עבודה זו נתמכת על ידי מענק מהקרן הלאומית למדעי הטבע של סין (No.31472037). אזכור שמות מסחריים או מוצרים מסחריים במאמר זה הוא אך ורק לצורך מתן מידע ספציפי ואין פירושו המלצה.

<ol>
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S., Rzhetsky, A., Axel, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+spatial+map+of+olfactory+receptor+expression+in+the+Drosophila+antenna.">A spatial map of olfactory receptor expression in the Drosophila antenna.</a> Cell. 96 (5), 725-736 (1999).</li><li>Yang, Y., Krieger, J., Zhang, L., Breer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+olfactory+co-receptor+Orco+from+the+migratory+locust+(Locusta+migratoria)+and+the+desert+locust+(Schistocerca+gregaria):+identification+and+expression+pattern.">The olfactory co-receptor Orco from the migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) and the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria): identification and expression pattern.</a> Int J Biol Sci. 8 (2), 159-170 (2012).</li><li>Schultze, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+co-expression+pattern+of+odorant+binding+proteins+and+olfactory+receptors+identify+distinct+trichoid+sensilla+on+the+antenna+of+the+malaria+mosquito+Anopheles+gambiae.">The co-expression pattern of odorant binding proteins and olfactory receptors identify distinct trichoid sensilla on the antenna of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae.</a> PLoS One. 8 (7), e69412 (2013).</li><li>Xu, H., Guo, M., Yang, Y., You, Y., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+two+novel+odorant+receptors+in+the+locust+(Locusta+migratoria).">Differential expression of two novel odorant receptors in the locust (Locusta migratoria).</a> BMC Neurosci. 14, 50 (2013).</li><li>Saina, M., Benton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+olfactory+receptor+expression+and+localization+in+Drosophila.">Visualizing olfactory receptor expression and localization in Drosophila.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 1003, 211-228 (2013).</li><li>Guo, M., Krieger, J., Gro&#223;e-Wilde, E., Mi&#223;bach, C., Zhang, L., Breer, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variant+ionotropic+receptors+are+expressed+in+olfactory+sensory+neurons+of+coeloconic+sensilla+on+the+antenna+of+the+desert+locust+(Schistocerca+gregaria).">Variant ionotropic receptors are expressed in olfactory sensory neurons of coeloconic sensilla on the antenna of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria).</a> Int J Biol Sci. 10 (1), 1-14 (2013).</li><li>You, Y., Smith, D. P., Lv, M., Zhang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+broadly+tuned+odorant+receptor+in+neurons+of+trichoid+sensilla+in+locust,+Locusta+migratoria.">A broadly tuned odorant receptor in neurons of trichoid sensilla in locust, Locusta migratoria.</a> Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 79, 66-72 (2016).</li><li>Jiang, X., Pregitzer, P., Grosse-Wilde, E., Breer, H., Krieger, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+characterization+of+two+"Sensory+Neuron+Membrane+Proteins"+(SNMPs)+of+the+desert+locust,+Schistocerca+gregaria+(Orthoptera:+Acrididae).">Identification and characterization of two "Sensory Neuron Membrane Proteins" (SNMPs) of the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria (Orthoptera: Acrididae).</a> J Insect Sci. 16 (1), 33 (2016).</li><li>Angerer, L. M., Angerer, R. 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למחברים אין מה לחשוף או כל ניגודי אינטרסים אחרים.

זה קשה לבצע RNA ISH כדי למקם או גנים אנטנות חרקים בגלל רמות ביטוי של גנים או, למעט ORCO , הם נמוכים מאוד ושמירה פרוסות היסטולוגית של אנטנות חרקים קשה מאוד. בנוסף, זיהוי TSA הוא גם מאוד מסובך. כדי לטפל בבעיות אלה, יש לנקוט בצעדים הבאים. האנטנות נבחרות מתוך ארבה מבוגר החדש שי...

אנטנות חרקים, שהן האיברים הכימוזנריים החשובים ביותר, מכוסים במבנים רבים דמויי שיער - הנקראים סנסיליה - המושרשים על ידי נוירונים של קולטן חוש הריח (ORN). על הממברנה של חרקים ORN, רצפטורים אודורנט (ORs), סוג של חלבון המכיל שבעה תחומים transmembrane, באים לידי ביטוי עם corceptor (ORCO) כדי ליצור heteromer המתפקד כמו ערוץ יון מלוטש יון 1 , 2 , 3 . ORs שונים מגיבים לשילובים שונים של חומרים כימיים 4 , 5 , 6 . ארבה ( Locusta migratoria ) בעיקר להסתמך על רמזים חוש הריח כדי להפעיל התנהגויות חשובות 7 . ORS ארבה הם גורמים מרכזיים להבנת מנגנוני הריח המולקולריים. לוקליזציה של ארבה או גן ספציפי לנוירון שלמורפולוגית ספציפית סוג sensillum על ידי RNA ב הכלאה Situ (RNA ISH) הוא הצעד הראשון בחקר הפונקציה ORs. רנ&quot;א משתמשת בדיקה מסומנת RNA משלים למדוד ולמקם רצף מסוים RNA בסעיף של רקמות, תאים או mounts כולו באתרם , מתן תובנות תהליכים פיזיולוגיים מחלה פתוגנזה. Digoxigenin שכותרתו (DIG שכותרתו) ו ביוטין שכותרתו בדיקות RNA כבר בשימוש נרחב הכלאה RNA. RNA תיוג עם digoxigenin-11-UTP או biotin-16-UTP יכול להיות מוכן על ידי שעתוק במבחנה עם SP6 ו T7 RNA פולימריות. DIG ו- biotin שכותרתו בדיקות RNA יש את היתרונות הבאים: לא רדיואקטיבי; בטוח; יַצִיב; רגיש מאוד; ספציפיים מאוד; וקל לייצר באמצעות PCR ו שעתוק במבחנה . DIG ו- biotin שכותרתו בדיקות RNA יכול להיות chromogenically ו זוהה fluorescently. DIG שכותרתו בדיקות RNA יכול להיות מזוהה עם אלקלי דיגוקסגנין אנטיNe-phosphatase (AP) נוגדנים conjugated כי ניתן לדמיין גם עם המצעים chemiluminescent רגיש nitroblue tetrazolium כלוריד / 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate toluidine מלח (NBT / BCIP) באמצעות מיקרוסקופ אופטי או עם 2 הידרוקסיה -3-naphtoic חומצה -2 &#39;-phenylanilide פוספט (HNPP) יחד עם 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium חמי אבץ כלוריד מלח (אדום מהיר) באמצעות מיקרוסקופ confocal. Biotin שכותרתו בדיקות RNA יכול להיות מזוהה עם אנטי ביוטין streptavidin צנון סוס צחצוח Peroxidase (HRP) - conjugated נוגדנים שיכולים להיות דמיינו עם tyramides פלואורסצין באמצעות מיקרוסקופ confocal. לכן, פעמיים צבע פלואורסצנט הכלאה באתרו יכול להתבצע כדי לזהות שני גנים היעד בפרוסה אחת באמצעות בדיקות DIG ו ביוטין שכותרתו RNA. RNA ISH עם DIG- ו / או בדיקות שכותרתו ביוטין שימש בהצלחה למקם גנים ההרחה הקשורות, כגון OR, ionotropic קולטן, חלבון odorant מחייבואת החלבון נוירון חישה, ב אנטנות חרקים של, אך לא רק, תסיסנית melanogaster , Anopheles gambiae , L. migratoria ואת ארבה המדבר Schistocera gregaria 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 . עם זאת, ישנם שני אתגרים משמעותיים בעת ביצוע RNA ISH עבור חרקים ORS: (1) או גנים (למעט ORCO ) באים לידי ביטוי ברמות נמוכות ורק במספר תאים, מה שהופך זיהוי האות קשה מאוד, (2) שימור רקמת חרקים עבור היסטולוגיה, כך שהמורפולוגיה נשמרת ורעש הרקע נמוך, יכול להיות מאתגר. במאמר זה פרוטוקול מפורט ויעיל המתאר RNA ISH עבור לוקליזציה או גנים חרקיםאנטנות מוצג, כולל הן Chromogenic ו Tyramide איתות הגברה (TSA) גילוי.

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Materials&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&amp;times;TSINGKE&lt;sup&gt;TM&lt;/sup&gt; Master Mix</td><td>TSINGKE, China</td><td>TSE004</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNase-free H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>TIANGEN, China</td><td>RT121-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>REGULAR AGAROSE G-10</td><td>BIOWEST, SPAIN</td><td>91622</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Binding buffer</td><td>TIANgel Midi Purification Kit, TIANGEN, China</td><td>DP209-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Balance buffer</td><td>TIANgel Midi Purification Kit, TIANGEN, China</td><td>DP209-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Wash solution</td><td>TIANgel Midi Purification Kit, TIANGEN, China</td><td>DP209-02</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T Vector</td><td>Promega, USA</td><td>A362A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>T4 DNA Ligase</td><td>Promega, USA</td><td>M180A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;/em&gt; DH5&amp;alpha;</td><td>TIANGEN, China</td><td>CB101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>A-6140</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Isopropyl &amp;beta;-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside</td><td>Inalco, USA</td><td>1758-1400</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-&amp;beta;-D-galactopyranoside</td><td>SBS Genetech, China</td><td>GX1-500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Nco&lt;/em&gt; I</td><td>BioLabs, New England</td><td>R0193S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;Spe&lt;/em&gt; I</td><td>BioLabs, New England</td><td>R0133M</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DIG RNA Labeling Kit</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175025910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Biotin RNA Labeling Kit</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11685597910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase</td><td>DIG RNA Labeling Kit, Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175025910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LiCl</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10012718</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10009257</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetic acid</td><td>BEIJING CHEMICAL REGENTS COMPANY, China</td><td>10000292</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tissue-Tek O.C.T. Compound</td><td>Sakura Finetek Europe, Zoeterwoude, Netherlands</td><td>4583</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Slides</td><td>TINA JIN HAO YANG BIOLOGCAL MANUFACTURE CO., LTE, China</td><td>FISH0010</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCl</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>80070591</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Millex</td><td>Millipore, USA</td><td>SLGP033RS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tween 20</td><td>AMRESCO, USA</td><td>0777-500ML</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nitroblue tetrazolium chloride / 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-phosphate toluidine salt</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175041910</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10010618</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Solutions&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1&amp;times;Tris-acetate-EDTA</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900483-1KG</td><td>0.04 mol/L Tris-Base</td></tr><tr><td>1&amp;times;Tris-acetate-EDTA</td><td>BEIJING CHEMICAL REGENTS COMPANY, China</td><td>10000292</td><td>0.12% acetic acid</td></tr><tr><td>1&amp;times;Tris-acetate-EDTA</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>03677</td><td>Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA)</td></tr><tr><td>Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>10 g/L NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium</td><td>MERCK, Germany</td><td>VM335231</td><td>10 g/L Peptone from casein (Tryptone)</td></tr><tr><td>Luria-Bertani (LB) liquid medium</td><td>MERCK, Germany</td><td>VM361526</td><td>5 g/L Yeast extract</td></tr><tr><td>LB solid substrate plate</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>10 g/L NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>LB solid substrate plate</td><td>MERCK, Germany</td><td>VM335231</td><td>10 g/L Peptone from casein (Tryptone)</td></tr><tr><td>LB solid substrate plate</td><td>MERCK, Germany</td><td>VM361526</td><td>5 g/L Yeast extract</td></tr><tr><td>LB solid substrate plate</td><td>WISENT ING, Canada</td><td>800-010-CG</td><td>15 g/L Agar Bacteriological Grade</td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times;Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 7.1)</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>8.5% NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times;Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 7.1)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900041-500G</td><td>14 mM KH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times;Phosphate-Buffered Saline (PBS, pH 7.1)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900268-500G</td><td>80 mM Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;HPO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times;Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS, pH 7.5)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900483-1KG</td><td>1 M Tris-Base</td></tr><tr><td>10&amp;times;Tris-Buffered Saline (TBS, pH 7.5)</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>1.5 M NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>Detection Buffer (DAP) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; chromogenic detection pH 9.5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; TSA detection pH 8.0</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900483-1KG</td><td>100 mM Tris-Base</td></tr><tr><td>Detection Buffer (DAP) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; chromogenic detection pH 9.5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; TSA detection pH 8.0</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>100 mM NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>Detection Buffer (DAP) &amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; chromogenic detection pH 9.5&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; TSA detection pH 8.0</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900020-500G</td><td>50 mM MgCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td></tr><tr><td>20&amp;times;saline-sodium citrate (pH 7.0)</td><td>Sinopharm, China</td><td>10019392</td><td>3 M NaCl</td></tr><tr><td>20&amp;times;saline-sodium citrate (pH 7.0)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900095-500G</td><td>0.3 M Na-Citrate</td></tr><tr><td>4% paraformaldehyde solution (PFA, pH 9.5)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900894-100G</td><td>4% paraformaldehyde</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Carbonate Buffer</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900182-500G</td><td>0.1 M NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Carbonate Buffer (pH 10.2)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>V900182-500G</td><td>80 mM NaHCO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Carbonate Buffer (pH 10.2)</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>S7795-500G</td><td>120 mM Na&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide Solution (pH 10.2)</td><td>MPBIO, USA</td><td>FORMD002</td><td>50% Deionized Formamide</td></tr><tr><td>Formamide Solution (pH 10.2)</td><td></td><td></td><td>5&amp;times;saline-sodium citrate</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Buffer in TBS</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175041910</td><td>1% Blot</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Buffer in TBS</td><td>AMRESCO, USA</td><td>0694-500ML</td><td>0.03% Triton X-100</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking Buffer in TBS</td><td></td><td></td><td>1&amp;times;Tris buffered saline</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase solution</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175041910</td><td>1.5 U/mL anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Blocking Buffer in TBS</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase/ horse radish peroxidase solution</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11175041910</td><td>1.5 U/mL anti-digoxigenin alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase/ horse radish peroxidase solution</td><td>TSA kit, Perkin Elmer, USA</td><td>NEL701A001KT</td><td>1% anti-biotin streptavidin horse radish peroxidase- conjugated antibody</td></tr><tr><td>Alkaline phosphatase/ horse radish peroxidase solution</td><td></td><td></td><td>Blocking Buffer in TBS</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Buffer</td><td>MPBIO, USA</td><td>FORMD002</td><td>50% Deionized Formamide</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Buffer</td><td></td><td></td><td>2&amp;times;saline-sodium citrate</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Buffer</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>D8906-50G</td><td>10% dextran sulphate</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Buffer</td><td>invitrogen, USA</td><td>AM7119</td><td>20 &amp;micro;g/mL yeast t-RNA</td></tr><tr><td>Hybridization Buffer</td><td>Sigma, USA</td><td>D3159-10G</td><td>0.2 mg/mL herring sperm DNA</td></tr><tr><td>2-hydroxy-3-naphtoic acid-2&#039;-phenylanilide phosphate/ 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium hemi-zinc chloride salt substrate</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11758888001</td><td>1% 2-hydroxy-3-naphtoic acid-2&#039;-phenylanilide phosphate (10 mg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>2-hydroxy-3-naphtoic acid-2&#039;-phenylanilide phosphate/ 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium hemi-zinc chloride salt substrate</td><td>Roche, Switzerland</td><td>11758888001</td><td>1% 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium hemi-zinc chloride salt (25 mg/mL)</td></tr><tr><td>2-hydroxy-3-naphtoic acid-2&#039;-phenylanilide phosphate/ 4-chloro-2-methylbenzenediazonium hemi-zinc chloride salt substrate</td><td></td><td></td><td>Detection Buffer</td></tr><tr><td>Tyramide signal amplification substrate</td><td>TSA kit, Perkin Elmer, USA</td><td>NEL701A001KT</td><td>2% fluorescein-tyramides</td></tr><tr><td>Tyramide signal amplification substrate</td><td>TSA kit, Perkin Elmer, USA</td><td>NEL701A001KT</td><td>Amplification Diluent</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Instrument&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Freezing microtome</td><td>Leica, Nussloch, Germany</td><td>Jung CM300 cryostat</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectrophotometer</td><td>Thermo SCIENTIFIC, USA</td><td>NANODROP 2000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Optical microscope</td><td>Olympus, Tokyo, Japan</td><td>Olympus IX71microscope</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Confocal microscope</td><td>Olympus, Tokyo, Japan</td><td>Olympus BX45 confocal microscope</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

localization of odorant receptor genes in locust antennae by rna in situ hybridization

חרקים פיתחו מערכות מתוחכמות של קליטת חוש הריח לחוש אותות כימיים אקסוגניים. אלה האותות הכימיים הם transduced על ידי נוירונים קולטן חוש הריח (ORNs) שוכנים במבנים דמויי שיער, המכונה chemosensilla, של האנטנות. על קרום של ORN, Odorant קולטנים (ORs) הם האמינו להיות מעורב ריחוף ריח. לפיכך, היכולת לזהות גנים הממוקמים ל- ORN נחוצה כדי לזהות גנים, ומספקת בסיס יסודי לתפקוד תפקודי נוסף באתרו . רמות ביטוי RNA של ספציפיים או S אנטנות חרקים הם נמוכים מאוד, ושימור רקמות חרקים עבור היסטולוגיה מאתגרת. לכן, קשה למקם OR לסוג מסוים של sensilla באמצעות RNA ב הכלאה באתרו . במאמר זה, רנ&quot;א מפורט ויעיל בפרוטוקול הכלאה באתרו במיוחד עבור גנים לידי ביטוי נמוך של חרקים, הוא הציג. בנוסף, או ספציפי גןS זוהה על ידי ביצוע ניאון פעמיים צבע ניסויי הכלאה באתרו באמצעות שיתוף קולטן ביטוי קולטן, אורקו , כסמן.

עם זיהוי כרומוגני, תת קבוצה קטנה של תאים antennal בכל סעיף antennal המבוגר היה מסומן על ידי DIG שכותרתו LmigOR1 ו Lmigor2 בדיקות antisense ( איור 3 ). RNA על מקטעים רצופים כדי למקם LmigOR1 ו LmigOR2 הראה כי תאים אנטנלים המבטאים את שני הגנים הי...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization at JoVE.com

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

מאמר זה מתאר פרוטוקול RNA מפורט ויעיל בפרוטוקול הכלאה באתרו, במיוחד עבור גנים של קולטנים (OR), המופיעים ברמה נמוכה, וכן בגנים אחרים, באנטנות חרקים באמצעות בדיקות דיגוקיגנין (DIG) או תוויות ביוטין.

לוקליזציה של גנים קולטן Odorant ב אנטנות ארבה על ידי RNA<em&gt; באתרו</em&gt; הכלאה

Insects have evolved sophisticated olfactory reception systems to sense exogenous chemical signals. These chemical signals are transduced by Olfactory ...

localization-odorant-receptor-genes-locust-antennae-rna-situ

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

8.0K Views.  China Agricultural University.  מאמר זה מתאר פרוטוקול RNA מפורט ויעיל בפרוטוקול הכלאה באתרו, במיוחד עבור גנים של קולטנים (OR), המופיעים ברמה נמוכה, וכן בגנים אחרים, באנטנות חרקים באמצעות בדיקות דיגוקיגנין (DIG) או תוויות ביוטין. 

Video: Localization of Odorant Receptor Genes in Locust Antennae by RNA In Situ Hybridization

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed in sensory hairs called sensilla, which cover the surface of olfactory organs. The surface of each sensillum is covered with tiny pores, through which odorants pass and dissolve in a fluid called sensillum lymph, which bathes the sensory dendrites of the OSNs housed in a given sensillum. The OSN dendrites express odorant receptor (OR) proteins, which in insects function as odor-gated ion channels4, 5. The interaction of odorants with ORs either increases or decreases the basal firing rate of the OSN. This neuronal activity in the form of action potentials embodies the first representation of the quality, intensity, and temporal characteristics of the odorant6, 7.
Given the easy access to these sensory hairs, it is possible to perform extracellular recordings from single OSNs by introducing a recording electrode into the sensillum lymph, while the reference electrode is placed in the lymph of the eye or body of the insect. In Drosophila, sensilla house between one and four OSNs, but each OSN typically displays a characteristic spike amplitude. Spike sorting techniques make it possible to assign spiking responses to individual OSNs. This single sensillum recording (SSR) technique monitors the difference in potential between the sensillum lymph and the reference electrode as electrical spikes that are generated by the receptor activity on OSNs1, 2, 8. Changes in the number of spikes in response to the odorant represent the cellular basis of odor coding in insects. Here, we describe the preparation method currently used in our lab to perform SSR on Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae, and show representative traces induced by the odorants in a sensillum-specific manner.

Single Sensillum Recordings in the Insects Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae

Electrophysiological responses of olfactory sensory neurons to odorants can be measured in insects using single sensillum recordings. In this video article we will demonstrate how to perform single sensillum recordings in the antennae of the vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster) and the maxillary palps of the malaria mosquito (Anopheles gambiae).

Sensillum הקלטות סינגל חרקים תסיסנית melanogaster ו אנופלס gambiae</em

The sense of smell is essential for insects to find foods, mates, predators, and oviposition sites3. Insect olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) are enclosed ...

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust (Schistocerca Americana) Olfactory Circuits

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar olfactory systems suggesting that the biological approach to chemical sensing has been optimized over evolutionary time1. In the insect olfactory system, odorants are transduced by olfactory receptor neurons (ORN) in the antenna, which convert chemical stimuli into trains of action potentials. Sensory input from the ORNs is then relayed to the antennal lobe (AL; a structure analogous to the vertebrate olfactory bulb). In the AL, neural representations for odors take the form of spatiotemporal firing patterns distributed across ensembles of principal neurons (PNs; also referred to as projection neurons)2,3. The AL output is subsequently processed by Kenyon cells (KCs) in the downstream mushroom body (MB), a structure associated with olfactory memory and learning4,5. Here, we present electrophysiological recording techniques to monitor odor-evoked neural responses in these olfactory circuits.
First, we present a single sensillum recording method to study odor-evoked responses at the level of populations of ORNs6,7. We discuss the use of saline filled sharpened glass pipettes as electrodes to extracellularly monitor ORN responses. Next, we present a method to extracellularly monitor PN responses using a commercial 16-channel electrode3. A similar approach using a custom-made 8-channel twisted wire tetrode is demonstrated for Kenyon cell recordings8. We provide details of our experimental setup and present representative recording traces for each of these techniques.

Multi-unit Recording Methods to Characterize Neural Activity in the Locust Schistocerca Americana Olfactory Circuits

We demonstrate variations of the extracellular multi-unit recording technique to characterize odor-evoked responses in the first three stages of the invertebrate olfactory pathway. These techniques can easily be adapted to examine ensemble activity in other neural systems as well.

שיטות הקלטה בעל מספר יחידות לאפיין את הפעילות עצבית בארבה (<em&gt; Schistocerca אמריקנה</em&gt;) מעגלי ריח

Detection and interpretation of olfactory cues are critical for the survival  of many organisms. Remarkably, species across phyla have strikingly similar ...

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and behavioral evolution. Drosophila olfactory tissues house the olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) that detect volatile chemical cues in addition to hydro- and thermo-sensory neurons. In this protocol, we describe the dissection of developing peripheral olfactory tissue of the adult Drosophila species. We first describe how to stage and age Drosophila larvae, followed by the dissection of the antennal disc from early pupal stages, followed by the dissection of the antennae from mid-pupal stages and adults. We also show methods where preparations can be utilized in molecular techniques, such as the RNA extraction for qRT-PCR, RNAseq, or immunohistochemistry. These methods can also be applied to other Drosophila species after species-specific pupal development times are determined, and respective stages are calculated for appropriate aging.

Preparing Developing Peripheral Olfactory Tissue for Molecular and Immunohistochemical Analysis in Drosophila

Here, we present a protocol to stage and dissect developing olfactory tissue from Drosophila species. The dissected tissue can later be used for molecular analyses, such as quantitative RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction) or RNA sequencing (RNAseq), as well as in vivo analyses such as immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization.

הכנת לפתח רקמות היקפיים חוש הריח עבור מולקולרית וניתוח Immunohistochemical ב דרוזופילה

The olfactory system of Drosophila is a widely used system in developmental neurobiology, systems neuroscience, as well as neurophysiology, behavior, and ...

Developmental Biology

Using Insect Electroantennogram Sensors on Autonomous Robots for Olfactory Searches

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects foraging for food or searching for mates3: the olfactory search is constrained by the physics of turbulent transport4. The concentration landscape of wind borne odors is discontinuous and consists of sporadically located patches. A pre-requisite to olfactory search is that intermittent odor patches are detected. Because of its high speed and sensitivity5-6, the olfactory organ of insects provides a unique opportunity for detection. Insect antennae have been used in the past to detect not only sex pheromones7 but also chemicals that are relevant to humans, e.g., volatile compounds emanating from cancer cells8 or toxic and illicit substances9-11. We describe here a protocol for using insect antennae on autonomous robots and present a proof of concept for tracking odor plumes to their source. The global response of olfactory neurons is recorded in situ in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs). Our experimental design, based on a whole insect preparation, allows stable recordings within a working day. In comparison, EAGs on excised antennae have a lifetime of 2 hr. A custom hardware/software interface was developed between the EAG electrodes and a robot. The measurement system resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz, which exceeds the time scale of artificial chemical sensors12. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is further demonstrated in driving the robot toward a source of pheromone. By using identical olfactory stimuli and sensors as in real animals, our robotic platform provides a direct means for testing biological hypotheses about olfactory coding and search strategies13. It may also prove beneficial for detecting other odorants of interests by combining EAGs from different insect species in a bioelectronic nose configuration14 or using nanostructured gas sensors that mimic insect antennae15.

We describe a protocol for using insect antennae in the form of electroantennograms (EAGs) on autonomous robots. Our experimental design allows stable recordings within a day and resolves individual odor patches up to 10 Hz. The efficiency of EAG sensors for olfactory searches is demonstrated in driving a robot toward an odor source.

באמצעות חיישני Electroantennogram חרקים על אוטונומי רובוטים לחיפושי חוש הריח

Robots designed to track chemical leaks in hazardous industrial facilities1 or explosive traces in landmine fields2 face the same problem as insects ...

Electroantennography-based Bio-hybrid Odor-detecting Drone using Silkmoth Antennae for Odor Source Localization

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their applicability in environmental and security monitoring and search-and-rescue operations. Small drones with commercial metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOX) gas sensors have been developed for odor source localization; however, their real-time-odor-detection performance has proven inadequate. However, biosensing technologies based on insect olfactory systems exhibit relatively high sensitivity, selectivity, and real-time response with respect to odorant molecules compared to commercial MOX gas sensors. In such devices, excised insect antennae function as portable odorant biosensor elements and have been found to deliver excellent sensing performance. This study presents experimental protocols for odorant-molecule detection in the air using a small autonomous bio-hybrid drone based on a mountable electroantennography (EAG) device incorporating silkmoth antennae.
We developed a mountable EAG device including sensing/processing parts with a Wi-Fi module. The device was equipped with a simple sensor enclosure to enhance the sensor directivity. Thus, odor source localization was conducted using the spiral-surge algorithm, which does not assume an upwind direction. The experimental bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone identified real-time odorant-concentration differences in a pseudo-open environment (outside a wind tunnel) and localized the source. The developed drone and associated system can serve as an efficient odorant molecule-detection tool and a suitable flight platform for developing odor source localization algorithms owing to its high programmability.

This study introduces experimental protocols for a bio-hybrid odor-detecting drone based on silkmoth antennae. The operation of an experimental electroantennogram device with silkmoth antennae is presented, in addition to the structure of a bio-hybrid drone designed for odor source localization using the spiral-surge algorithm.

רחפן גילוי ריח ביו-היברידי מבוסס אלקטרואנטנוגרפיה באמצעות אנטנות Silkmoth עבור לוקליזציה של מקור ריח

Small drones with chemical or biosensor devices that can detect airborne odorant molecules have attracted considerable attention owing to their ...

Engineering

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for maintenance, repair or neurodegeneration in postdevelopmental periods. High throughput analyses have recently revealed that axons have a more dynamic and complex transcriptome than previously expected. These analysis, however have been mostly done in cultured neurons where axons can be isolated from the somato-dendritic compartments. It is virtually impossible to achieve such isolation in whole tissues in vivo. Thus, in order to verify the recruitment of mRNAs and their functional relevance in a whole animal, transcriptome analyses should ideally be combined with techniques that allow the visualization of mRNAs in situ. Recently, novel ISH technologies that detect RNAs at a single-molecule level have been developed. This is especially important when analyzing the subcellular localization of mRNA, since localized RNAs are typically found at low levels. Here we describe two protocols for the detection of axonally-localized mRNAs using a novel ultrasensitive RNA ISH technology. We have combined RNAscope ISH with axonal counterstain using fluorescence immunohistochemistry or histological dyes to verify the recruitment of Atf4 mRNA to axons in vivo in the mature mouse and human brains.

Detection of Axonally Localized mRNAs in Brain Sections Using High-Resolution In Situ Hybridization

RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) enables the visualization of RNAs in cells and tissues. Here we show how combination of RNAscope ISH with immunohistochemistry or histological dyes can be successfully used to detect mRNAs localized to axons in sections of mouse and human brains.

איתור של Axonally המותאם למקום mRNAs בסעיפי מוח באמצעות ברזולוציה גבוהה<em&gt; באתר</em&gt; הכלאה

mRNAs are frequently localized to vertebrate axons and their local translation is required for axon pathfinding or branching during development and for ...

Using Single Sensillum Recording to Detect Olfactory Neuron Responses of Bed Bugs to Semiochemicals

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house single or multiple neurons inside, are considered to make the major contribution in responding to the chemical stimuli. By directly recording action potential in the olfactory sensillum after exposure to stimuli, single sensillum recording (SSR) technique provides a powerful approach for investigating the neural responses of insects to chemical stimuli. For the bed bug, which is a notorious human parasite, multiple types of olfactory sensillum have been characterized. In this study, we demonstrated neural responses of bed bug olfactory sensilla to two chemical stimuli and the dose-dependent responses to one of them using the SSR method. This approach enables researchers to conduct early screening for individual chemical stimuli on the bed bug olfactory sensilla, which would provide valuable information for the development of new bed bug attractants or repellents and benefits the bed bug control efforts.

Bed bugs rely on olfactory receptor neurons housed in their antennal olfactory sensilla to detect semiochemicals in the environment. Utilizing single sensillum recording, we demonstrate a method to evaluate bed bug response to semiochemicals and explore the coding process involved.

שימוש יחיד Sensillum הקלטה לזיהוי תגובות חוש הריח Neuron של באגס במיטה לSemiochemicals

The insect olfactory system plays an important role in detecting semiochemicals in the environment. In particular, the antennal sensilla which house ...

Live-cell Measurement of Odorant Receptor Activation Using a Real-time cAMP Assay

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. To efficiently and accurately deorphanize ORs, we combine the use of a heterologous cell line to express mammalian ORs and a genetically modified biosensor plasmid to measure cAMP production downstream of OR activation in real time. This assay can be used to screen odorants against ORs and vice versa. Positive odorant-receptor interactions from the screens can be subsequently confirmed by testing against various odor concentrations, generating concentration-response curves. Here we used this method to perform a high-throughput screening of an odorous compound against a human OR library expressed in Hana3A cells and confirmed that the positively-responding receptor is the cognate receptor for the compound of interest. We found this high-throughput detection method to be efficient and reliable in assessing OR activation and our data provide an example of its potential use in OR functional studies.

Characterizing the function of odorant receptors serves an indispensable part in the deorphanization process. We describe a method to measure the activation of odorant receptors in real time using a cAMP assay.

לחיות תאים מדידה של Odorant קולטן הפעלה באמצעות Assay המחנה בזמן אמת

The enormous sizes of the mammalian odorant receptor (OR) families present difficulties to find their cognate ligands among numerous volatile chemicals. ...

Single Sensillum Recordings for Locust Palp Sensilla Basiconica

The palps of locust mouthparts are considered to be conventional gustatory organs that play an important role in a locust&#39;s food selection, especially for the detection of non-volatile chemical cues through sensilla chaetica (previously named terminal sensilla or crested sensilla). There is now increasing evidence that these palps also have an olfactory function. An odorant receptor (LmigOR2) and an odorant-binding protein (LmigOBP1) have been localized in the neurons and accessory cells, respectively, in the sensilla basiconica of the palps. Single sensillum recording (SSR) is used for recording the responses of odorant receptor neurons, which is an effective method for screening active ligands on specific odorant receptors. SSR is used in functional studies of odorant receptors in palp sensilla. The structure of the sensilla basiconica located on the dome of the palps differs somewhat from the structure of those on the antennae. Therefore, when performing an SSR elicited by odorants, some specific advice may be helpful for obtaining optimum results. In this paper, a detailed and highly effective protocol for an SSR from insect palp sensilla basiconica is introduced.

This paper describes a detailed and highly effective protocol for single sensillum recordings from the sensilla basiconica on the palps of insect mouthparts.

Sensillum אחת ההקלטות של ארבה משוש Sensilla Basiconica

The palps of locust mouthparts are considered to be conventional gustatory organs that play an important role in a locust&#39;s food selection, especially ...

Investigation of Activated Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons via Combined Immunostaining and in situ Hybridization

Animals rely on chemical communication to convey and perceive relevant environmental information, ranging from assessment of food quality to detection of available mating partners or threats. In mice, this task is executed primarily by the olfactory system and its underlying subsystems, including the main and accessory olfactory systems. Both have peripheral organs populated by sensory neurons expressing G-protein coupled receptors able to bind chemical cues that reach the nasal cavity. Even though the molecular characteristics of these receptors is well understood, little is known about their cognate specific ligands. The method described here combines in situ hybridization detection of olfactory or vomeronasal receptors with immunodetection of phosphorylated ribosomal protein S6 (pS6) - a marker of neuronal activation. This protocol was devised to identify neurons activated after a single event of exposure to purified or complex chemical stimuli detected by the olfactory organs. Importantly, this technique allows the investigation of neurons triggered in biologically relevant contexts. Ideally, this method should be used to probe the molecular biology of the olfactory system and to study olfactory behaviors.

Investigation of Activated Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons via Combined Immunostaining and in situ Hybridization

This protocol combines in situ hybridization with immunofluorescence to identify olfactory and vomeronasal receptor genes expressed in olfactory sensory neurons after activation by chemical stimuli in the mouse.

Animals rely on chemical communication to convey and perceive relevant environmental information, ranging from assessment of food quality to detection of ...

לוקליזציה של גנים קולטן Odorant ב אנטנות ארבה על ידי RNA

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Sensillum אחת ההקלטות של ארבה משוש Sensilla Basiconica

Investigation of Activated Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons via Combined Immunostaining and in situ Hybridization