Name: synthesis of immunotargeted magneto-plasmonic nanoclusters
Uploaded: 2014-08-22T16:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 9 min 43 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters at JoVE.com

Questo lavoro è stato sostenuto in parte da sovvenzioni NIH R01 EB008101 e R01 CA103830.

1. Strumentazioni e Cristalleria Preparazione <ol><li> Indossare attrezzature adeguate di protezione, vale a dire, un camice da laboratorio, guanti monouso e protezione per gli occhi. </li><li> Collegare un pallone a fondo rotondo da un condensatore ed immergerlo in un bagno di olio di silicone con un monitoraggio della temperatura da un termometro. Inserire una fonte di calore (ad esempio, Piastra) sotto il bagno d&#39;olio (Figura 1). Utilizzare un termometro in grado di misurare la temperatura superiore a 260 ° C. </li></ol> Nanoparticelle 2 Sintesi di Hybrid Primaria magneto-plasmonica <ol><li> Fare magnetica core nanoparticelle <ol><li> Aggiungere 353,2 mg (1 mmol) di ferro (III) acetilacetonato, 1 ml (2 mmol) di acido oleico, 1 ml (2 mmol) Oleilamina, 1.292 g (5 mmol) 1,2-hexadecanediol, e 10 ml di fenil etere per un giro pallone -bottom. </li><li> Lavorare l&#39;impasto energicamente con un stir-bar e di calore magnetico di 250-260 ° C per 1 ora a riflusso. Quindi, attendere che la soluzione si raffreddifino a RT. Assicurarsi che la temperatura è sotto 260 ° C per evitare di ebollizione dell&#39;etere fenile ed impedire uno scoppio della miscela di reazione dal pallone a fondo rotondo al condensatore. ATTENZIONE: La miscela di reazione è estremamente caldo e le sostanze chimiche può causare irritazione. Deve operare sotto una cappa aspirante e indossare adeguati dispositivi di protezione individuale. Garantire una ventilazione adeguata per il bagno d&#39;olio. NOTA: Il bagno d&#39;olio viene mantenuto a temperatura di 250-260 ° C per 1 ora durante la sintesi delle nanoparticelle magnetiche. In linea di principio, un piatto di vetro Pyrex può essere utilizzato per questo scopo. Tuttavia, la temperatura massima continua di vetro Pyrex è ~ 260 ° C secondo le informazioni del fornitore. Pertanto, un contenitore di metallo fornisce una soluzione più sicura per la reazione in quanto può sopportare una temperatura più alta e durare più a lungo durante multiple. </li></ol></li><li> Deposizione di una conchiglia d&#39;oro su nanoparticelle nucleo magnetico <ol><li> Aggiungere 411,5 mg (1,1 mmol) di oro acetate, 0,25 ml (0,75 mmol) di acido oleico, di 1,5 ml (3,0 mmol) Oleilamina, 775,3 mg (3 mmol) 1,2-hexadecanediol, e 15 ml di fenil etere per un pallone a fondo rotondo. </li><li> Aggiungere 5 ml di sospensione di nanoparticelle magnetiche dal punto 2.1. Riscaldare la miscela di reazione a 180 ° C e mantenere sotto riflusso per 1 ora. Attendere che la soluzione si raffreddi a RT. </li><li> Aggiungere 50 ml di etanolo per precipitare le nanoparticelle primarie ibridi seguita da centrifugazione a 3.250 × g per 15 min. </li><li> Risospendere il precipitato in 25 ml di esano utilizzando un bagno sonicatore. Aggiungere 25 ml di etanolo per precipitare le nanoparticelle ibride primarie. Centrifugare a 3.250 xg per 15 min e risospendere il precipitato in esano. Ripetere questa operazione tre volte. </li><li> Asciugare le nanoparticelle ibride primario precipitati in un essiccatore a vuoto O / N. Verificare che le particelle sono completamente asciutti. </li></ol></li></ol> Nanocluster 3 Hybrid magneto-plasmonici Sintesi e Dimensione Separazione <ol><li&gt; Risospendere 5 mg di nanoparticelle ibride primarie secche in 1 ml di esano utilizzando un bagno sonicatore. Sonicare la sospensione di nanoparticelle fino a quando non precipitato visibile è presente. </li><li> Aggiungere la soluzione dal punto 3,1-10 ml di soluzione acquosa di sodio dodecil solfato (2,8 mg / ml) in un flaconcino di vetro da 20 ml con tappi attaccati. Aggiungere la sospensione di nanoparticelle ibride primaria goccia a goccia per evitare la miscelazione delle due fasi prima del passaggio successivo. </li><li> Sonicare la soluzione a due fasi in un bagno sonicatore per 2 ore, seguita da riscaldamento in un bagno d&#39;acqua a 80 ° C per 10 min. Attendere che la soluzione si raffreddi a RT. <ol><li> Riempire acqua alla linea di livello operativo del bagno sonicazione. Centrare la fiala di vetro nel bagno di sonicazione. Una forma di emulsione immediatamente tra le due fasi. Agitare la soluzione a due fasi a mano dopo l&#39;inizio della sonicazione; questo facilita la miscelazione tra la fase contenente nanoparticelle ibride primarie e la fase acquosa inferiore. NOTA: Tenere presente that il sonicatore si riscalda dopo 2 ore di funzionamento. </li></ol></li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione nanocluster ibrido a 100 xg per 30 min. Raccogliere sia il precipitato e il surnatante. Risospendere il precipitato in 0.1 mM sodio citrato in 10 min sonicazione. La dimensione attesa dei nanocluster è ~ 180 nm di diametro. </li><li> Trasferire il surnatante dal punto 3.3 a un nuovo tubo conico. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione dal punto 3.4 a 400 xg per 30 min. Raccogliere sia il precipitato e il surnatante. Risospendere il precipitato in 0.1 mM sodio citrato in 10 min sonicazione. La dimensione attesa dei nanocluster è ~ 130 nm di diametro. </li><li> Trasferire il surnatante dal punto 3.5 a un nuovo tubo conico. </li><li> Centrifugare la sospensione dal punto 3.6 a 1.500 xg per 30 min. Raccogliere il precipitato e risospendere in citrato di sodio 0,1 mM in 10 min sonicazione. La dimensione attesa dei nanocluster è ~ 90 nm di diametro. </li><li> Aggiungere 300 _6; l sospensione nanocluster di un lettore di micropiastre a 96 pozzetti per misurare uno spettro di assorbimento UV-Vis-NIR. Goccia 10 microlitri di sospensione nanocluster sulla rete in rame di carbonio rivestite per l&#39;imaging TEM. </li></ol> 4. Coniugazione di anticorpi monoclonali per nanocluster <ol><li> Preparare 100 microlitri soluzione di anticorpo monoclonale (1 mg / ml) in PBS, pH 7,2, ad esempio, anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2) anticorpi o anticorpi anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 1 (EGFR). </li><li> Aggiungere la soluzione di anticorpi da passo 4,1-3,9 ml 4 HEPES mM, pH 7,2. Centrifugare la soluzione attraverso un filtro centrifugo 10 k MWCO a 3.250 xg per 20 min a 8 ° C. Risospendere l&#39;anticorpo a 4 mM HEPES, pH 7,2, per un volume finale di 100 ul. NOTA: Questa fase viene effettuata per sostituire il supporto originale nella soluzione di anticorpi con HEPES. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di 100 mM Naio 4 a 100 ml di soluzione di anticorpi. Coprire il flaconcino per reazione con un alfoglio uminum a RT e mescolare per 30 minuti con un agitatore orbitale. </li><li> Placare la reazione aggiungendo 500 ml di PBS 1x. </li><li> Aggiungere 2 ml di soluzione di linker 46,5 mm (dithiolaromatic PEG6-CONHNH 2) per la soluzione di anticorpi dal punto 4.4 e agitare per 1 ora a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Filtrare la soluzione con un filtro di centrifuga 10 k MWCO a 3.250 xg per 20 min a 8 ° C. Risospendere l&#39;anticorpo in 1x PBS fino ad un volume finale di 100 ml che porta ad una concentrazione di anticorpo di ~ 1 mg / ml. </li><li> Mescolare 100 ml di sospensione nanocluster a OD ~ 1,0 con 1 ml di anticorpi modificati dal punto 4.6 (1 mg / ml) per 120 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Aggiungere 10 ml di 10 -3 M 5 kDa tiolo PEG e agitare per 15 minuti a temperatura ambiente. </li><li> Centrifugare la soluzione a 830 x g per 3 min. Eliminare il supernatante e risospendere il sedimento in 100 ml 2% w / v 5 kDa PEG in PBS, pH 7,2. </li><li> Misurare lo spettro di assorbimento dei nanocluster anticorpo-coniugato e confrontare tegli assorbanza spettro dei nanocluster nude. Aspettatevi un paio di nanometri spostamento verso il rosso dopo la coniugazione. </li><li> Se le nanoparticelle aggregato come mostrato da un cambiamento significativo con un aumento OD nella regione rosso-NIR, aumentare la concentrazione di PEG tiolico per 5 x 10 -3 M. Inoltre, aumentare il tempo di incubazione con tioli PEG per 30 min e diminuire la velocità di centrifuga con incrementi di 200 XG. </li><li> Per il cancro prova etichettatura delle cellule, aggiungere l&#39;anticorpo nanoparticelle coniugate dal punto 4.9 a sospensione di cellule di cancro sia in media o PBS 1X (1 ml ~ 10 6 celle) e mescolare per 60 min. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Bigall, N. C., Parak, W. J., Dorfs, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescent,+magnetic+and+plasmonic&#8212;Hybrid+multifunctional+colloidal+nano+objects.">Fluorescent, magnetic and plasmonic&#8212;Hybrid multifunctional colloidal nano objects.</a> Nano Today. 7, 282-296 (2012).</li><li>Gautier, J., Allard-Vannier, E., Herve-Aubert, K., Souce, M., Chourpa, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+strategies+of+hybrid+metallic+nanoparticles+for+theragnostic+applications.">Design strategies of hybrid metallic nanoparticles for theragnostic applications.</a> Nanotechnology. 24, 432002 (2013).</li><li>Wei, Q., Wei, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+imaging+with+dynamic+contrast+agents.">Optical imaging with dynamic contrast agents.</a> Chemistry. 17, 1080-1091 (2011).</li><li>Aaron, J. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increased+optical+contrast+in+imaging+of+epidermal+growth+factor+receptor+using+magnetically+actuated+hybrid+gold/iron+oxide+nanoparticles.">Increased optical contrast in imaging of epidermal growth factor receptor using magnetically actuated hybrid gold/iron oxide nanoparticles.</a> Optics express. 14, 12930-12943 (2006).</li><li>Song, H. -. M., Wei, Q., Ong, Q. K., Wei, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmon-resonant+nanoparticles+and+nanostars+with+magnetic+cores:+synthesis+and+magnetomotive+imaging.">Plasmon-resonant nanoparticles and nanostars with magnetic cores: synthesis and magnetomotive imaging.</a> ACS nano. 4, 5163-5173 (2010).</li><li>Qu, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magneto-photo-acoustic+imaging.">Magneto-photo-acoustic imaging.</a> Biomedical optics express. 2, 385-396 (2011).</li><li>Jin, Y., Jia, C., Huang, S. -. W., Donnell O&amp;39, M., Gao, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifunctional+nanoparticles+as+coupled+contrast+agents.">Multifunctional nanoparticles as coupled contrast agents.</a> Nature communications. 1, 41 (2010).</li><li>Wu, C. -. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Versatile+Immunomagnetic+Nanocarrier+Platform+for+Capturing+Cancer+Cells.">Versatile Immunomagnetic Nanocarrier Platform for Capturing Cancer Cells.</a> ACS. 7, 8816-8823 (2013).</li><li>Galanzha, E. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+magnetic+enrichment+and+multiplex+photoacoustic+detection+of+circulating+tumour+cells.">In vivo magnetic enrichment and multiplex photoacoustic detection of circulating tumour cells.</a> Nature nanotechnology. 4, 855-860 (2009).</li><li>Larson, T. A., Bankson, J., Aaron, J., Sokolov, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hybrid+plasmonic+magnetic+nanoparticles+as+molecular+specific+agents+for+MRI/optical+imaging+and+photothermal+therapy+of+cancer+cells.">Hybrid plasmonic magnetic nanoparticles as molecular specific agents for MRI/optical imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer cells.</a> Nanotechnology. 18, 325101 (2007).</li><li>Yu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dumbbell-like+bifunctional+Au-Fe3O4+nanoparticles.">Dumbbell-like bifunctional Au-Fe3O4 nanoparticles.</a> Nano letters. 5, 379-382 (2005).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monodispersed+core-shell+Fe3O4@Au+nanoparticles.">Monodispersed core-shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles.</a> The journal of physical chemistry. B. 109, 21593-21601 (2005).</li><li>Wang, H., Brandl, D. W., Le, F., Nordlander, P., Halas, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanorice:+a+hybrid+plasmonic+nanostructure.">Nanorice: a hybrid plasmonic nanostructure.</a> Nano letters. 6, 827-832 (2006).</li><li>Hu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trapping+and+Photoacoustic+Detection+of+CTCs+at+the+Single+Cell+per+Milliliter+Level+with+Magneto&#8208;Optical+Coupled+Nanoparticles.">Trapping and Photoacoustic Detection of CTCs at the Single Cell per Milliliter Level with Magneto&#8208;Optical Coupled Nanoparticles.</a> Small. 9, 2046-2052 (2013).</li><li>Truby, R. L., Emelianov, S. Y., Homan, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ligand-mediated+self-assembly+of+hybrid+plasmonic+and+superparamagnetic+nanostructures.">Ligand-mediated self-assembly of hybrid plasmonic and superparamagnetic nanostructures.</a> Langmuir. 29, 2465-2470 (2013).</li><li>Bai, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Versatile+Bottom&#8208;up+Assembly+Approach+to+Colloidal+Spheres+from+Nanocrystals.">A Versatile Bottom&#8208;up Assembly Approach to Colloidal Spheres from Nanocrystals.</a> Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 46, 6650-6653 (2007).</li></ol>

Gli autori dichiarano di non avere interessi finanziari in competizione.

Passaggi critici di successo in sintesi di nanocluster magneto-plasmonica includono rendendo altamente monodisperse shell / ferro nanoparticelle di ossido di oro nucleo primario e dirigendo auto-assemblaggio delle particelle primarie in nanocluster. Un rapporto molare tra le particelle primarie e tensioattivi svolgono un ruolo importante nel determinare distribuzione dimensionale dei nanocluster. Non uniforme distribuzione delle dimensioni delle nanoparticelle primarie può causare la formazione di grandi aggregati dura...

Nanoparticelle ibride costituite da materiali diversi con diverse proprietà fisico-chimiche possono aprire nuove opportunità in applicazioni biomediche, tra cui l&#39;imaging molecolare multimodale, l&#39;erogazione della terapia e monitoraggio, nuovi screening e test diagnostici 1-3. La combinazione di proprietà plasmonici e magnetiche in una singola nanoparticella è di particolare interesse perché fornisce molto forti diffrazione della luce e di assorbimento sezioni associati risonanze plasmon e risposta ad un campo magnetico. Ad esempio, le nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica sono stati usati per aumentare il contrasto in campo scuro imaging cellule marcate applicando un segnale di modulazione temporale tramite un elettromagnete esterno 3-5. Più di recente, un principio simile è stato applicato nello sviluppo di una nuova modalità di imaging - di imaging magneto-fotoacustica, dove nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica consentono grandi miglioramenti in contrasto e segnale-fondo rattoio 6,7. È stato anche dimostrato che le nanoparticelle ibride possono essere usate per la cattura e la rilevazione di cellule tumorali circolanti nel sangue intero e in vivo 8,9 simultanea. Inoltre, le nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica sono promettenti agenti Theranostic che possono essere utilizzati per l&#39;imaging ottico e RM specifico molecolare combinato con la terapia fototermica delle cellule tumorali 10. Diversi approcci sono stati esplorati per la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica. Ad esempio, Yu et al. Decomposizione utilizzati e ossidazione di Fe (CO) 5 su nanoparticelle di oro per formare manubri come bifunzionali Au-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticelle 11. Wang et al. Hanno sintetizzato oro rivestite di ferro ossido di nanoparticelle utilizzando il metodo di decomposizione termica 12. Alcuni altri approcci si basano su polimeri di rivestimento o di ammine molecole funzionali su nanoparticelle magnetiche di base seguita dalla deposizione di agguscio vecchio sulla superficie del polimero per creare l&#39;ibrido particelle 7,13. Inoltre, le nanoparticelle di ossido di ferro sono state allegate alla nanotubi d&#39;oro tramite interazioni elettrostatiche o una reazione chimica 14,15. Sebbene questi approcci producono nanostrutture magneto-plasmoniche, compromettono ad alcune proprietà misura della combinazione magneto-plasmonica come assorbanza ottica nella finestra vicino infrarosso (NIR) o un forte momento magnetico che sono entrambi altamente auspicabile in applicazioni biomediche. Ad esempio, manubri Au-Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticelle hanno un picco di risonanza plasmonica a 520 nm, che limita la loro utilità in vivo a causa della elevata torbidità tessuto in questo intervallo spettrale. Inoltre, le nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica prodotti da protocolli attuali sono limitate a un solo 11 o pochi (meno di 10) 14,15 frazioni superparamagnetiche (ad esempio, nanoparticelle di ossido di ferro) che è significativamente inferiore potrebbe essere achieved in una nanostruttura densamente. Ad esempio, una densamente diametro 60 nm nanoparticelle sferiche può contenere dell&#39;ordine di un migliaio di 6 nanoparticelle superparamagnetiche nm. Pertanto, non vi è spazio per migliorare le proprietà magnetiche delle nanoparticelle ibride un grande. Inoltre, alcuni dei protocolli precedentemente descritti sono relativamente complesse e richiedono un&#39;attenta ottimizzazione per evitare l&#39;aggregazione delle particelle durante la sintesi 14,15. Qui, descriviamo un protocollo per la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica con un forte momento magnetico e una forte assorbanza NIR che affronta i principali limiti della tecnica attuale. La sintesi ha le sue origini nel metodo 16 olio-in-acqua microemulsione. Si basa su assemblaggio di nanoparticelle di una dimensione desiderata di una molto più piccole particelle primarie. Questo approccio è stato utilizzato con successo per la produzione di nanostrutture da un unico materiale come l&#39;oro, ossido di ferro, e semiconduttori primary particelle 16. Abbiamo esteso alla sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica da, prima, rendendo le particelle fondamentali ossido di 6 nm di diametro shell oro / ferro e, quindi, l&#39;assemblaggio delle particelle ibride primarie nella nanostruttura sferica finale. Montaggio particelle primarie in nanocluster non solo consente di migliorare le proprietà delle nanoparticelle costituenti, come ad esempio il raggiungimento di un momento magnetico più forte preservando le proprietà superparamagnetiche, ma si avvale anche delle interazioni tra i singoli nanoparticelle creando così nuove caratteristiche assenti dalle nanoparticelle costituenti, come forte assorbanza ottica nella finestra NIR. Questo protocollo produce nanoparticelle ibride ad alta densità di funzionalità magnetici e plasmoniche. Dopo particelle primarie vengono sintetizzati, il nostro metodo è essenzialmente una semplice reazione one-pot. La forza complessiva di risonanza plasmonica e momento magnetico sono determinati da una serie di particelle primarie e, therrima, può essere facilmente ottimizzato a seconda dell&#39;applicazione. Inoltre, abbiamo anche sviluppato una procedura per la coniugazione di anticorpi alle nanoparticelle ibride per varie applicazioni biomediche che richiedono il targeting molecolare specifico. Gli anticorpi sono collegati attraverso la frazione Fc lasciando la porzione Fab che è responsabile per l&#39;associazione disponibili per il targeting antigene.

<table><tbody><tr><td>PYREX 50 ml round bottom boiling flask with short neck &amp;amp; 24/40 [ST] joint</td><td>Corning</td><td>4320A-50</td><td>Thermal decomposition reaction</td></tr><tr><td>PYREX 41 x 300 mm 5-bulb Allihn condenser with 24/40 [ST] outer/inner joints</td><td>Corning</td><td>2480-300</td><td>Thermal decomposition reaction</td></tr><tr><td>Silicone oil</td><td>Fisher</td><td>S159-500</td><td>Oil bath</td></tr><tr><td>Hot plate stirrer</td><td>Corning</td><td>PC-351</td><td>Heat the reacton with stirring function</td></tr><tr><td>Thermometer</td><td>ThermoWorks</td><td>221-092</td><td>Measure temperature</td></tr><tr><td>Iron(III) acetylacetonate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>AC11913-0250</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Oleic acid 99%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>A195-500</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Gold(III) acetate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>AA3974206</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Hexane</td><td>Fisher</td><td>H292-1</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Phenyl ether 99%</td><td>Fisher</td><td>AC13060-0025</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>1,2-Hexadecanediol 90%</td><td>Sigma</td><td>213748-50G</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Oleylamine 70%</td><td>Sigma</td><td>O7805-100G</td><td>Material for primary hybrid nanoparticles synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium dodecyl sulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP166-100</td><td>Cluster synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium citrate dihydrate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>W302600</td><td>Cluster synthesis</td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal anti-EGF receptor antibody</td><td>Sigma</td><td>E2156</td><td>Cell labeling specificity test</td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody</td><td>Sigma</td><td>AMAB90627</td><td>Cell labeling specificity test</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium periodate</td><td>Sigma</td><td>311448</td><td>Oxidate Fc region of antibodies</td></tr><tr><td>Dithiolaromatic PEG6-CONHNH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;</td><td>SensoPath Technologies</td><td>SPT-0014B</td><td>Heterofunctional linker for antibody conjugation to nanoclusters</td></tr><tr><td>Methoxy-PEG-thiol, 5 k</td><td>Creative PEGworks</td><td>PLS-604</td><td>Passivate the remaining gold surface after antibody conjugation</td></tr><tr><td>Amicon Ultra-4 centrifugal filter unit with Ultracel-10 membrane</td><td>Millipore</td><td>UFC801008</td><td>Protein purification</td></tr><tr><td>HEPES</td><td>Sigma</td><td>H3375</td><td>Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>PBS, 1x solution</td><td>Fisher</td><td>BP2438-20</td><td>Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>UV-Vis spectroscopy</td><td>BioTek&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Synergy HT</td><td>Obtain spectrum</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>5810R</td><td>Separation</td></tr><tr><td>Transmission Electron Microscope</td><td>FEI</td><td>TECNAI G2 F20 X-TWIN</td><td>Obtain morphology of nanostructures</td></tr><tr><td>Upright microscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>DM6000</td><td>Obtain dark-field images</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator</td><td>Branson</td><td>1510</td><td>Sonication</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon film 300 mesh grid</td><td>EMS</td><td>CF300-Cu</td><td>TEM imaging</td></tr><tr><td>96-well plate</td><td>Corning</td><td>09-761-145</td><td>UV-Vis reading plate</td></tr></tbody></table>

synthesis of immunotargeted magneto-plasmonic nanoclusters

Proprietà magnetiche e plasmoniche combinati in una singola nanoparticella forniscono una sinergia che è vantaggioso in un certo numero di applicazioni biomediche, tra cui aumento del contrasto in nuove modalità di imaging magnetomotrice, la cattura simultanea e il rilevamento delle cellule tumorali circolanti (CTC), e imaging molecolare multimodale combinato con la terapia fototermica delle cellule tumorali. Queste applicazioni hanno stimolato notevole interesse per lo sviluppo di protocolli per la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica con assorbanza ottica nel vicino infrarosso (NIR) regione e un forte momento magnetico. Qui, presentiamo un nuovo protocollo per la sintesi di tali nanoparticelle ibride che si basa su un metodo di microemulsione olio-in-acqua. La caratteristica unica del protocollo qui descritto è la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica di varie dimensioni dai blocchi principali che hanno anche caratteristiche magneto-plasmonici. Questo approccio produce nanoparticelle con elevata densità di funzionalità magnetici e plasmoniche che sono distribuiti in modo uniforme in tutto il volume di nanoparticelle. Le nanoparticelle ibride possono essere facilmente funzionalizzati collegando anticorpi attraverso la porzione Fc lasciando la porzione Fab che è responsabile per il legame disponibili per il targeting antigene.

Uno schema per la sintesi di nanocluster magneto-plasmonica immunotargeted è mostrato nella Figura 2. Innanzitutto, magnetici Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticelle di ossido di ferro sono sintetizzati con il metodo di decomposizione termica. Poi, un sottile circa 1 guscio d&#39;oro nm è depositato sulle particelle di nucleo di ossido di ferro tramite decomposizione termica. Le nanoparticelle ibride primaria circa 6 nm servono come semi per creare nanocluster magneto-plasmonic...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters at JoVE.com

Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters

Qui, descriviamo un protocollo per la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica con un forte momento magnetico e un forte vicino infrarosso (NIR) assorbanza. Il protocollo include anche anticorpi coniugazione alle nanoparticelle attraverso la porzione Fc per varie applicazioni biomediche che richiedono il targeting molecolare specifico.

Sintesi di Immunotargeted magneto-plasmonica nanocluster

Magnetic and plasmonic properties combined in a single nanoparticle provide a synergy that is advantageous in a number of biomedical applications ...

synthesis-of-immunotargeted-magneto-plasmonic-nanoclusters

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

15.2K Views.  University of Texas at Austin.  Qui, descriviamo un protocollo per la sintesi di nanoparticelle magneto-plasmonica con un forte momento magnetico e un forte vicino infrarosso (NIR) assorbanza. Il protocollo include anche anticorpi coniugazione alle nanoparticelle attraverso la porzione Fc per varie applicazioni biomediche che richiedono il targeting molecolare specifico. 

Video: Synthesis of Immunotargeted Magneto-plasmonic Nanoclusters

Utilization of Plasmonic and Photonic Crystal Nanostructures for Enhanced Micro- and Nanoparticle Manipulation

A method to manipulate the position and orientation of submicron particles nondestructively would be an incredibly useful tool for basic biological research. Perhaps the most widely used physical force to achieve noninvasive manipulation of small particles has been dielectrophoresis(DEP).1 However, DEP on its own lacks the versatility and precision that are desired when manipulating cells since it is traditionally done with stationary electrodes. Optical tweezers, which utilize a three dimensional electromagnetic field gradient to exert forces on small particles, achieve this desired versatility and precision.2 However, a major drawback of this approach is the high radiation intensity required to achieve the necessary force to trap a particle which can damage biological samples.3 A solution that allows trapping and sorting with lower optical intensities are optoelectronic tweezers (OET) but OET's have limitations with fine manipulation of small particles; being DEP-based technology also puts constraint on the property of the solution.4,5
This video article will describe two methods that decrease the intensity of the radiation needed for optical manipulation of living cells and also describe a method for orientation control. The first method is plasmonic tweezers which use a random gold nanoparticle (AuNP) array as a substrate for the sample as shown in Figure 1. The AuNP array converts the incident photons into localized surface plasmons (LSP) which consist of resonant dipole moments that radiate and generate a patterned radiation field with a large gradient in the cell solution. Initial work on surface plasmon enhanced trapping by Righini et al and our own modeling have shown the fields generated by the plasmonic substrate reduce the initial intensity required by enhancing the gradient field that traps the particle.6,7,8 The plasmonic approach allows for fine orientation control of ellipsoidal particles and cells with low optical intensities because of more efficient optical energy conversion into mechanical energy and a dipole-dependent radiation field. These fields are shown in figure 2 and the low trapping intensities are detailed in figures 4 and 5. The main problems with plasmonic tweezers are that the LSP's generate a considerable amount of heat and the trapping is only two dimensional. This heat generates convective flows and thermophoresis which can be powerful enough to expel submicron particles from the trap.9,10 The second approach that we will describe is utilizing periodic dielectric nanostructures to scatter incident light very efficiently into diffraction modes, as shown in figure 6.11 Ideally, one would make this structure out of a dielectric material to avoid the same heating problems experienced with the plasmonic tweezers but in our approach an aluminum-coated diffraction grating is used as a one-dimensional periodic dielectric nanostructure. Although it is not a semiconductor, it did not experience significant heating and effectively trapped small particles with low trapping intensities, as shown in figure 7. Alignment of particles with the grating substrate conceptually validates the proposition that a 2-D photonic crystal could allow precise rotation of non-spherical micron sized particles.10 The efficiencies of these optical traps are increased due to the enhanced fields produced by the nanostructures described in this paper.

Plasmonic tweezers and photonic crystal nanostructures are shown to produce useful enhancements in the efficiency and orientation control of optically trapping micro- and nano-particles.

L&#39;utilizzo di nanostrutture di cristallo plasmoniche e fotonici per Enhanced manipolazione micro e nanoparticelle

A method to manipulate the position and orientation of submicron particles nondestructively would be an incredibly useful tool for basic biological ...

Ricerca

Bioingegneria

Synthesis, Characterization, and Functionalization of Hybrid Au/CdS and Au/ZnS Core/Shell Nanoparticles

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large extinction coefficients which can be tuned across the visible spectrum. Research into the plasmonic enhancement of optical transitions has become popular, due to the possibility of altering and in some cases improving photo-absorption or emission properties of nearby chromophores such as molecular dyes or quantum dots. The electric field of the plasmon can couple with the excitation dipole of a chromophore, perturbing the electronic states involved in the transition and leading to increased absorption and emission rates. These enhancements can also be negated at close distances by energy transfer mechanism, making the spatial arrangement of the two species critical. Ultimately, enhancement of light harvesting efficiency in plasmonic solar cells could lead to thinner and, therefore, lower cost devices. The development of hybrid core/shell particles could offer a solution to this issue. The addition of a dielectric spacer between a gold nanoparticles and a chromophore is the proposed method to control the exciton plasmon coupling strength and thereby balance losses with the plasmonic gains. A detailed procedure for the coating of gold nanoparticles with CdS and ZnS semiconductor shells is presented. The nanoparticles show high uniformity with size control in both the core gold particles and shell species allowing for a more accurate investigation into the plasmonic enhancement of external chromophores.

The synthesis of uniform gold nanoparticles coated with semiconductor shells of CdS or ZnS is performed. The semiconductor coating is conducted by first depositing a silver sulfide shell and exchanging the silver cations for zinc or cadmium cations.

Sintesi, Caratterizzazione, e funzionalizzazione di ibrida UA / CdS e Au / ZnS core / shell nanoparticelle

Plasmonic nanoparticles are an attractive material for light harvesting applications due to their easily modified surface, high surface area and large ...

Chimica

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to neutral gold Au(0) by reducing agents, such as sodium citrate or sodium borohydride. The extension of this method to decorate iron oxide or similar nanoparticles with gold nanoparticles to create multifunctional hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles is straightforward. This approach yields fairly good control over Au nanoparticle dimensions and loading onto Fe2O3. Additionally, the Au metal size, shape, and loading can easily be tuned by changing experimental parameters (e.g., reactant concentrations, reducing agents, surfactants, etc.). An advantage of this procedure is that the reaction can be done in air or water, and, in principle, is amenable to scaling up. The use of such optically tunable Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles for hyperthermia studies is an attractive option as it capitalizes on plasmonic heating of gold nanoparticles tuned to absorb light strongly in the VIS-NIR region. In addition to its plasmonic effects, nanoscale Au provides a unique surface for interesting chemistries and catalysis. The Fe2O3 material provides additional functionality due to its magnetic property. For example, an external magnetic field could be used to collect and recycle the hybrid Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles after a catalytic experiment, or alternatively, the magnetic Fe2O3 can be used for hyperthermia studies through magnetic heat induction. The photothermal experiment described in this report measures bulk temperature change and nanoparticle solution mass loss as functions of time using infrared thermocouples and a balance, respectively. The ease of sample preparation and the use of readily available equipment are distinct advantages of this technique. A caveat is that these photothermal measurements assess the bulk solution temperature and not the surface of the nanoparticle where the heat is transduced and the temperature is likely to be higher.

Multifunctional Hybrid Fe2O3-Au Nanoparticles for Efficient Plasmonic Heating

We describe the synthesis and properties of multifunctional Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles produced by a wet chemical approach and investigate their photothermal properties using laser irradiation. The composite Fe2O3-Au nanoparticles retain the properties of both materials, creating a multifunctional structure with excellent magnetic and plasmonic properties.

Multifunzionale ibrida Fe<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; O<sub&gt; 3</sub&gt; -Au Nanoparticelle per un efficiente riscaldamento plasmoniche

One of the most widely used methods for manufacturing colloidal gold nanospherical particles involves the reduction of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to ...

Ingegneria

Colloidal Synthesis of Nanopatch Antennas for Applications in Plasmonics and Nanophotonics

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas. This includes a detailed procedure for the fabrication of thin films with a well-controlled thickness over macroscopic areas using layer-by-layer deposition of polyelectrolyte polymers, namely poly(allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) and polystyrene sulfonate (PSS). These polyelectrolyte spacer layers serve as a dielectric gap in between silver nanocubes and a gold film. By controlling the size of the nanocubes or the gap thickness, the plasmon resonance can be tuned from about 500 nm to 700 nm. Next, we demonstrate how to incorporate organic sulfo-cyanine5 carboxylic acid (Cy5) dye molecules into the dielectric polymer gap region of the nanopatch antennas. Finally, we show greatly enhanced fluorescence of the Cy5 dyes by spectrally matching the plasmon resonance with the excitation energy and the Cy5 absorption peak. The method presented here enables the fabrication of plasmonic nanopatch antennas with well-controlled dimensions utilizing colloidal synthesis and a layer-by-layer dip-coating process with the potential for low cost and large-scale production. These nanopatch antennas hold great promise for practical applications, for example in sensing, ultrafast optoelectronic devices and for high-efficiency photodetectors.

A protocol for the colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and fabrication of plasmonic nanoscale patch antennas with sub-10 nm gaps is presented.

Colloidale Sintesi di Nanopatch Antenne per applicazioni in Plasmonics e nanofotonica

We present a method for colloidal synthesis of silver nanocubes and the use of these in combination with a smooth gold film, to fabricate plasmonic ...

Fabrication of Periodic Gold Nanocup Arrays Using Colloidal Lithography

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing in combination with new nanofabrication techniques. A plasmon is a quantum of charge density oscillation that lends nanoscale metals such as gold and silver unique optical properties. In particular, gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit localized surface plasmon resonances-collective charge density oscillations on the surface of the nanoparticle-in the visible spectrum. Here, we focus on the fabrication of periodic arrays of anisotropic plasmonic nanostructures. These half-shell (or nanocup) structures can exhibit additional unique light-bending and polarization-dependent optical properties that simple isotropic nanostructures cannot. Researchers are interested in the fabrication of periodic arrays of nanocups for a wide variety of applications such as low-cost optical devices, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and tamper indication. We present a scalable technique based on colloidal lithography in which it is possible to easily fabricate large periodic arrays of nanocups using spin-coating and self-assembled commercially available polymeric nanospheres. Electron microscopy and optical spectroscopy from the visible to near-infrared (near-IR) was performed to confirm successful nanocup fabrication. We conclude with a demonstration of the transfer of nanocups to a flexible, conformal adhesive film.

We demonstrate the fabrication of periodic gold nanocup arrays using colloidal lithographic techniques and discuss the importance of nanoplasmonic films.

Fabbricazione di matrici Nanocup oro periodica mediante Litografia colloidale

Within recent years, the field of plasmonics has exploded as researchers have demonstrated exciting applications related to chemical and optical sensing ...

Enrich and Expand Rare Antigen-specific T Cells with Magnetic Nanoparticles

We have developed a tool to both enrich and expand antigen-specific T cells. This can be helpful in cases such as to A) detect the existence of antigen-specific T cells, B) probe the dynamics of antigen-specific responses, C) understand how antigen-specific responses affect disease state such as autoimmunity, D) demystify heterogeneous responses for antigen-specific T cells, or E) utilize antigen-specific cells for therapy. The tool is based on a magnetic particle that we conjugate antigen-specific and T cell co-stimulatory signals, and that we term as artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs). Consequently, since the technology is simple to produce, it can easily be adopted by other laboratories; thus, our purpose here is to describe in detail the fabrication and subsequent use of the aAPCs. We explain how to attach antigen-specific and co-stimulatory signals to the aAPCs, how to utilize them to enrich for antigen-specific T cells, and how to expand antigen-specific T cells. Furthermore, we will highlight engineering design considerations based on experimental and biological information of our experience with characterizing antigen-specific T cells.

Antigen-specific T cells are difficult to characterize or utilize in therapies due to their extremely low frequency. Herein, we provide a protocol to develop a magnetic particle which can bind to antigen-specific T cells to enrich these cells and then to expand them several hundred-fold for both characterization and therapy.

Arricchire ed espandere cellule T antigene-specifiche rara con nanoparticelle magnetiche

We have developed a tool to both enrich and expand antigen-specific T cells. This can be helpful in cases such as to A) detect the existence of ...

Cell Labeling and Targeting with Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Targeted delivery of cells and therapeutic agents would benefit a wide range of biomedical applications by concentrating the therapeutic effect at the target site while minimizing deleterious effects to off-target sites. Magnetic cell targeting is an efficient, safe, and straightforward delivery technique. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) are biodegradable, biocompatible, and can be endocytosed into cells to render them responsive to magnetic fields. The synthesis process involves creating magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles followed by high-speed emulsification to form a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating. The PLGA-magnetite SPIONs are approximately 120 nm in diameter including the approximately 10 nm diameter magnetite core. When placed in culture medium, SPIONs are naturally endocytosed by cells and stored as small clusters within cytoplasmic endosomes. These particles impart sufficient magnetic mass to the cells to allow for targeting within magnetic fields. Numerous cell sorting and targeting applications are enabled by rendering various cell types responsive to magnetic fields. SPIONs have a variety of other biomedical applications as well including use as a medical imaging contrast agent, targeted drug or gene delivery, diagnostic assays, and generation of local hyperthermia for tumor therapy or tissue soldering.

Targeted cell delivery is useful in a variety of biomedical applications. The goal of this protocol is to use superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) to label cells and thereby enable magnetic cell targeting approaches for a high degree of control over cell delivery and localization.

Etichettatura delle cellule e Targeting con superparamagnetico ossido di ferro nanoparticelle

Targeted delivery of cells and therapeutic agents would benefit a wide range of biomedical applications by concentrating the therapeutic effect at the ...

Trapping of Micro Particles in Nanoplasmonic Optical Lattice

The plasmonic optical tweezer has been developed to overcome the diffraction limits of the conventional far field optical tweezer. Plasmonic optical lattice consists of an array of nanostructures, which exhibit a variety of trapping and transport behaviors. We report the experimental procedures to trap micro-particles in a simple square nanoplasmonic optical lattice. We also describe the optical setup and the nanofabrication of a nanoplasmonic array. The optical potential is created by illuminating an array of gold nanodiscs with a Gaussian beam of 980 nm wavelength, and exciting plasmon resonance. The motion of particles is monitored by fluorescence imaging. A scheme to suppress photothermal convection is also described to increase usable optical power for optimal trapping. Suppression of convection is achieved by cooling the sample to a low temperature, and utilizing the near-zero thermal expansion coefficient of a water medium. Both single particle transport and multiple particle trapping are reported here.

We describe a procedure to optically trap micro-particles in nanoplasmonic optical lattice.

Intrappolamento delle Micro particelle in grata ottica Nanoplasmonic

The plasmonic optical tweezer has been developed to overcome the diffraction limits of the conventional far field optical tweezer. Plasmonic optical ...

Synthesis of Near-Infrared Emitting Gold Nanoclusters for Biological Applications

Over the past decade, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have witnessed growing popularity in biological applications and enormous efforts have been devoted to their development. In this protocol, a recently developed, facile method for preparation of water soluble, biocompatible, and colloidally stable near-infrared emitting AuNCs have been described in detail. This room-temperature, bottom-up chemical synthesis provides easily functionalizable AuNCs capped with thioctic acid and thiol-modified polyethylene glycol in aqueous solution. The synthetic approach requires neither organic solvents or additional ligand exchange nor extensive knowledge of synthetic chemistry to reproduce. The resulting AuNCs offer free surface carboxylic acids, which can be functionalized with various biological molecules bearing a free amine group without adversely affecting the photoluminescent properties of the AuNCs. A quick, reliable procedure for flow cytometric quantification and confocal microscopic imaging of AuNC uptake by HeLa cells also been described. Due to the large Stokes shift, proper setting of filters in flow cytometry and confocal microscopy is necessary for efficient detection of near-infrared photoluminescence of AuNCs.

A reliable and easily reproducible method for preparation of functionalizable, near-infrared emitting photoluminescent gold nanoclusters and their direct detection inside HeLa cells by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy is described.

Sintesi di nanocluster d'oro a emissione di infrarossi nel vicino infrarosso per applicazioni biologiche

Over the past decade, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) have witnessed growing popularity in biological applications and enormous efforts have been ...

Magnetic-, Acoustic-, and Optical-Triple-Responsive Microbubbles for Magnetic Hyperthermia and Pothotothermal Combination Cancer Therapy

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has been challenged. Here, we fabricate iron oxide nanoparticle shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform. Iron oxide nanoparticles serve as both magnetic and photothermal agents. Once intravenously injected, NSMs can be magnetically guided to the tumor site. Ultrasound triggers the release of iron oxide nanoparticles, facilitating the penetration of nanoparticles deep into the tumor due to the cavitation effect of microbubbles. Thereafter, magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal therapy can be performed on the tumor for combinational cancer therapy, a solution for cancer resistance due to the tumor heterogeneity. In this protocol, the synthesis and characterization of NSMs including structural, chemical, magnetic and acoustic properties were performed. In addition, the anti-cancer efficacy by thermal therapy was investigated using in vitro cell cultures. The proposed delivery strategy and combination therapy holds great promise in cancer treatment to improve both delivery and anticancer efficacies.

Presented here is a protocol for the fabrication of iron oxide nanoparticle-shelled microbubbles (NSMs) through self-assembly, synergizing magnetic, acoustic, and optical responsiveness in one nanotherapeutic platform for magnetic hyperthermia and photothermal combination cancer therapy.

Microbolle magnetiche, acustiche e ottiche a tripla risposta per ipertermia magnetica e terapia del cancro combinata pototermica

The precision delivery of anti-cancer agents which aim for targeted and deep-penetrated delivery as well as a controlled release at the tumor site has ...

Sintesi di Immunotargeted magneto-plasmonica nanocluster

Riepilogo

Esplora Altri Video

Capitoli in questo video

L'utilizzo di nanostrutture di cristallo plasmoniche e fotonici per Enhanced manipolazione micro e nanoparticelle