עבודה זו נתמכה על ידי מענקים מהמוסד הקנדי לבריאות מחקר ולב ושבץ קרן של BC ויוקון (JCC).

<ol>
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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CD8++T+cells+mediate+aortic+allograft+vasculopathy+by+direct+killing+and+an+interferon-gamma-dependent+indirect+pathway.">CD8+ T cells mediate aortic allograft vasculopathy by direct killing and an interferon-gamma-dependent indirect pathway.</a> Cardiovasc Res. 65, 283-291 (2005).</li><li>Tellides, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-gamma+elicits+arteriosclerosis+in+the+absence+of+leukocytes.">Interferon-gamma elicits arteriosclerosis in the absence of leukocytes.</a> Nature. 403, 207-211 (2000).</li><li>Wang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-gamma+induces+human+vascular+smooth+muscle+cell+proliferation+and+intimal+expansion+by+phosphatidylinositol+3-kinase+dependent+mammalian+target+of+rapamycin+raptor+complex+1+activation.">Interferon-gamma induces human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and intimal expansion by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase dependent mammalian target of rapamycin raptor complex 1 activation.</a> Circ Res. 101, 560-569 (2007).</li><li>Soulez, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+perlecan+fragment+LG3+is+a+novel+regulator+of+obliterative+remodeling+associated+with+allograft+vascular+rejection.">The perlecan fragment LG3 is a novel regulator of obliterative remodeling associated with allograft vascular rejection.</a> Circ Res. 110, 94-104 (2012).</li><li>Choy, J. 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יש לנו תיארנו פרוטוקול לחציצת אב העורקים השתלה בעכברים שהם שימושי ללימוד דחייה של כלי דם בתיווך חיסוני ות&quot;א. מודל זה יכול לשמש כדי לחקור את הסיבות לת&quot;א, כמו גם את הפיתוח של אסטרטגיות טיפוליות חדשניות. זה כבר נעשה שימוש בעבר להקים תפקיד חיוני של חסינות אדפטיבית, תג...

מעל 30 + השנים האחרונות, התקדמות בתרופות לדיכוי המערכת החיסונית הצטמצמה דחיית שתל בשל דחייה חריפה אבל דחייה כרונית עדיין מהווה אתגר עיקרי. הביטוי העיקרי של דחיית השתלת לב הכרונית הוא טרשת עורקים השתלה (ת&quot;א) 1,2. מצב זה מאופיין על ידי היפרפלזיה intimal וחוסר תפקוד של עורקי vasomotor שתל ומתפתח כתוצאה של מיקוד חיסוני של תאי שריר אנדותל וחלק על ידי המערכת החיסונית הנמען. המיקוד הספציפי של כלי דם השתל בשל הכרה מורכבת הזר פפטיד-גדול histocompatibility (MHC) מודגש על ידי הפיתוח של ת&quot;א באופן בלעדי בעורקי שתל תוך חוסך כלי מארח 3. בקנה אחד עם זה הוא התצפית שת&quot;א אינה מתרחשת באופן ניסיוני כאשר הנמען הוא זהה מבחינה גנטית לתורם או כאשר הנמען חסר תאי T ו- B 4. פציעה של כלי דם בתיווך חיסוני וdysfunction גורם להתפתחות של עיבוי intimal וסיסטיק, כמו גם ההצטברות החריגה של שומנים וחלבוני ECM, בת&quot;א 5. עיבוי intimal נוטה להיות קונצנטריים לאורך 4-6 עץ עורקים כולו. אובדן שתל ומוות מתרחשים בדרך כלל כתוצאה מאיסכמיה מתקדמת כתוצאה מחסימה של עורקי luminal שתל 4. בשינה 1991, Mennander et al. 7 חלוצים מודל חציצת אב העורקים בחולדות מודל ת&quot;א. מספר קבוצות שלאחר מכן מותאמות הליך זה לשימוש בעכברים. במודל זה, מגזרי אב העורקים שתל לפתח נגעים שיש להם תכונות דומות לת&quot;א נצפו בהשתלות קליניות. זה כולל עיבוי intimal המאופיין בהצטברות של תאים כמו שריר חלק ולויקוציטים נמען 7. מעל 2 העשורים האחרונים מודל זה נעשה שימוש כדי ליצור תובנה חשובה למנגנונים של פגיעה בכלי הדם, דחייה ות&quot;א. זה יכול להיות לנואד לבחון שאלות הקשורות למערכת חיסונית וכלי דם במהלך פתולוגיה עורקים. הבחירה של השפעות חוסר התאמת אנטיגן היכולת לטפל כראוי על שאלות אלה. השתלה פני מחסומי MHC מלאים מאפשרת הערכה מקיפה של תגובות חיסוניות שידועים כי הם יהיו מעורבים בדחיית השתלות איברים. זה כולל הכרה ישירה CD4 ו CD8 T תא ומיקוד של פפטיד הזר-MHC שהוצג על ידי תאים שמקורם שתל, CD4 העקיף (ואולי CD8) הכרת T תא ומיקוד של alloantigens נגזר שתל שהוצג על ידי אנטיגן נמען מציג תאים, וantibody- הכרה בתיווך של alloantigens על משטחי תא כלי דם 8. עם זאת, התגובה של כלי הדם לפגיעה בניסויים הלא תואמים-MHC מלאים עשויה להיות שונה מזה שנצפה קליני. ג&#39;ונסון et al. 9 הראה כי, בשתלי אב העורקים חציצה מושתלים על פני מחסום חוסר התאמת MHC מלא, רובתאי neointimal הם ממוצא נמען ולא ממוצא תורם. זה שונה מזה שנצפה בהשתלות אנושיות שבו רוב תאי שריר חלק intimal הם ממוצא תורם 9,10. כדי להסביר למגבלה זו, מודלים ניסיוניים חלופיים שכרוכים בהשתלה על פני חוסר ההתאמה אנטיגן histocompatibility קטין פותחו כי לעורר תגובות של כלי דם שדומים יותר לאלו שנצפו בהשתלת קלינית 11. בעוד מודלים החלופיים אלה מאפשרים למסקנות חשובים להתבצע לגבי התגובות של כלי דם המניע את ההתפתחות של ת&quot;א, התהליכים החיסוניים הגורמים לדחייה של כלי דם בשתלים תואמים אנטיגן histocompatibility קטין לא לגמרי מחדש להיכנע אלה המתרחשים בסביבה הקלינית. לדוגמא, אנטיגנים histocompatibility קטין מוכרים היטב על ידי נוגדנים תגובתי שתל 12. בהתחשב בשיקולים שפורט לעיל, חשוב לשקול את Questi פתולוגיעל נבחן בעת ​​בחירת הסוג של חוסר התאמת אנטיגן בשימוש במודל חציצת אב העורקים. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול מפורט להשתלת חציצת אב העורקים בעכברים. אנו מתארים השתלת חציצה בין עכברי MHC-תואמים מלאים אבל באותו הפרוטוקול משמש להשתלה על פני זני עכבר אחרים אנטיגן תואמים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>C57BL/6J (H-2b)</td><td>Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbour ME</td><td>Strain# 000664</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Balb/cBYJ</td><td>Jackson Laboratories, Bar Harbour ME</td><td>Strain# 001026</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketamine Hydrochloride Injection USP 100 mg/ml</td><td>Ketalean</td><td>DIN 00612316</td><td></td></tr><tr><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Xylazine Injection 20 mg/ml</td><td>Rompum</td><td>DIN 02169592</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ketoprofen Injection 100 mg/ml</td><td>Anafen</td><td>DIN 01938126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Butorphanol Tartrate&amp;nbsp;injection 10 mg/ml</td><td>Torbugesic</td><td>DIN 008450000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Buprenorphine Injection 0.3 mg/ml</td><td>Reckitt Benckiser</td><td>B.N. 5241</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atipamezole hydrochloride sterile injectable solution</td><td>Antisedan</td><td>DIN 02237744</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heparin Sodium Injection, USP, 1,000 units/ml</td><td>McKesson Distribution</td><td>DIN 02264315</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tears naturale ophthalmic ointment</td><td>Alcon</td><td>DIN 02082519</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Stereomicroscope</td><td>Leica</td><td>M80</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% Sodium Chloride, sterile</td><td>Baxter Corporation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lactated Ringer&amp;rsquo;s solution, sterile</td><td>Baxter Corporation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, sterile, 10 ml</td><td>Baxter Corporation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Alcohol Prep Pads</td><td>Loris</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Povidone Iodine</td><td>Betadine</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chlorohexidine Gluconate 4% w/v</td><td>Germi-Stat</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Black Polyamide Monofilament</td><td>AROSurgical Instruments</td><td>T4A10Q07</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Suture, 10-0 suture, 70 microns</td><td>Corporation</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Blue monofilament suture 5-0, P3 needle</td><td>Ethicon</td><td>8698G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1 ml Syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>REF 309659</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>10 ml Syringe</td><td>BD</td><td>REF 309604</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1cc TB insulin syringe with 28 G 1/2</td><td>BD</td><td>REF 309309</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>25 G 7/8, hypodermic needle</td><td>BD</td><td>REF 305124</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>27 G 1/2, hypodermic needle</td><td>BD</td><td>REF 305109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Colibri Retractor- 1.5 cm spread 4 cm</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>17000-04</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>S&amp;amp;T CAF-4 Clip applying forceps, without lock</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>00072-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Supergrip forceps, S&amp;amp;T</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>00632-11</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Medical No.5 forceps</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11253-20</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Lexer Baby Scissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>14078-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Adson forceps serrated</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11018-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vannas-Tubingen microscissors</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>15003-08</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro clamps, b-1; 3.5mm x 1mm; 7mm length</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>00396-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Graefe-forceps, 10cm 1x2 teeth</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>11054-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Castroviejo with lock and tungsten jaws</td><td>Fine Science Tools</td><td>12565-14</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hot glass bead sterilizer</td><td>Inotech 250</td><td>IS-250 - Steri-250</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Non-woven gauzes</td><td>Progene</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton Tipped Applicators</td><td>Puritan</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beard Trimmer</td><td>Wahl</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heating pad</td><td>Sunbeam</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

mouse model of alloimmune-induced vascular rejection and transplant arteriosclerosis

Vascular rejection that leads to transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is the leading representation of chronic heart transplant failure. In TA, the immune system of the recipient causes damage of the arterial wall and dysfunction of endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. This triggers a pathological repair response that is characterized by intimal thickening and luminal occlusion. Understanding the mechanisms by which the immune system causes vasculature rejection and TA may inform the development of novel ways to manage graft failure. Here, we describe a mouse aortic interposition model that can be used to study the pathogenic mechanisms of vascular rejection and TA. The model involves grafting of an aortic segment from a donor animal into an allogeneic recipient. Rejection of the artery segment involves alloimmune reactions and results in arterial changes that resemble vascular rejection. The basic technical approach we describe can be used with different mouse strains and targeted interventions to answer specific questions related to vascular rejection and TA.

במודל זה, אב העורקים בבטן מעכבר BALB / cYJ הוא התערב לאב עורקי infrarenal של נמען C57Bl / 6. זה מאפשר הערכה מקיפה של alloimmune תגובות כי יעד עורקי שתל. פציעה של כלי דם בתיווך חיסוני במודל זה יוזמת תגובות מתקן כלי דם שמגיעות לשיא בעיבוי intimal, צמצום luminal וגיוס של תאים חיסוניים (איורים 1</...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Mouse Model of Alloimmune-induced Vascular Rejection and Transplant Arteriosclerosis at JoVE.com

Mouse Model of Alloimmune-induced Vascular Rejection and Transplant Arteriosclerosis

We describe a protocol for aortic interposition grafting in mice. The goal of the protocol is to provide a model with which to study pathological processes and therapeutic strategies relevant to alloimmune reactions in arteries and the resultant arterial changes that contribute to organ transplant failure.

עכבר דגם של דחיית כלי דם הנוצרת על-Alloimmune וטרשת עורקים להשתלות

Vascular rejection that leads to transplant arteriosclerosis (TA) is the leading representation of chronic heart transplant failure. In TA, the immune ...

mouse-model-alloimmune-induced-vascular-rejection-transplant

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

8.4K Views.  Simon Fraser University. We describe a protocol for aortic interposition grafting in mice. The goal of the protocol is to provide a model with which to study pathological processes and therapeutic strategies relevant to alloimmune reactions in arteries and the resultant arterial changes that contribute to organ transplant failure. 

Video: Mouse Model of Alloimmune-induced Vascular Rejection and Transplant Arteriosclerosis

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation: A Rat Model to Study the Development of Chronic Vasculopathy

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP).
The commonly used animal model for cardiovascular chronic rejection studies is the heterotopic heart transplant model performed in laboratory rodents. This model is used widely in experiments since Ono and Lindsey (3) published their technique. To analyze the findings in the blood vessels, the heart has to be sectioned and all vessels have to be measured.
Another method to investigate chronic rejection in cardiovascular questionings is the aortic transplant model (1, 2). In the orthotopic aortic transplant model, the aorta can easily be histologically evaluated (2). The PVG-to-ACI model is especially useful for CAV studies, since acute vascular rejection is not a major confounding factor and Cyclosporin A (CsA) treatment does not prevent the development of CAV, similar to what we find in the clinical setting (4). A7-day period of CsA is required in this model to prevent acute rejection and to achieve long-term survival with the development of TVP.
This model can also be used to investigate acute cellular rejection and media necrosis in xenogeneic models (5).

This video demonstrates the orthotopic aortic transplant model as a simple model to study the development of transplant vasculopathy (TVP) in rats.

Orthotopic אבי העורקים להשתלות: מודל עכברוש לחקר התפתחות vasculopathy כרונית

Research models of chronic rejection are essential to investigate pathobiological and pathophysiological processes during the development of transplant ...

Orthotopic Aortic Transplantation in Mice for the Study of Vascular Disease

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. This is largely true, but there are a number of important principles that can reduce the difficulty of these procedures and enhance reproducibility. Orthotopic aortic transplantation is an excellent procedure in which to learn these principles because it involves only two end-to-end anastomoses, but requires good suturing technique and handling of the vessels for consistent success. This procedure begins with the procurement of a length of abdominal aorta from a donor animal, followed by division of the native aorta in the recipient. The procured aorta is then placed between the divided ends of the recipient aorta and sutured into place using end-to-end anastomoses. To accomplish this objective successfully requires a high degree of concentration, good tools, a steady hand, and an appreciation of how easily the vasculature of a mouse can be damaged, resulting in thrombosis. Learning these important principles is what occupies most of the beginner's time when learning microsurgery in small rodents. Throughout this protocol, we refer to these important points. This model can be used to study vascular disease in a variety of different experimental systems1-8. In the context shown here, it is most often used for the study of post-transplant vascular disease, a common long-term complication of solid organ transplantation in which intimal hyperplasia occurs within the allograft. The primary advantage of the model is that it facilitates quantitative morphometric analyses and the transplanted vessel lies contiguous to the endogenous vessel, which can serve as an additional control9. The technique shown here is most often used for mice weighing 18-25 grams. We have accumulated most of our experience using the C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, and C3H/HeJ strains.

We describe a technique in which a section of the abdominal aorta from a mouse is transplanted orthotopically to just below the renal arteries in an allogeneic or syngeneic recipient. This technique can be useful in studies in which transplantation of large arteries of uniform size is deemed advantageous.

השתלת אב עורקים בעכברי orthotopic לחקר מחלת כלי דם

Vascular procedures involving anastomoses in the mouse are generally thought to be difficult and highly dependent on the skill of the individual surgeon. ...

Mouse Models for Graft Arteriosclerosis

Graft arteriosclerois (GA), also called allograft vasculopathy, is a pathologic lesion that develops over months to years in transplanted organs characterized by diffuse, circumferential stenosis of the entire graft vascular tree. The most critical component of GA pathogenesis is the proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells within the intima. When a human coronary artery segment is interposed into the infra-renal aortae of immunodeficient mice, the intimas could be expand in response to adoptively transferred human T cells allogeneic to the artery donor or exogenous human IFN-&gamma; in the absence of human T cells. Interposition of a mouse aorta from one strain into another mouse strain recipient is limited as a model for chronic rejection in humans because the acute cell-mediated rejection response in this mouse model completely eliminates all donor-derived vascular cells from the graft within two-three weeks. We have recently developed two new mouse models to circumvent these problems. The first model involves interposition of a vessel segment from a male mouse into a female recipient of the same inbred strain (C57BL/6J). Graft rejection in this case is directed only against minor histocompatibility antigens encoded by the Y chromosome (present in the male but not the female) and the rejection response that ensues is sufficiently indolent to preserve donor-derived smooth muscle cells for several weeks. The second model involves interposing an artery segment from a wild type C57BL/6J mouse donor into a host mouse of the same strain and gender that lacks the receptor for IFN-&gamma; followed by administration of mouse IFN-&gamma; (delivered via infection of the mouse liver with an adenoviral vector. There is no rejection in this case as both donor and recipient mice are of the same strain and gender but donor smooth muscle cells proliferate in response to the cytokine while host-derived cells, lacking receptor for this cytokine, are unresponsive. By backcrossing additional genetic changes into the vessel donor, both models can be used to assess the effect of specific genes on GA progression. Here, we describe detailed protocols for our mouse GA models.

We describe protocols for our mouse graft arteriosclerois (GA) models which involve interposition of a mouse vessel segment into a recipient of the same inbred strain. By backcrossing additional genetic changes into the vessel donor, the model can assess the effect of specific genes on GA.

מודלים עכבר לטרשת עורקים שתל

Graft arteriosclerois (GA),  also called allograft vasculopathy, is a pathologic lesion that develops over  months to years in transplanted organs ...

Mouse Kidney Transplantation: Models of Allograft Rejection

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely replicates both the technical and pathological processes that occur in human renal transplantation. Although mouse models of allogeneic rejection in organs other than the kidney exist, and are more technically feasible, there is evidence that different organs elicit disparate rejection modes and dynamics, for instance the time course of rejection in cardiac and renal allograft differs significantly in certain strain combinations. This model is an attractive tool for many reasons despite its technical challenges. As inbred mouse strain haplotypes are well characterized it is possible to choose donor and recipient combinations to model acute allograft rejection by transplanting across MHC class I and II loci. Conversely by transplanting between strains with similar haplotypes a chronic process can be elicited were the allograft kidney develops interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy. We have modified the surgical technique to reduce operating time and improve ease of surgery, however a learning curve still needs to be overcome in order to faithfully replicate the model. This study will provide key points in the surgical procedure and aid the process of establishing this technique.

Here, we present a protocol to study the immunology of rejection. The surgical model presented reports a short operating time and a concise technique. Depending on the donor-recipient strain combination, the transplanted kidney may develop acute cellular rejection or chronic allograft damage, defined by interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.

השתלת כליה עכבר: מודלים של דחיית השתל

Rejection of the transplanted kidney in humans is still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The mouse model of renal transplantation closely ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms requires reliable models. Here, we describe models of tolerance to cardiac allograft in rat, induced by blockade of costimulation signals or by upregulation of immunoregulatory molecules through gene transfer. Each of these models allowed in vivo generation of regulatory cells such as regulatory T cells (Tregs), regulatory B cells (Bregs) or regulatory myeloid cells (RegMCs). In this manuscript, we describe two complementary protocols that have been used to identify and define in vitro and in vivo regulatory cell activity to determine their responsibility in tolerance induction and maintenance. First, an in vitro suppressive assay allowed rapid identification of cells with suppressive capacity on effector immune responses in a dose dependent manner, and can be used for further analysis such as cytokine measurement or cytotoxicity. Second, the adoptive transfer of cells from a tolerant treated recipient to a newly irradiated grafted recipient, highlighted the tolerogenic properties of these cells in controlling graft directed immune responses and/or converting new regulatory cells (termed infectious tolerance). These methods are not restricted to cells with known phenotypic markers and can be extended to any cell population. Furthermore, donor directed allospecificity of regulatory cells (an important goal in the field) can be assessed by using third party donor cells or graft either in vitro or in vivo. Finally, to determine the specific tolerogenic capacity of these regulatory cells, we provide protocols to assess the humoral anti-donor antibody responses and the capacity of the recipient to develop humoral responses against new or former known antigens. The models of tolerance described can be used to further characterize regulatory cells, to identify new biomarkers, and immunoregulatory molecules, and are adaptable to other transplantation models or autoimmune diseases in rodent or human.

In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients

Here, we present a protocol to induce tolerance in transplantation, and assess in vitro and in vivo the suppressive capacity of distinct cell subsets from the recipient and the immune status of the recipient toward donor or exogenous antigens.

במבחנה In Vivo למזהמים סביבתיים T, B והתאים מיאלואידית פעילות מדכא ומענים ההורמונאלית מן המקבלים

The main concern in transplantation is to achieve specific tolerance through induction of regulatory cells. The understanding of tolerance mechanisms ...

Immunology and Infection

A Novel Microsurgical Model for Heterotopic, En Bloc Chest Wall, Thymus, and Heart Transplantation in Mice

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression must be pursued. Employing vascularized bone marrow transplantation and co-transplantation of the thymus have shown promise in this regard in various animal models.1-11 Vascularized bone marrow transplantation allows for the uninterrupted transfer of donor bone marrow cells within the preserved donor microenvironment, and the incorporation of thymus tissue with vascularized bone marrow transplantation has shown to increase T-cell chimerism ultimately playing a supportive role in the induction of immune regulation. The combination of solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation can uniquely combine these strategies in the form of a novel transplant model. Murine models serve as an excellent paradigm to explore the mechanisms of acute and chronic rejection, chimerism, and tolerance induction, thus providing the foundation to propagate superior allograft survival strategies for larger animal models and future clinical application. Herein, we developed a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique. The experience in syngeneic and allogeneic transplant settings is described for future broader immunological investigations via an instructional manuscript and video supplement.

To study combined solid organ and vascularized composite allotransplantation, we describe a novel heterotopic en bloc chest wall, thymus, and heart transplant model in mice using a cervical non-suture cuff technique.

Microsurgical דגם חדשני לHeterotopic, כמקשה אחת בחזה קיר, קורנית, ולב השתלה בעכברים

Exploration of novel strategies in organ transplantation to prolong allograft survival and minimizing the need for long-term maintenance immunosuppression ...

Orthotopic Hind Limb Transplantation in the Mouse

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and translational research in the field of transplantation medicine. A vast array of reagents is available exclusively in this setting, including mono- and polyclonal antibodies for both diagnostic and interventional applications. In addition, a vast number of genotyped, inbred, transgenic, and knock out strains allow detailed investigation of the individual contributions of humoral and cellular components to the complex interplay of an immune response and make the mouse the gold standard for immunological research. 
Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation (VCA) delineates a novel field of transplantation using allografts to replace "like with like" in patients suffering traumatic or congenital tissue loss. This surgical methodological protocol shows the use of a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis in an orthotopic mouse hind limb transplantation model. The model specifically allows for comparison between established paradigms in solid organ transplantation with a novel form of transplants consisting of various different tissue components. Uniquely, this model allows for the transplantation of a viable vascularized bone marrow compartment and niche that have the potential to exert a beneficial effect on the balance of immune acceptance and rejection. This technique provides a tool to investigate alloantigen recognition and allograft rejection and acceptance, as well as enables the pursuit of functional nerve regeneration studies to further advance this novel field of transplantation.

This novel model for orthotopic hind limb transplantation in the mouse, applying a non-suture cuff technique for super-microvascular anastomosis, provides a powerful tool for in&#160;vivo mechanistic immunological research related to vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA).

Orthotopic הינד לימב השתלה בבית העכבר

In vivo animal model systems, and in particular mouse models, have evolved into powerful and versatile scientific tools indispensable to basic and ...

Modified Heterotopic Hindlimb Osteomyocutaneous Flap Model in the Rat for Translational Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation Research

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand and face transplants and, more recently, abdominal wall, uterus, and urogenital transplants. Functional outcomes have exceeded initial expectations, and most recipients enjoy an improved quality of life. However, as clinical experience accumulates, chronic rejection and complications from the immunosuppression must be addressed. In many cases where grafts have failed, the causative pathology has been ischemic vasculopathy. <span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 43, 49); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">The biological mechanisms of the acute and chronic rejection associated with VCA, especially ischemic vasculopathy, are important areas of research. However, due to the very small number of VCA patients, the evaluation of proposed mechanisms is better addressed in an experimental model. Multiple groups have used animal models to address some of the relevant unsolved questions in VCA rejection and vasculopathy. Several model designs involving a variety of species are described in the literature. Here we present a reproducible model of VCA heterotopic hindlimb osteomyocutaneous flap in the rat that can be utilized for translational VCA research. This model allows for the serial evaluation of the graft, including biopsies and different imaging modalities, while maintaining a low level of morbidity.

Vascularized composite allograft offers life-altering benefits to transplant recipients, but the biological causes of graft rejection and vasculopathy remain poorly understood. The rodent surgical model presented here offers a reproducible, clinically relevant model of transplantation, allowing researchers to evaluate rejection events and potential therapeutic strategies to prevent their occurrence.

שונה הטרולנושא הגפיים האוסטאופהעורית מודל החולדה על השתלת ואסימטיקה מורכבת מחקר האלוגרפט

Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is a relatively new field in the reconstructive surgery. Clinical achievements in human VCA include hand ...

Murine Cervical Aortic Transplantation Model using a Modified Non-Suture Cuff Technique

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. However, only minor improvement in the long-term results of transplanted solid organs could be observed over the past decades. In this context, chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) still represents the leading cause of late organ failure in cardiac, renal and pulmonary transplantation.
Thus far, the underlying pathogenesis of CAV development remains unclear, explaining why effective treatment strategies are presently missing and emphasizing a need for relevant experimental models in order to study the underlying pathophysiology leading to CAV formation. The following protocol describes a murine heterotopic cervical aortic transplantation model using a modified non-suture cuff technique. In this technique, a segment of the thoracic aorta is interpositioned in the right common carotid artery. With the use of the non-suture cuff technique, an easy to learn and reproducible model can be established, minimizing the possible heterogeneity of sutured vascular micro anastomoses.

Here, we present a protocol of heterotopic aortic transplantation in mice using the non-suture cuff technique in a cervical murine model. This model can be used to study the underlying pathology of chronic allograft vasculopathy (CAV) and can help evaluate new therapeutic agents in order to prevent its formation.

מורי צוואר הרחם מורנה השתלת מודל באמצעות שינוי שאינו תפר שיטה השרוול

With the introduction of powerful immunosuppressive protocols, distinct advances are possible in the prevention and therapy of acute rejection episodes. ...

A Rat Orthotopic Renal Transplantation Model for Renal Allograft Rejection

Renal allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after renal transplantation. Rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an essential model to investigate the mechanism of renal allograft rejection in pre-clinical studies and could aid in the development of novel approaches to improve the long-term survival of renal allografts. Donor kidney implantation in rat orthotopic renal transplantation is commonly performed by end-to-side anastomosis to recipients' aorta and inferior vena cava. In this model, the donor's kidney was implanted using end-to-end anastomosis to the recipients' renal artery and renal vein. The donor's ureter was anastomosed to the recipient's bladder in an end-to-side 'tunnel' method. This model contributes to better healing of ureter-bladder anastomosis and increases the recipients' survival by avoiding interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body. This model can be used to investigate the mechanisms of acute and chronic immune and pathologic rejection of renal allografts. Here, the study describes the detailed protocols of this orthotopic renal transplantation between rats.

The rat orthotopic renal transplantation model contributes to investigating the mechanism of renal allograft rejection. The current model increases the recipients' survival without interference with blood supply and venous reflux of the lower body using an end-to-end anastomosis of kidney implantation and an end-to-side "tunnel" method of ureter-bladder anastomosis.

מודל השתלת כליה אורתוטופית של חולדה לדחיית כליאה

Renal allograft rejection limits the long-term survival of patients after renal transplantation. Rat orthotopic renal transplantation is an essential ...