molecular and cellular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases as well as potential novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

A common protein extraction protocol using urea/thiourea/SDS buffer for human and mice brain tissue allows indentification of proteins by 2D-DIGE and their subsequent characterization by mini 2DE immunoblotting. This method enables one to obtain more reproducible and reliable results from human biopsies and experimental models.

Protein Consenso Brain-derived, estrazione protocollo per lo studio dei diritti dell&#39;uomo e murini Cervello Proteome Uso Sia 2D-DIGE e Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) is a powerful tool to uncover proteome modifications potentially related to different physiological or ...

Neuroscienze

From a 2DE-Gel Spot to Protein Function: Lesson Learned From HS1 in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

The identification of molecules involved in tumor initiation and progression is fundamental for understanding disease&#8217;s biology and, as a consequence, for the clinical management of patients. In the present work we will describe an optimized proteomic approach for the identification of molecules involved in the progression of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL). In detail, leukemic cell lysates are resolved by 2-dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE) and visualized as &#8220;spots&#8221; on the 2DE gels. Comparative analysis of proteomic maps allows the identification of differentially expressed proteins (in terms of abundance and post-translational modifications) that are picked, isolated and identified by Mass Spectrometry (MS). The biological function of the identified candidates can be tested by different assays (i.e. migration, adhesion and F-actin polymerization), that we have optimized for primary leukemic cells.

Here we describe a protocol that couples two proteomic techniques, namely 2-dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE) and Mass Spectrometry (MS), to identify differentially expressed/post-translational modified proteins among two or more groups of primary samples. This approach, together with functional experiments, allows the identification and characterization of prognostic markers/therapeutic targets.

Da un 2DE-Gel Spot Proteine ​​Funzione: Lesson Learned From HS1 nella leucemia linfocitica cronica

The identification of molecules involved in tumor initiation and progression is fundamental for understanding disease&#8217;s biology and, as a ...

Medicina

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (BN-PAGE) for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other proteins (Sali, Glaeser et al. 2003). Thus, the study of protein-protein interaction networks requires the detailed characterization of MPCs to gain an integrative understanding of protein function and regulation. For identification and analysis, MPCs must be separated under native conditions. In this video, we describe the analysis of MPCs by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). BN-PAGE is a technique that allows separation of MPCs in a native conformation with a higher resolution than offered by gel filtration or sucrose density ultracentrifugation, and is therefore useful to determine MPC size, composition, and relative abundance (Sch&auml;gger and von Jagow 1991); (Sch&auml;gger, Cramer et al. 1994). By this method, proteins are separated according to their hydrodynamic size and shape in a polyacrylamide matrix. Here, we demonstrate the analysis of MPCs of total cellular lysates, pointing out that lysate dialysis is the crucial step to make BN-PAGE applicable to these biological samples. Using a combination of first dimension BN- and second dimension SDS-PAGE, we show that MPCs separated by BN-PAGE can be further subdivided into their individual constituents by SDS-PAGE. Visualization of the MPC components upon gel separation is performed by standard immunoblotting. As an example for MPC analysis by BN-PAGE, we chose the well-characterized eukaryotic 19S, 20S, and 26S proteasomes.

Blue Native Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis BN-PAGE for Analysis of Multiprotein Complexes from Cellular Lysates

In this video, we describe the characterization of multiprotein complexes (MPCs) by blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). In a first dimension, dialyzed cellular lysates are separated by BN-PAGE to identify individual MPCs. In a second dimension SDS-PAGE, MPCs of interest are further subdivided to analyze their constituents by immunoblotting.

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l&#39;analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Multiprotein complexes (MPCs) play a crucial role in cell signalling, since most proteins can be found in functional or regulatory complexes with other ...

Isolation, Characterization, and Purification of Macrophages from Tissues Affected by Obesity-related Inflammation

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. Diet-induced obesity (DIO) is a valuable model in studying the role of macrophage heterogeneity; however, adequate macrophage isolations are difficult to acquire from inflamed tissues. In this protocol, we outline the isolation steps and necessary troubleshooting guidelines derived from our studies for obtaining a suitable population of tissue-resident macrophages from mice following 18 weeks of high-fat (HFD) or high-fat/high-cholesterol (HFHCD) diet intervention. This protocol focuses on three hallmark tissues studied in obesity and atherosclerosis including the liver, white adipose tissues (WAT), and the aorta. We highlight how dualistic usage of flow cytometry can achieve a new dimension of isolation and characterization of tissue-resident macrophages. A fundamental section of this protocol addresses the intricacies underlying tissue-specific enzymatic digestions and macrophage isolation, and subsequent cell-surface antibody staining for flow cytometric analysis. This protocol addresses existing complexities underlying fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS) and presents clarifications to these complexities so as to obtain broad range characterization from adequately sorted cell populations. Alternate enrichment methods are included for sorting cells, such as the dense liver, allowing for flexibility and time management when working with FACS. In brief, this protocol aids the researcher to evaluate macrophage heterogeneity from a multitude of inflamed tissues in a given study and provides insightful troubleshooting tips that have been successful for favorable cellular isolation and characterization of immune cells in DIO-mediated inflammation.

This protocol allows a researcher to isolate and characterize tissue-resident macrophages in various hallmark inflamed tissues extracted from diet-induced models of metabolic disorders.

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e purificazione dei macrofagi dai tessuti colpiti da infiammazione obesità

Obesity promotes a chronic inflammatory state that is largely mediated by tissue-resident macrophages as well as monocyte-derived macrophages. ...

Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Workflow for Discovery-Driven Host-Pathogen Interactions

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s global proteome under varying conditions. This powerful strategy applied to the interactions of microbial pathogens with the desired host comprehensively characterizes both perspectives towards infection. Herein, the workflow describes label-free quantification (LFQ) of the infectome of Cryptococcus neoformans, a fungal facultative intracellular pathogen that is the causative agent of the deadly disease cryptococcosis, in the presence of immortalized macrophage cells. The protocol details the proper protein preparation techniques for both pathogen and mammalian cells within a single experiment, resulting in appropriate peptide submission for liquid-chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis. The high throughput generic nature of LFQ allows a wide dynamic range of protein identification and quantification, as well as transferability to any host-pathogen infection setting, maintaining extreme sensitivity. The method is optimized to catalogue extensive, unbiased protein abundance profiles of a pathogen within infection-mimicking conditions. Specifically, the method demonstrated here provides essential information on C. neoformans pathogenesis, such as protein production necessary for virulence and identifies critical host proteins responding to microbial invasion.

Here, we present a protocol to profile the interplay between host and pathogen during infection by mass spectrometry-based proteomics. This protocol uses label-free quantification to measure changes in protein abundance of both host (e.g., macrophages) and pathogen (e.g., Cryptococcus neoformans) in a single experiment.

Flusso di lavoro proteomica quantitativa senza etichette per interazioni host-patogeno guidate dalla scoperta

The technological achievements of mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantitative proteomics opens many undiscovered avenues for analyzing an organism&#8217;s ...

Two-Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) is a technique that can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a mixture. This technique involves two distinct separation methods that have been coupled together: isoelectric focusing (IEF) and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). This physically separates compounds across two axes of a gel by their isoelectric points (an electrochemical property) and their molecular weights.
The procedure in this video covers the main concepts of 2DGE and a general procedure for characterizing the composition of a complex protein solution. Three examples of this technique are shown in the applications section, including biomarker detection for disease initiation and progress, monitoring treatment in patients, and the study of proteins following posttranslational modification (PTM).
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_0">
Two-dimensional, or 2D, gel electrophoresis is a technique utilizing two distinct separation methods which can separate thousands of proteins from a single mixture. One of the techniques, SDS-PAGE or sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, cannot fully separate complex mixtures alone. 2D gel electrophoresis couples the SDS-PAGE to a second method, isoelectric focusing or IEF, which separates based on isoelectric points, allowing for the resolution of potentially all proteins in a cell lysate. This video will show the principles of 2D gel electrophoresis, a general procedure, and some of its biomedical applications.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_1">
2D gel electrophoresis begins with IEF as the first dimension. Every protein has a pH value, called the isoelectric point or pI, where the net charge is zero. When a protein is subjected to an electric field, it will move toward the electrode with opposite charge. Samples of interest are loaded onto immobilized pH gradient, or IPG, strips which have embedded ampholytes, molecules containing both acidic and basic groups. An electric field is then applied to the pH gradient strip, causing the proteins to migrate until they reach the pH value matching their pI, where they lose their net charge.
Prior to running the second-dimension, the embedded proteins are treated with SDS, denaturing them and providing a uniform negative charge. Once completed, the IPG strips are placed onto a polyacrylamide gel. An applied electric field draws the proteins toward the anode, with larger proteins moving more slowly through the gel.
Once the protein mixture has been separated according to pI and molecular weight, the proteome map is visualized using stains, and proteins of interest are identified.
Now that we have discussed the principles of 2D gel electrophoresis, let&#39;s go over a typical laboratory procedure.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_2">
Before the experiment can be performed, the proteins must be solubilized into media. Solubilization of the sample is achieved by de-aggregating proteins with a combination of chaotropic agents for disrupting hydrogen-bonding interactions, nonionic detergents to prevent altering of the proteins&#39; charge, reducing agents to break disulfide bonds, and buffers. To remove interfering abundant proteins and other molecules, the material is sequentially extracted by centrifugation, and collection of the resulting pellet; followed by treatment with endonuclease, an enzyme used to consume any DNA that would interfere with the experiment.
Once the proteins have been solubilized, IPG strips are prepared by rinsing with a strip-cleaning solution and left upside-down to dry. Each strip is then assigned a strip holder number. Once ready, the cellular extract is loaded onto the strips in a slow, sliding motion from the negative to the positive end. For the purpose of rehydration, damp blotting paper is placed on top of the electrode and under the gel strips; the IPG strips are then lined onto the IEF instrument. A high electric current is applied, and the proteins begin to migrate.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_3">
Following completion of the first dimension, the gel for SDS-PAGE is prepared in a casting apparatus. The IPG strips are treated by placing them face down in SDS-containing equilibration buffer. The electrophoresis unit is readied with the addition of electrophoresis buffer. The treated IPG strips are collected using tweezers, placed on top of the gel plates, and sealed with agarose-sealing solution. A voltage source then applies an electric field, which is held until the fastest-moving proteins are 1 cm from the bottom of the gel.
After completion of the electrophoresis, the proteins must be visualized. Traditionally this is performed by staining with Coomassie blue or silver nitrate. Proteins of interest may be transferred from the gel, and analyzed by Western blot analysis.
A second identification approach involves excision of the proteins from the gel, digesting them, than analyzing them by mass spectrometry.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_4">
Now that we&#39;ve reviewed a procedure, let&#39;s look at some of the uses for 2D gel electrophoresis.
One of the most common uses for this technique is the identification of molecules involved in disease initiation and progression. 2D gel electrophoresis, coupled with mass spectrometry, can detect the up- or down-regulation of specific proteins in diseased areas in comparison to healthy ones.
Additionally, 2D gel electrophoresis is useful in following the progress of patients&#39; response to a potential therapeutic drug. Specimens may be taken from patients at various timepoints following administration of the treatment. In this way, 2D gel electrophoresis coupled with Western blot or mass spectrometry analysis, can detect proteins associated with negative responses such as inflammation; or the absence of proteins in an alleviated state.
Another use for 2D gel electrophoresis is in the study of protein structure and function following posttranslational modification, or PTM, which are additions to proteins following their translation from mRNA. PTM&#39;s can regulate a variety of functions, including protein signaling, gene expression, or cause oxidative damage. 2D gel electrophoresis is sensitive to modifications such as methylation or acetylation, which can cause a shift in pI as well as the molecular weight.
</div>
<div class="chapter_text" id="script_5">
You&#39;ve just watched JoVE&#39;s video on 2D gel electrophoresis. This video described the principles of the technique, a typical experimental procedure, and several of its applications in the field of biomedicine.
Thanks for watching!
</div>

Elettroforesi bidimensionale su gel

Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) is a technique that can resolve thousands of biomolecules from a mixture. This technique involves two distinct ...

Proteomica Profiling dei macrofagi da 2D elettroforesi

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Elettroforesi bidimensionale accoppiata con spettrometria di massa per un'analisi del proteoma di tessuto umano Adenoma pituitario

Etichettatura selettiva di proteine della superficie cellulare utilizzando CyDye DIGE Coloranti Fluor Minimal

Analisi proteomica di polarizzazione di macrofago umano in un ambiente a basso tenore di ossigeno

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF spettrometria di massa è un metodo accurato e rapido per analizzare diverse modalità di attivazione dei macrofagi

Protein Consenso Brain-derived, estrazione protocollo per lo studio dei diritti dell'uomo e murini Cervello Proteome Uso Sia 2D-DIGE e Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Da un 2DE-Gel Spot Proteine Funzione: Lesson Learned From HS1 nella leucemia linfocitica cronica

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l'analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e purificazione dei macrofagi dai tessuti colpiti da infiammazione obesità

Flusso di lavoro proteomica quantitativa senza etichette per interazioni host-patogeno guidate dalla scoperta

Elettroforesi bidimensionale su gel

Proteomica Profiling dei macrofagi da 2D elettroforesi

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

Elettroforesi bidimensionale accoppiata con spettrometria di massa per un'analisi del proteoma di tessuto umano Adenoma pituitario

Etichettatura selettiva di proteine ​​della superficie cellulare utilizzando CyDye DIGE Coloranti Fluor Minimal

Analisi proteomica di polarizzazione di macrofago umano in un ambiente a basso tenore di ossigeno

Whole-cell MALDI-TOF spettrometria di massa è un metodo accurato e rapido per analizzare diverse modalità di attivazione dei macrofagi

Protein Consenso Brain-derived, estrazione protocollo per lo studio dei diritti dell'uomo e murini Cervello Proteome Uso Sia 2D-DIGE e Mini 2DE Immunoblotting

Da un 2DE-Gel Spot Proteine ​​Funzione: Lesson Learned From HS1 nella leucemia linfocitica cronica

Blu nativi poliacrilammide gel elettroforesi (BN-PAGE) per l'analisi di complessi multiproteici da lisati cellulari

Isolamento, caratterizzazione e purificazione dei macrofagi dai tessuti colpiti da infiammazione obesità

Flusso di lavoro proteomica quantitativa senza etichette per interazioni host-patogeno guidate dalla scoperta

Elettroforesi bidimensionale su gel

Etichettatura selettiva di proteine della superficie cellulare utilizzando CyDye DIGE Coloranti Fluor Minimal

Da un 2DE-Gel Spot Proteine Funzione: Lesson Learned From HS1 nella leucemia linfocitica cronica