תוצאות מתוארות מתקבלות מהפרויקט הנתמך על ידי המרכז הלאומי למדע בפולין במענק מס' 2014/13/B/HS6/03155.

<ol>
	<li>Baddeley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+memory:+Looking+back+and+looking+forward.">Working memory: Looking back and looking forward.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. , (2003).</li><li>Au, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improving+fluid+intelligence+with+training+on+working+memory:+a+meta-analysis.">Improving fluid intelligence with training on working memory: a meta-analysis.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 22, 366-377 (2015).</li><li>Karbach, J., Verhaeghen, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Making+working+memory+work:+A+meta-analysis+of+executive+control+and+working+memory+training+in+younger+and+older+adults.">Making working memory work: A meta-analysis of executive control and working memory training in younger and older adults.</a> Psychological Science. 25, 11-2027 (2014).</li><li>Melby-Lerv&#229;g, M., Hulme, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+working+memory+training+effective?+A+meta-analytic+review.">Is working memory training effective? 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למחברים אין מה לחשוף.

במחקר שהוצג כאן, חקרנו אם מבוגרים יכולים להפיק תועלת מהכשרת זיכרון עבודה ואם זה קשור לרמה הראשונית של ההכרה הבסיסית שלהם. השתמשנו במשימת n-back כהתערבות ניסיונית ויכולת זיכרון עבודה (שנמדדה במשימת OSPAN) הייתה השיטה לבדיקת רמת התפקוד האינטלקטואלית הראשונית של המשתתפים. היו לנו שני שלבים קריטי?...

במחקרים רבים של אימונים קוגניטיביים, משימת n-back הכפולה משמשת כשיטה לאימון זיכרון עבודה (WM). WM הוא יעד נפוץ של התערבויות קוגניטיביות בגלל חשיבותו עבור אחרים, פונקציות אינטלקטואליות ברמה גבוההיותר 1. עם זאת, האפקטיביות של אימון כזה ואת הפוטנציאל שלה ליצירת שיפור כללי יותר קוגניציה, כבר שנוי במחלוקת מאוד (עבור מטא אנליזה, ראה2,3,4,5,6,7,14 ולסקירות, ראה4,8,9,10,11,12,13). בעוד כמה חוקרים טוענים כי ""... לא היו ראיות משכנעות להכללה של אימון זיכרון עבודה למיומנויות אחרות'4, אחרים מציגים נתונים מטא-אנליטיים, אשר מראים השפעות משמעותיות מאוד של אימון WM2,3,5,6,11. הבעיה הנפרדת היא האפקטיביות של WM באוכלוסייה המבוגרת. מספר מחקרי אימון WM דיווחו על יתרונות גדולים יותר בקרב מבוגרים בהשוואה למבוגרים15,16,17,18,19,20, בעוד שאחרים מראים כי השפעות דומות ניתן לראות בשתי קבוצות הגיל21,22,23,24,25.
אלמנטים שונים הם האמינו לחזות את היתרונות של אימון זיכרון26. חלק מגורמים אלה נראה מנחים פוטנציאליים של יעילות אימון WM21. היכולת המנטלית, המתוארת כקיבולת קוגניטיבית בסיסית או משאב קוגניטיבי כללי, נראית כאחת האפשרויות החזקות ביותר עבור עמדה זו. על מנת להעריך את תפקידה של הרמה האינטלקטואלית הראשונית, שמנו דגש מיוחד (השיטה המתוארת כאן) על מדידת היכולת הקוגניטיבית לפני החלת משטר אימונים. זה הוכתב על ידי הנתונים המראים כי המשתתפים, המאופיינים יכולת קוגניטיבית גבוהה יותר בתחילת האימון, השיגו תוצאות אימון טובות משמעותית בהשוואה לאלה עם רמות נמוכות יותר של תפקוד קוגניטיבי ראשוני27. תופעה דומה נצפתה במחקר חינוכי, שם הוא מכונה אפקט מתיו28, תצפית כי אנשים עם מיומנות טובה יותר בתחילה לשפר עוד יותר בהשוואה לאלה עם רמה נמוכה יותר של יכולת ראשונית המדוברת.
זה מעורר מחשבה, אם כי, כי לא כל כך הרבה דוחות פורסמו בנושא זה21,29. יתר על כן, אפילו הבדלים אינדיבידואליים משמעותיים, במיוחד כשמדובר באוכלוסייה המבוגרת, נשארים לעתים קרובות ללא השגחה במהלך ניתוח נתונים ופרשנות30. במחקר הנוכחי, אנו בוחנים את ההשפעה של הרמה הראשונית של קיבולת זיכרון עבודה על הצלחת אימון WM בקבוצה של מבוגרים בריאים. על מנת לשמור על כל מרכיבי משטרי האימונים דומים ככל האפשר בין קבוצות ניסוי ובקרה, השתמשנו בתכנון קבוצת ביקורת פעילה. לכן, תוכן האימון (WM לעומת זיכרון סמנטי) נשאר הגורם המכריע היחיד הקובע את ההבדל הצפוי בתוצאות האימון. שתי הקבוצות ביצעו אימונים ממוחשבים ביתיים. חברי קבוצת הניסוי הוקצו לתוכנית אימונים אדפטיבית כפולה n-back וקבוצת בקרה פעילה שהוכשרה עם משימה המבוססת על חידון זיכרון סמנטי. חדש בגישה כאן הוא הדגש על הערכה ראשונית של הרמה הקוגניטיבית של המשתתפים על ידי הערכת יכולת זיכרון העבודה שלהם (WMC). בנוסף, השיטה להערכת רמת WMC הראשונית שאנו מציגים במאמר זה הוכיחה להיות כלי יעיל להבחין בין אנשים אשר יהיה ולא יהיה מוצלח במהלך אימון זיכרון העבודה הבאים. תיארנו בעבר ופרסמנו תוצאות ממחקר זה44. לכן, במאמר זה אנו מתמקדים בתיאור מפורט של הפרוטוקול בו השתמשנו.

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working memory training for older participants: a control group training regimen and initial intellectual functioning assessment

היעילות של התערבויות אימון קוגניטיבי הוא שנוי במחלוקת לאחרונה מאוד. אין קונצנזוס על איזה סוג של משטר אימונים הוא היעיל ביותר. כמו כן, מאפיינים בודדים כמנבאים של תוצאת אימון עדיין נחקרים. במאמר זה, אנו מראים את הניסיון לטפל בבעיה זו על ידי בחינת לא רק את ההשפעה של אימון זיכרון עבודה (WM) על יעילות קוגניטיבית אצל מבוגרים, אלא גם את ההשפעה של קיבולת WM הראשונית (WMC) על התוצאה של האימון. אנו מתארים בפירוט כיצד לבצע 5 שבועות של אימון n-back כפול אדפטיבי עם קבוצת ביקורת פעילה (חידון זיכרון). אנו מתמקדים כאן בהיבטים טכניים של ההכשרה, כמו גם בהערכה הראשונית של WMC של המשתתפים. ההערכה של ביצועי אימון לפני ואחרי של ממדים קוגניטיביים אחרים התבססה על תוצאות מבחנים של עדכון זיכרון, עיכוב, הסטת קשב, זיכרון לטווח קצר (STM) והסקת מסקנות. מצאנו כי הרמה הראשונית של WMC חוזה את היעילות של התערבות אימון n-back. שמנו לב גם לשיפור לאחר האימון כמעט בכל ההיבטים של התפקוד הקוגניטיבי שמדדנו, אך השפעות אלה היו בעיקר התערבות עצמאית.

השפעות הקשורות להדרכה
במחקר השתתפו 85 נבדקים (29 היו גברים) והם היו בממוצע בני 66.7. עקב בעיות טכניות, נתונים של משתתף אחד בקבוצת האימונים n-back לא נרשמו. לבסוף, הנתונים של 43 משתתפים בקבוצת אימונים n-back ו 42 בקבוצת אימונים חידון נותחו. נית?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment at JoVE.com

Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

מוצגת התערבות באימון קוגניטיבי באוכלוסייה המבוגרת יחד עם הערכת היכולות הקוגניטיביות שלפני האימון. אנו מראים שתי גרסאות של אימון - שליטה ניסיונית ופעילה - ומדגימים את השפעתם על מערך המבחנים הקוגניטיביים.

אימון זיכרון עבודה למשתתפים מבוגרים יותר: משטר הדרכה בקבוצת ביקורת והערכת תפקוד אינטלקטואלי ראשוני

The efficacy of cognitive training interventions is recently highly debated. There is no consensus on what kind of training regimen is the most effective. ...

working-memory-training-for-older-participants-control-group-training

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

4.5K Views.  SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities. מוצגת התערבות באימון קוגניטיבי באוכלוסייה המבוגרת יחד עם הערכת היכולות הקוגניטיביות שלפני האימון. אנו מראים שתי גרסאות של אימון - שליטה ניסיונית ופעילה - ומדגימים את השפעתם על מערך המבחנים הקוגניטיביים.

Video: Working Memory Training for Older Participants: A Control Group Training Regimen and Initial Intellectual Functioning Assessment

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other modalities. A relatively common and well-studied type is grapheme-color synesthesia, defined as the consistent experience of color when viewing, hearing and thinking about letters, words and numbers. We describe our method for investigating to what extent synesthetic associations between letters and colors can be learned by reading in color in nonsynesthetes. Reading in color is a special method for training associations in the sense that the associations are learned implicitly while the reader reads text as he or she normally would and it does not require explicit computer-directed training methods. In this protocol, participants are given specially prepared books to read in which four high-frequency letters are paired with four high-frequency colors. Participants receive unique sets of letter-color pairs based on their pre-existing preferences for colored letters. A modified Stroop task is administered before and after reading in order to test for learned letter-color associations and changes in brain activation. In addition to objective testing, a reading experience questionnaire is administered that is designed to probe for differences in subjective experience. A subset of questions may predict how well an individual learned the associations from reading in color. Importantly, we are not claiming that this method will cause each individual to develop grapheme-color synesthesia, only that it is possible for certain individuals to form letter-color associations by reading in color and these associations are similar in some aspects to those seen in developmental grapheme-color synesthetes. The method is quite flexible and can be used to investigate different aspects and outcomes of training synesthetic associations, including learning-induced changes in brain function and structure.

Reading in color is a new method for training letter-color associations that are typically found only in grapheme-color synesthetes. It involves an implicit form of training that has potential for long-term associative training methods&#160;because the training is a byproduct of reading and any text can be colored.

אימון עמותות מכתב צבע Synesthetic על ידי קריאה בצבע

Synesthesia is a rare condition in which a stimulus from one modality automatically and consistently triggers unusual sensations in the same and/or other ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that one attempts to ignore, or by interrupting information that demands attention as part of another (secondary) task goal. Both forms of external interference have been shown to detrimentally impact the ability to maintain information in working memory (WM). Emerging evidence suggests that these different types of external interference exert different effects on behavior and may be mediated by distinct neural mechanisms. Better characterizing the distinct neuro-behavioral impact of irrelevant distractions versus attended interruptions is essential for advancing an understanding of top-down attention, resolution of external interference, and how these abilities become degraded in healthy aging and in neuropsychiatric conditions. This manuscript describes a novel cognitive paradigm developed the Gazzaley lab that has now been modified into several distinct versions used to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference, by to-be-ignored distractors versus to-be-attended interruptors. Details are provided on variants of this paradigm for investigating interference in visual and auditory modalities, at multiple levels of stimulus complexity, and with experimental timing optimized for electroencephalography (EEG) or functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. In addition, data from younger and older adult participants obtained using this paradigm is reviewed and discussed in the context of its relationship with the broader literatures on external interference and age-related neuro-behavioral changes in resolving interference in working memory.

A novel cognitive paradigm is developed to elucidate behavioral and neural correlates of interference by to-be-ignored distractors versus interference by to-be-attended interruptors during a working memory task. In this manuscript, several variants of this paradigm are detailed, and data obtained with this paradigm in younger/older adult participants is reviewed.

קוגניטיבית פרדיגמה לחקר הפרעות בזכרון עבודה על ידי הסחות דעת והפרעות

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock&#8217;s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.

This paper describes a protocol to conduct, quantitatively monitor, and assess the success of vision training initiated as part of a sports medical management program including intervention for concussion prevention and performance enhancement.

שיטות הדרכת חזון לספורט זעזוע מקלים וניהול

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

שילוב הסעות-Box הדרכה עם אלקטרו Cortex הקלטה וגירוי ככלי לחקר תפיסה ולמידה

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the attribution of incentive salience, or the transformation of neutral stimuli into attractive, &#34;wanted&#39; stimuli capable of motivating behavior. Pavlovian conditioned approach (PCA) develops after the response-independent presentation of a conditioned stimulus (CS; e.g., a lever) that predicts the delivery of an unconditioned stimulus (US; e.g., a food pellet) and can be used to measure incentive salience. During training, three patterns of conditioned responses (CRs) can develop: sign-tracking behavior (CS-directed CR), goal-tracking behavior (US-directed CR), and an intermediate response (both CRs). Sign-trackers attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and are more vulnerable to cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking as well as other addiction-related behaviors, making PCA a potentially valuable procedure for studying addiction vulnerability. Here, we describe materials and methods used to elicit PCA behavior from rats as well as analyze and interpret PCA behavior in individual experiments.

Here, we present a protocol to elicit Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior in rats. This procedure can be used to measure individual differences in the tendency to approach and attribute incentive salience to reward-related cues and investigate addiction vulnerability.

הדרכת גישה אלפה הפבלובית בחולדות

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity for reducing the severity of the effects of the stroke&#160;in rats. This system provides more effective animal exercise training than commercially available systems such as treadmills and motorized running wheels (MRWs). In contrast to an MRW that can only achieve speeds below 20 m/min, rats are permitted to run at a stable speed of 30 m/min on a more spacious and high-density rubber running track supported by a 15 cm wide acrylic wheel with a diameter of 55 cm in this work. Using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, the system not only reduces the operator error but also trains the rats to run persistently until a specified intensity is reached. As a way to evaluate the exercise effectiveness, real-time position of a rat is detected by four pairs of infrared sensors deployed on the running wheel. Once an adaptive acceleration curve is initiated using a microcontroller, the data obtained by the infrared sensors are automatically recorded and analyzed in a computer. For comparison purposes, 3 week training is conducted on rats using a treadmill, an MRW and a PRW. After surgically inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and an inclined plane test were conducted to assess the neurological damages to the rats. PRW is experimentally validated as the most effective among such animal mobility systems. Furthermore, an exercise effectiveness measure, based on rat position analysis, showed that there is a high negative correlation between the effective exercise and the infarct volume, and can be employed to quantify a rat training in any type of brain damage reduction&#160;experiments.

This study presents an innovative running wheel-based animal mobility system to quantify an effective exercise activity in rats. A rat-friendly testbed is built, using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, and a high correlation between the effective exercise rate and the infarct volume suggests the protocol&#39;s potential for stroke prevention experiments.

מנגנון גלגלים מבוססי ריצה חדשני עבור ביצועי הדרכת עכברוש משופרים

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity ...

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children &#8211; Working Memory (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of working memory in young school-age children. Working memory deficits have been identified in children with language-based learning disabilities, including dyslexia1,2 and language impairment3,4, but it is not clear whether these children exhibit deficits in subcomponents of working memory, such as visuospatial or phonological working memory. The CABC-WM is administered on a desktop computer with a touchscreen interface and was specifically developed to be engaging and motivating for children. Although the long-term goal of the CABC-WM is to provide individualized working memory profiles in children, the present study focuses on the initial success and utility of the CABC-WM for measuring central executive, visuospatial, phonological loop, and binding constructs in children with typical development. Immediate next steps are to administer the CABC-WM to children with specific language impairment, dyslexia, and comorbid specific language impairment and dyslexia.

Working memory predicts a significant amount of variance for a variety of cognitive tasks, including speaking, reading, and writing. However, few tools are available to assess working memory in children. We present an innovative, computer-based battery that comprehensively assesses different components of working memory in school-age children.

הערכת זיכרון עבודה לילדים: הערכה מקיפה סוללה לילדים - זיכרון עבודה (CABC-WM)

The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children - Working Memory (CABC-WM) is a computer-based battery designed to assess different components of ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous research determined a profound impact of gentle handling protocols on the well-being of laboratory mice. By introducing clicker training to the keeping of mice, not only do we promote the amicable treatment of mice, but we also enable them to experience cognitive enrichment. Clicker training is a form of positive reinforcement training using a conditioned secondary reinforcer, the "click" sound of a clicker, which serves as a time bridge between the strengthened behavior and an upcoming reward. The effective implementation of the clicker training protocol with a cohort of 12 BALB/c inbred mice of each sex proved to be uncomplicated. The mice learned rather quickly when challenged with tasks of the clicker training protocol, and almost all trained mice overcame the challenges they were given (100% of female mice and 83% of male mice). This study has identified that clicker training for mice strongly correlates with reduced fear in the mice during human-mice interactions, as shown by reduced anxiety-related behaviors (e.g., defecation, vocalization, and urination) and fewer depression-like behaviors (e.g., floating). By developing a reliable protocol that can be easily integrated into the daily routine of the keeping of laboratory mice, the lifetime experience of welfare in the mice can be improved substantially.

The development of new refinement strategies for laboratory mice is a challenging task that contributes towards fulfilling the 3R principle. This protocol introduces clicker training as a cognitive enrichment program for laboratory mice.

היכרות הדרכת Clicker בתור העשרה קוגניטיבית עבור עכברי מעבדה

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working Memory (WM) and the threat of shock paradigms. In the Sternberg WM paradigm, subjects are required to maintain a series of letters in the WM for a brief interval and respond by identifying whether the position of a given letter in the series matches a numerical prompt. In the threat of shock paradigm, subjects are exposed to alternating blocks where they are either at risk of receiving unpredictable presentations of a mild electric shock or are safe from the shock. Anxiety is probed throughout the safe and threat blocks using the acoustic startle reflex, which is potentiated under threat (Anxiety-Potentiated Startle (APS)). By conducting the Sternberg WM paradigm during the threat of shock and probing the startle response during either the WM maintenance interval or the intertrial interval, it is possible to determine the effect of WM maintenance on APS.

This protocol demonstrates how to measure anxiety-potentiated startle during the Sternberg Working Memory paradigm.

צמצום חרדת המדינה באמצעות עבודה זיכרון תחזוקה

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with numerous cardiometabolic health consequences. These changes are likely to increase the risk of developing chronic secondary conditions and impact the quality of life in persons with SCI. Surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation evoked resistance training (NMES-RT) was developed as a strategy to attenuate the process of skeletal muscle atrophy, decrease ectopic adiposity, improve insulin sensitivity and enhance mitochondrial capacity. However, NMES-RT is limited to only a single muscle group. Involving multiple muscle groups of the lower extremities may maximize the health benefits of training. Functional electrical stimulation-lower extremity cycling (FES-LEC) allows for the activation of 6 muscle groups, which is likely to evoke greater metabolic and cardiovascular adaptation. Appropriate knowledge of the stimulation parameters is key to maximizing the outcomes of electrical stimulation training in persons with SCI. Adopting strategies for long-term use of NMES-RT and FES-LEC during rehabilitation may maintain the integrity of the musculoskeletal system, a pre-requisite for clinical trials aiming to restore walking after injury. The current manuscript presents a combined protocol using NMES-RT prior to FES-LEC. We hypothesize that muscles conditioned for 12 weeks prior to cycling will be capable of generating greater power, cycle against higher resistance and result in greater adaptation in persons with SCI.

Spinal cord injury is a traumatic medical condition that may result in elevated risks of chronic secondary metabolic disorders. Here, we presented a protocol using surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation-resistance training in conjunction with functional electrical stimulation-lower extremities cycling as a strategy to ameliorate several of these medical problems.

פרדיגמות של הגפיים התחתון גירוי חשמלי אימון לאחר פגיעה בחוט השדרה

Skeletal muscle atrophy, increased adiposity and reduced physical activity are key changes observed after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are associated with ...