Data reported in this work are part of the USDA-ARS National Program 306 Project 'Values-Added Products from Cottonseed' research supported by the Agency's in-house funding. Publication of this paper is supported in part by the Journal of Visualized Experiments. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. We acknowledge the constructive comments from JoVE science editor and peer reviewers in the review and revision process.

1. זרעי כותנה ומוצרים מבוססי סויה ארוחה (איור 1) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השג את חומרי הגלם, כותנה נטולות שומן וארוחות סויה, ממקורות מסחריים זמינים. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> השג את הארוחה עובדת על ידי שחיקה הארוחה נטול שומן המוצקה בטחנת מדגם ציקלון לעבור מסך פלדת 0.5 מ&quot;מ 16. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להכין ארוחות שטפו מים מהארוחות לעבוד אחרי מיצוי במים (ארוחת 25 גרם: 200 מיליליטר מים) כדי להפריד בין רכיבים מסיסים במים בארוחות 21. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> הכן חלבון מבודד מהארוחות עובדות על ידי מיצוי אלקלי ומשקעי חומצת 16. </li></ol> 2. הכנת רצועות עץ פורניר <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חזיתות מעץ חתוך (1.59 מ&quot;מ עובי) המתקבלות ממקור זמין מסחרי לרצועות רחבות 25.4 מ&quot;מ על ידי מ&quot;מ 88.9 ארוך. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> עיפרון לסמן קו על פני התבואה העץ ב25.4 מ&quot;מ (1.0 &quot;) באורך מקצה אחד של כל רצועה לייבל הרצועות האלה כיאות עם בדיקת טיפולים או מספרים 5.. -10 זוגות עץ מוכנים לכל משתנה בדיקה. </li></ol> 3. הכנת הדבק slurries <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לחשב את כמות מים שטפו הארוחה נדרשת לכל דגימות העץ לבדיקה, על ידי קצב יישום (לדוגמא, 4 -2 סנטימטרים תוכן מ&quot;ג יבשים) x כולל שטח מליטה (למשל, 581 סנטימטר 2 של 90 רצועות עץ עם שטח מליטה 2.54 x 2.54 סנטימטרים כל אחד) בתוספת כ -30% נוספים עבור enoughness (כלומר, 4 x 581 x 130% 3 גרם של מים שטף ארוחה לדוגמה). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מערבבים ארוחה שטפה מים עם מים ללא יונים (03:25 w / w), ומערבבים עם בר ומערבב מגנטי עבור שעה 2 בכוס אטומה עם Parafilm. </li></ol> 4. הכנת דוגמאות עץ בונדד <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לצחצח slurry דבק על קצה אחד של רצועות פורניר עץ 2 מכסות 25.4 מ&quot;מ אורך (1.0 &quot;) Air-יבש במשך 10 -. 15 דקות או עד דביק. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לצחצח שכבה שנייה של slurry דבק על גבי השכבה הראשונה ואוויר היבש שוב. הסכום של דבק יבשההכנה מיושמת היא כ -4.5 מ&quot;ג יבשים מוצקה לסנטימטר 2 של מליטה הן של כל רצועת עץ. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חפיפת אזור הדבק דביק המצופה (מ&quot;מ 25.4 x 25.4 או 1.0 &quot;x 1.0&quot;) של רצועות פורניר עץ 2. Hot-עיתונות באמצעות מחומם לחץ benchtop ב 100 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 20 דקות בלחץ של 400 psi (2.8 MPA). שים לב ללחץ הוא הכח המופעל על ידי העיתונות מחולקת באזור החופף של דגימות העץ. פרמטרים מליטה אלה עשויים להשתנות בהתאם לצורך לכל אחד ממשתני בדיקות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מגניב ולהתנות את דגימות עץ ערובה במשך 48 שעות בחדר אוויר או חממה עם בקרת לחות (טמפרטורה של 22-23 מעלות צלזיוס ולחות היחסית של 50 - 60%; איור 2). </li></ol> 5. ניסויי התנגדות המים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את דגימות עץ ערובה, לאחר מיזוג ראשוני, במים ברז במשך 48 שעות במגש פלסטיק ב RT (22-23 מעלות צלזיוס). הדגימות הרטובות לאחר טבילה נבדקות באופן מיידי לגזירהכוח בהפסקה ודווח ככוח רטוב. עודפי מים על פני השטח הפורניר ניתן להסיר בעדינות על ידי מלטף עם רקמת נייר לפני מדידות. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> לטבול את קבוצה נוספת של דגימות עץ ערובה, לאחר מיזוג ראשוני, באמבט מים על 63 מעלות צלזיוס למשך 4 שעות, ולאחר מכן יבש בתנאי חדר (טמפרטורה של 22-23 מעלות צלזיוס ולחות היחסית של 50 - 60%) O / N (18 - 20 שעות). חזור על מחזור הטבילה-ייבוש פעם אחת עם זמן ייבוש 48 שעות. אז הדגימות מיובשות, נבחנו צורך בכוח הגזירה בהפסקה ודווחו כחוזק הדבקה ספוג. </li></ol> מדידות חוזק גזירה 6. Lap <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> להתאים דגימת עץ ערובה לתוך אוחז 32 x 40 מ&quot;מ fishscale gridded הטריז בTester חומרים עם לחץ מרתק של 7 מגפ&quot;ס, ולקבוע את מהירות crosshead במ&quot;מ 1 דק &#39;-1. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מדוד ורשום את כוח הגזירה בהפסקה לכל דגימת עץ ערובה. התוצאות של מדידות מרובות בממוצע עבור כל טופס דבקulation ומשתנה מבחן. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Frihart, C. R., Hunt, C. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Wood Handbook: wood as an engineering material: General technical report FPL; GTR-190. , (2010).</li><li>Lambuth, A. L., Pizza, A., Mittal, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Adhesive Technology. , 457-478 (2003).</li><li>Kalapathy, U., Hettiarachchy, N. S., Myers, D., Hanna, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modification+of+soy+proteins+and+their+adhesive+properties+on+woods.">Modification of soy proteins and their adhesive properties on woods.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72 (5), 507-510 (1995).</li><li>Li, K., Peshkova, S., Geng, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+soy+protein-Kymene+adhesive+systems+for+wood+composites.">Investigation of soy protein-Kymene adhesive systems for wood composites.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 81 (5), 487-491 (2004).</li><li>Qi, G., Li, N., Wang, D., Sun, X. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesion+and+physicochemical+properties+of+soy+protein+modified+by+sodium+bisulfite.">Adhesion and physicochemical properties of soy protein modified by sodium bisulfite.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 90 (12), 1917-1926 (2013).</li><li>Cheng, H. N., Dowd, M. K., He, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+modified+cottonseed+protein+adhesives+for+wood+composites.">Investigation of modified cottonseed protein adhesives for wood composites.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 46, 399-403 (2013).</li><li>Pan, Z., Cathcart, A., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermal+and+chemical+treatments+to+improve+adhesive+property+of+rice+bran.">Thermal and chemical treatments to improve adhesive property of rice bran.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 22 (3), 233-240 (2005).</li><li>Nordqvist, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wheat+gluten+fractions+as+wood+adhesives-glutenins+versus+gliadins.">Wheat gluten fractions as wood adhesives-glutenins versus gliadins.</a> J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 123 (3), 1530-1538 (2012).</li><li>Bandara, N., Chen, L., Wu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive+properties+of+modified+triticale+distillers+grain+proteins.">Adhesive properties of modified triticale distillers grain proteins.</a> Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 44, 122-129 (2013).</li><li>Li, N., Qi, G., Sun, X. S., Stamm, M. J., Wang, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physicochemical+properties+and+adhesion+performance+of+canola+protein+modified+with+sodium+bisulfite.">Physicochemical properties and adhesion performance of canola protein modified with sodium bisulfite.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 89 (5), 897-908 (2012).</li><li>Wang, C., Wu, J., Bernard, G. M., Wasylishen, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+and+characterization+of+canola+protein+isolate+-poly(glycidyl+methacrylate)+conjugates:+a+bio-based+adhesive.">Preparation and characterization of canola protein isolate -poly(glycidyl methacrylate) conjugates: a bio-based adhesive.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 57, 124-131 (2014).</li><li>Kong, X., Liu, G., Curtis, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+canola+oil+based+polyurethane+wood+adhesives.">Characterization of canola oil based polyurethane wood adhesives.</a> Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 31 (6), 559-564 (2011).</li><li>Xiao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilization+of+sorghum+lignin+to+improve+adhesion+strength+of+soy+protein+adhesives+on+wood+veneer.">Utilization of sorghum lignin to improve adhesion strength of soy protein adhesives on wood veneer.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 50, 501-509 (2013).</li><li>Moubarik, A., Grimi, N., Boussetta, N., Pizzi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+lignin+from+Moroccan+sugar+cane+bagasse:+Production+of+lignin-phenol-formaldehyde+wood+adhesive.">Isolation and characterization of lignin from Moroccan sugar cane bagasse: Production of lignin-phenol-formaldehyde wood adhesive.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 45, 296-302 (2013).</li><li>Patel, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+chitosan-based+adhesive.+Application+to+wood+bonding.">Development of a chitosan-based adhesive. Application to wood bonding.</a> J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 127 (6), 5014-5021 (2013).</li><li>He, Z., Cao, H., Cheng, H. N., Zou, H., Hunt, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+vigorous+blending+on+yield+and+quality+of+protein+isolates+extracted+from+cottonseed+and+soy+flours.">Effects of vigorous blending on yield and quality of protein isolates extracted from cottonseed and soy flours.</a> Modern Appl. Sci. 7 (10), 79-88 (2013).</li><li>Amico, S., Hrabalova, M., Muller, U., Berghofer, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bonding+of+spruce+wood+with+wheat+flour+glue-Effect+of+press+temperature+on+the+adhesive+bond+strength.">Bonding of spruce wood with wheat flour glue-Effect of press temperature on the adhesive bond strength.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 31, 255-260 (2010).</li><li>Gao, Q., Shi, S. Q., Li, J., Liang, K., Zhang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soybean+meal-based+wood+adhesives+enhanced+by+modified+polyacrylic+acid+solution.">Soybean meal-based wood adhesives enhanced by modified polyacrylic acid solution.</a> BioResources. 7 (1), 946-956 (2011).</li><li>Chen, N., Lin, Q., Rao, J., Zeng, Q. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water+resistances+and+bonding+strengths+of+soy-based+adhesives+containing+different+carbohydrates.">Water resistances and bonding strengths of soy-based adhesives containing different carbohydrates.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 50, 44-49 (2013).</li><li>He, Z., Chapital, D. C., Cheng, H. N., Dowd, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparison+of+adhesive+properties+of+water-+and+phosphate+buffer-washed+cottonseed+meals+with+cottonseed+protein+isolate+on+maple+and+poplar+veneers.">Comparison of adhesive properties of water- and phosphate buffer-washed cottonseed meals with cottonseed protein isolate on maple and poplar veneers.</a> Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 50, 102-106 (2014).</li><li>He, Z., Cheng, H. N., Chapital, D. C., Dowd, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sequential+fractionation+of+cottonseed+meal+to+improve+its+wood+adhesive+properties.">Sequential fractionation of cottonseed meal to improve its wood adhesive properties.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 91 (1), 151-158 (2014).</li><li>Sun, X., Bian, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Shear+strength+and+water+resistance+of+modified+soy+protein+adhesives.">Shear strength and water resistance of modified soy protein adhesives.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 76 (8), 977-980 (1999).</li><li>He, Z., Chapital, D. C., Cheng, H. N., Klasson, K. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+tung+oil+to+improve+adhesion+strength+and+water+resistance+of+cottonseed+meal+and+protein+adhesives+on+maple+veneer.">Application of tung oil to improve adhesion strength and water resistance of cottonseed meal and protein adhesives on maple veneer.</a> Ind. Crop. Prod. 61, 398-402 (2014).</li><li>Hettiarachchy, N. S., Kalapathy, U., Myers, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alkali-modified+soy+protein+with+improved+adhesive+and+hydrophobic+properties.">Alkali-modified soy protein with improved adhesive and hydrophobic properties.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 72 (12), 1461-1464 (1995).</li><li>Wang, D., Sun, X. S., Yang, G., Wang, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+water+resistance+of+soy+protein+adhesive+at+isoelectric+point.">Improved water resistance of soy protein adhesive at isoelectric point.</a> Trans. ASABE. 52 (1), 173-177 (2009).</li><li>Zhong, Z., Sun, X. S., Fang, X., Ratto, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adhesive+strength+of+guanidine+hydrochloride-modified+soy+protein+for+fiberboard+application.">Adhesive strength of guanidine hydrochloride-modified soy protein for fiberboard application.</a> Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 22 (4), 267-272 (2002).</li><li>Kafkalidis, M., Thouless, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+geometry+and+material+properties+on+the+fracture+of+single+lap-shear+joints.">The effects of geometry and material properties on the fracture of single lap-shear joints.</a> Int. J. Solids Structures. 39 (17), 4367-4383 (2002).</li><li>Tang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+adhesive+wettability+of+poplar+veneer+with+cold+oxygen+plasma+treatment.">Dynamic adhesive wettability of poplar veneer with cold oxygen plasma treatment.</a> Bio Res. 7 (3), 3327-3339 (2012).</li><li>Gui, C., Liu, X., Wu, D., Zhou, T., Wang, G., Zhu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+a+new+type+of+polyamidoamine+and+its+application+for+soy+flour-based+adhesives.">Preparation of a new type of polyamidoamine and its application for soy flour-based adhesives.</a> J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 99 (90), 265-272 (2013).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

מאמר זה מציג הליך בסיסי להכנה ובדיקת זרע צמח מבוסס מוצרים כמו דבקי עץ. Slurries דבק exampled בפרוטוקול זה הוא פשוט מוצר זרע ארוחה נטול שומן ומים. ניתן להגיע ניסוחים דבקים שונים על ידי תוספת של חומרים כימיים בדיקות (כגון סולפט dodecyl נתרן, נתרן bisulfite או שמן טונג) 5,6,23 ו / או שינ...

מליטה הדבקה של עץ ממלא תפקיד הולך וגדל בתעשיית מוצר היער ומהווה גורם מרכזי ליעילות ניצול משאבי עץ 1. העניין בשימוש בדבקים המבוססים על מוצרים טבעיים לעץ גדל בהתמדה מ 1930 להגיע לשיא בסביבות שנתי 1960 2. לאחר תקופה זו, המחיר של דבקים מבוססי נפט הפך כל כך נמוך שהם נעקרו דבקי חלבון ממספר שווקים מסורתיים. בשני העשורים האחרונים, מגמה זו התהפכה עם עניין מחודש בשימוש בחומרים שאינם מתחדש, מתכלה, ויותר מקובלת לסביבה. משאבי טבע אלה כוללים, אך אינם מוגבלים ל, חלבון סויה 3-5, חלבון כותנה 6, סובין אורז 7, גלוטן חיטה 8, מסתננים תבואה חלבון 9, חלבון קנולה ושמן 10-12, ליגנין מדורה וקני סוכר פסולת 13 , 14, ורבים-סוכרים הנגזרים מפגזי שרימפס 15. &lt;p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; בעוד שבודד חלבון זרע נבדק באופן נרחב כדבקי עץ פוטנציאליים, הליך הבידוד כרוך אלקליין מאכל וחומרים כימי חומצי וזה גורם לי דבקים המבוסס על בודד יקר יחסית ופחות ידידותית לסביבה 16. לכן, כמה ארוחות נטולות שומן זרע (קמחים) עם או בלי טיפול גם נבדקו לצורך דבק, למרות שמאפייני ההדבקה של ארוחות אלה לא לבצע, כמו גם חלבון מבודד 17-19. ברצף יש לנו מופרדים תערובת זרעי כותנה (CM) לשברים שונים, ובחנו את חוזק ההדבקה שלהם בחזיתות מעץ המליטה 20,21. החלק המוצק אינם מסיסים במים (כותנה שטפה להלן ארוחה-WCM) יכול לשמש כדבקי עץ, דומים לבודד חלבון כותנה (CSPI), ויהיה פחות יקר כדי להכין מאשר CSPI. חוזק הדבקה ועמידות למים הם שני פרמטרים קריטיים בהערכת הביצועיםחומר הדבקה פוטנציאלי. כאן, חוזק ההדבקה הוא כפי שדווח כוח הגזירה בהפסקה של אג&quot;ח חיקו של כל דגימת עץ. התנגדות מים של הדבק נמדדת על ידי השינוי בכוח גזירת חיק של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה בשל שריה במים. באמצעות ארוחות כותנה וסויה נטולות שומן כחומר גלם, פרוטוקול זה מספק דרך פשוטה וישירה כדי להכין ומוצרים מבוססי זרע צמח מבחן כמו דבקי עץ. פרוטוקול זה יהיה מועיל בקידום המאמץ במחפש יותר ניסוחים כלכליים וידידותית לסביבה של דבקי עץ מבוסס מוצרים טבעיים.

<table><tbody><tr><td>Defatted cottonseed meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Defatted soy meal</td><td>Kentwood Co-op</td><td></td><td>Kentwood, LA, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Wood veneers</td><td>Certainly Wood, Inc.</td><td></td><td>East Aurora, NY, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Cyclone sample mill (model 3010-014)</td><td>UDY Corporation</td><td></td><td>Fort Collins, CO, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Benchtop heated press (model 3856)</td><td>Carver, Inc.</td><td></td><td>Wabash, IN, USA</td></tr><tr><td>Materials tester</td><td>Zwick GmbH &amp;amp; Co.</td><td></td><td>Ulm, Germany</td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation and testing of plant seed meal-based wood adhesives

לאחרונה, העניין במוצרים מבוסס ארוחת זרע צמח כמו דבקי עץ גדל בהתמדה, כחומרי גלם אלו צמח נחשבים מתחדשים וידידותית לסביבה. מוצרים טבעיים אלה עשויים לשמש כחלופות לדבקים מבוססי נפט ללהקל על חששות קיימות סביבתיים ו. עבודה זו מדגימה את ההכנה ובדיקה של דבקי עץ הצמח מבוסס זרע באמצעות זרעי כותנה וארוחת סויה כחומר גלם. בנוסף לארוחות שלא טופלו, מים שטפו ארוחות ומבודדות חלבון מוכנים ונבדק. slurries דבק מוכן על ידי ערבוב מוצר ארוחה המיובש בהקפאה במים ללא יונים (03:25 w / w) עבור שעה 2. כל הכנת דבק מוחלת על קצה אחד של רצועות פורניר עץ 2 בעזרת מברשת. אזורי דבק דביק המצופים של רצועות פורניר העץ הם לקקו והדביקו על ידי לחיצה על-חם. חוזק הדבקה הוא כפי שדווח כוח הגזירה של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה. התנגדות מים של הדבקים נמדדת על ידיהשינוי בכוח הגזירה של עץ הערובה דגימות בהפסקה לאחר שריה במים. פרוטוקול זה מאפשר להעריך מוצרים חקלאיים המבוססים על זרעי צמח כמועמדים מתאימים להחלפה של דבקי עץ מבוסס סינטטיים. התאמות לניסוח הדבק עם או בלי תוספות ותנאי מליטה יכולות לייעל מאפייני ההדבקה שלהם ליישומים מעשיים שונים.

הביצועים של כל ניסוח דבק נקבע על ידי כוח הגזירה של דגימת עץ ערובה בהפסקה והערכים משתנים בהתאם לממדים של פורניר העץ המשמש. לדוגמא, בטבלה 1, ערכי חוזק הדבקה יבשים ורטובים של דגימות ערובה הם נמוכים יותר כאשר רצועות דקות יותר וצרות יותר מייפל משמשות (ראה Cottonseed-1), ב...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives at JoVE.com

Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

הכנה ובדיקה של דבקי עץ מבוססי ארוחת זרעי צמח

Recently, the interest in plant seed meal-based products as wood adhesives has steadily increased, as these plant raw materials are considered renewable ...

preparation-and-testing-of-plant-seed-meal-based-wood-adhesives

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Civil Engineering

Environment

Unit 1

Wood

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

8.7K Views.  United States Department of Agriculture. To facilitate the effort in seeking more economic and environment-friendly formulations of natural product-based wood adhesives, this work demonstrates the preparation and testing of plant seed-based wood adhesives. This protocol allows one to assess plant seed-based agricultural products as suitable candidates for the substitution of synthetic-based wood adhesives.

Video: Preparation and Testing of Plant Seed Meal-based Wood Adhesives

High-throughput Screening of Recalcitrance Variations in Lignocellulosic Biomass: Total Lignin, Lignin Monomers, and Enzymatic Sugar Release

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the use of non-renewable energy sources. In order to identify which plants, out of a diverse pool, have the desired chemical traits for downstream applications, attributes, such as cellulose and lignin content, or monomeric sugar release following an enzymatic saccharification, must be compared. The experimental and data analysis protocols of the standard methods of analysis can be time-consuming, thereby limiting the number of samples that can be measured. High-throughput (HTP) methods alleviate the shortcomings of the standard methods, and permit the rapid screening of available samples to isolate those possessing the desired traits. This study illustrates the HTP sugar release and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry pipelines employed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. These pipelines have enabled the efficient assessment of thousands of plants while decreasing experimental time and costs through reductions in labor and consumables.

Plant cell wall structure and chemistry traits are evaluated to identify ideal feedstocks for biofuels and bio-materials. Standard methods have limitations when applied to large data sets. These high-throughput pretreatment, enzyme saccharification, and pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry methods compare large numbers of biomass samples with decreased experimental time and cost.

הקרנת תפוקה גבוהה של וריאציות סרבנות בlignocellulosic יומסה: סה&quot;כ ליגנין, מונומרים ליגנין, ואנזימתי שחרור סוכר

The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to fuels, chemicals, and other commodities has been explored as one possible pathway toward reductions in the ...

Method to Produce Durable Pellets at Lower Energy Consumption Using High Moisture Corn Stover and a Corn Starch Binder in a Flat Die Pellet Mill

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National Laboratory, a high-moisture pelleting process was developed to reduce the drying cost. In this process the biomass pellets are produced at higher feedstock moisture contents than conventional methods, and the high moisture pellets produced are further dried in energy efficient dryers. This process helps to reduce the feedstock moisture content by about 5-10% during pelleting, which is mainly due to frictional heat developed in the die. The objective of this research was to explore how binder addition influences the pellet quality and energy consumption of the high-moisture pelleting process in a flat die pellet mill. In the present study, raw corn stover was pelleted at moistures of 33, 36, and 39% (w.b.) by addition of 0, 2, and 4% pure corn starch. The partially dried pellets produced were further dried in a laboratory oven at 70 &#176;C for 3-4 hr to lower the pellet moisture to less than 9% (w.b.). The high moisture and dried pellets were evaluated for their physical properties, such as bulk density and durability. The results indicated that increasing the binder percentage to 4% improved pellet durability and reduced the specific energy consumption by 20-40% compared to pellets with no binder. At higher binder addition (4%), the reduction in feedstock moisture during pelleting was &#60;4%, whereas the reduction was about 7-8% without the binder. With 4% binder and 33% (w.b.) feedstock moisture content, the bulk density and durability values observed of the dried pellets were &#62;510 kg/m3 and &#62;98%, respectively, and the percent fine particles generated was&#160;reduced to &#60;3%.

In this study, a protocol was developed to produce good quality pellets using a flat die pellet mill at reduced specific energy consumption testing high-moisture corn stover and a starch based binder. The results indicated that adding a corn starch binder improved the pellet durability, reduced percent fines and decreased specific energy consumption.

שיטה לייצר כדוריות עמידה צריכת אנרגיה נמוכה יותר שימוש סטובר תירס לחות גבוהה קלסר עמילן תירס בטחנת גלולת Die שטוחה

A major challenge in the production of pellets is the high cost associated with drying biomass from 30 to 10% (w.b.) moisture content. At Idaho National ...

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is needed to open up the structure of the plant cell wall, increasing the accessibility of the cell wall carbohydrates. Lignin, a polyphenolic material present in many cell wall types, is known to be a significant hindrance to enzyme access. Reduction in lignin content to a level that does not interfere with the structural integrity and defense system of the plant might be a valuable step to reduce the costs of bioethanol production. In this study, we have genetically down-regulated one of the lignin biosynthesis-related genes, cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (ZmCCR1) via a double stranded RNA interference technique. The ZmCCR1_RNAi construct was integrated into the maize genome using the particle bombardment method. Transgenic maize plants grew normally as compared to the wild-type control plants without interfering with biomass growth or defense mechanisms, with the exception of displaying of brown-coloration in transgenic plants leaf mid-ribs, husks, and stems. The microscopic analyses, in conjunction with the histological assay, revealed that the leaf sclerenchyma fibers were thinned but the structure and size of other major vascular system components was not altered. The lignin content in the transgenic maize was reduced by 7-8.7%, the crystalline cellulose content was increased in response to lignin reduction, and hemicelluloses remained unchanged. The analyses may indicate that carbon flow might have been shifted from lignin biosynthesis to cellulose biosynthesis. This article delineates the procedures used to down-regulate the lignin content in maize via RNAi technology, and the cell wall compositional analyses used to verify the effect of the modifications on the cell wall structure.

Lignin Down-regulation of Zea mays via dsRNAi and Klason Lignin Analysis

A double stranded RNA interference (dsRNAi) technique is employed to down-regulate the maize cinnamoyl coenzyme A reductase (ZmCCR1) gene to lower plant lignin content. Lignin down-regulation from the cell wall is visualized by microscopic analyses and quantified by the Klason method. Compositional changes in hemicellulose and crystalline cellulose are analyzed.

ליגנין Down-תקנה של<em&gt; Zea mays</em&gt; באמצעות dsRNAi וKlason ליגנין ניתוח

To facilitate the use of lignocellulosic biomass as an alternative bioenergy resource, during biological conversion processes, a pretreatment step is ...

Bioengineering

Rapid Testing of Resistance of Timber to Biodegradation by Marine Wood-Boring Crustaceans

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every year. As treatments of wood with broad spectrum biocides, such as creosote and chromated copper arsenate (CCA), are now restricted in marine use by legislation, naturally durable timber species and novel preservation methods of wood are required. These methods undergo testing in order to meet regulatory standards, such as the European standard for testing wood preservatives against marine borers, EN 275. Initial investigation of durable timbers species or wood preservative treatments can be achieved quickly and inexpensively through laboratory testing, which offers many advantages over marine field trials that are typically costly, long-term endeavours. Many species of Limnoria (gribble) are marine wood-boring crustaceans. Limnoria are ideal for use in laboratory testing of biodegradation of wood by marine wood-borers, due to the practicality of rearing them in aquaria and the ease of measuring their feeding rates on wood. Herein, we outline a standardizable laboratory test for assessing wood biodegradation using gribble.

This protocol presents a method for assessing the feeding rate of the wood-boring crustacean, Limnoria, by measuring faecal pellet production. This method is designed for use in non-specialist labs and has potential for incorporation into standard testing protocols, to evaluate enhanced wood durability under marine conditions.

בדיקה מהירה של עמידות של עץ להתכלות על ידי סרטנים מעץ ימי משעמם

Wood-boring invertebrates rapidly destroy marine timbers and wooden coastal infrastructure, causing billions of dollars of damage around the globe every ...

Extraction of Lignin with High &#946;-O-4 Content by Mild Ethanol Extraction and Its Effect on the Depolymerization Yield

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the emerging elegant procedures to obtain specific aromatic products rely on the lignin substrate having a high content of the readily cleavable &#946;-O-4 linkage as present in the native lignin structure. This provides a miss-match with typical technical lignins that are highly degraded and therefore are low in &#946;-O-4 linkages. Therefore, the extraction yields, and the quality of the obtained lignin are of utmost importance to access new lignin valorization pathways. In this manuscript, a simple protocol is presented to obtain lignins with high &#946;-O-4 content by relatively mild ethanol extraction that can be applied to different lignocellulose sources. Furthermore, analysis procedures to determine the quality of the lignins are presented together with a depolymerization protocol that yields specific phenolic 2-arylmethyl-1,3-dioxolanes, which can be used to evaluate the obtained lignins. The presented results demonstrate the link between lignin quality and potential for the lignins to be depolymerized into specific monomeric aromatic chemicals. Overall, the extraction and depolymerization demonstrates a trade-off between the lignin extraction yield and the retention of the native aryl-ether structure and thus the potential of the lignin to be used as the substrate for the production of chemicals for higher-value applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform ethanol extraction of lignin from several biomass sources. The effect of the extraction conditions on the lignin yield and &#946;-O-4 content are presented. Selective depolymerization is performed on the obtained lignins to obtain high aromatic monomer products.

מיצוי של ליגנין עם תכולה גבוהה של β-O-4 על-ידי הפקת אתנול מתון והשפעתו על התשואה Depolymerization

Lignin valorization strategies are a key factor for achieving more economically competitive biorefineries based on lignocellulosic biomass. Most of the ...

Chemistry

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

ייצור ועיצוב עץ מבוסס ביצועים גבוהים מרוכבים

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...

Engineering

Evaluation of the Curing of Adhesive Systems by Rheological and Thermal Testing

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose the best option for any specific application. The proposed methodology for the curing characterization, based on thermal analysis and rheology, is described through the comparison of three commercial adhesives. The experimental techniques used here are Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Rheology. TGA provides information about the thermal stability and filler content, DSC allows the evaluation of some thermal events associated to the cure reaction and to thermal changes of the cured material when subjected to temperature changes. Rheology complements the information of the thermal transformations from a mechanical point of view. Thus, the curing reaction can be tracked through the elastic modulus (mainly the storage modulus), the phase angle and the gap. In addition, it is also shown that although DSC is of no use to study the curing of moisture curable adhesives, it is a very convenient method to evaluate the low temperature glass transition of amorphous systems.

An experimental methodology based on thermal and rheological measurements is proposed to characterize the curing process of adhesives with to obtain useful information for industrial adhesive selection.

הערכת ריפוי מערכות דבק על ידי בדיקות ריאולוגיות ותרמיות

The analysis of thermal processes associated to the curing of adhesives and the study of mechanical behavior once cured, provide key information to choose ...

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls (Lignocellulosic biomass) Part I: Lignin

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st century. This has rekindled interest in the use of plant products as industrial raw materials for the production of liquid fuels for transportation1 and other products such as biocomposite materials7. Plant biomass remains one of the greatest untapped reserves on the planet4. It is mostly comprised of cell walls that are composed of energy rich polymers including cellulose, various hemicelluloses (matrix polysaccharides, and the polyphenol lignin6 and thus sometimes termed lignocellulosics. However, plant cell walls have evolved to be recalcitrant to degradation as walls provide tensile strength to cells and the entire plants, ward off pathogens, and allow water to be transported throughout the plant; in the case of trees up to more the 100 m above ground level. Due to the various functions of walls, there is an immense structural diversity within the walls of different plant species and cell types within a single plant4. Hence, depending of what crop species, crop variety, or plant tissue is used for a biorefinery, the processing steps for depolymerization by chemical/enzymatic processes and subsequent fermentation of the various sugars to liquid biofuels need to be adjusted and optimized. This fact underpins the need for a thorough characterization of plant biomass feedstocks. Here we describe a comprehensive analytical methodology that enables the determination of the composition of lignocellulosics and is amenable to a medium to high-throughput analysis. In this first part we focus on the analysis of the polyphenol lignin (Figure 1). The method starts of with preparing destarched cell wall material. The resulting lignocellulosics are then split up to determine its lignin content by acetylbromide solubilization3, and its lignin composition in terms of its syringyl, guaiacyl- and p-hydroxyphenyl units5. The protocol for analyzing the carbohydrates in lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose content and matrix polysaccharide composition is discussed in Part II2.

Comprehensive Compositional Analysis of Plant Cell Walls Lignocellulosic biomass Part I: Lignin

Plant biomass is a major carbon-neutral renewable resource that could be used for the production of biofuels. Plant biomass consists mainly of cell walls, a structurally complex composite material termed lignocellulosics. Here we describe a protocol for a comprehensive analysis of the content and composition of the polyphenolic lignin.

ניתוח מקיף של ההלחנה קירות התא הצומח (ביומסה Lignocellulosic) חלק א: ליגנין

The need for renewable, carbon neutral, and sustainable raw materials for industry and society has become one of the most pressing issues for the 21st ...

Biology

Twin-Screw Extrusion Process to Produce Renewable Fiberboards

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as source of mechanical reinforcement in fully bio-based fiberboards was developed. Various lignocellulosic crop by-products have already been successfully pre-treated through this process, e.g., cereal straws (especially rice), coriander straw, shives from oleaginous flax straw, and bark of both amaranth and sunflower stems.
The extrusion process results in a marked increase in the average fiber aspect ratio, leading to improved mechanical properties of fiberboards. The twin-screw extruder can also be fitted with a filtration module at the end of the barrel. The continuous extraction of various chemicals (e.g., free sugars, hemicelluloses, volatiles from essential oil fractions, etc.) from the lignocellulosic substrate, and the fiber refining can, therefore, be performed simultaneously.
The extruder can also be used for its mixing ability: a natural binder (e.g., Organosolv lignins, protein-based oilcakes, starch, etc.) can be added to the refined fibers at the end of the screw profile. The obtained premix is ready to be molded through hot pressing, with the natural binder contributing to fiberboard cohesion. Such a combined process in a single extruder pass improves the production time, production cost, and may lead to reduction in plant production size. Because all the operations are performed in a single step, fiber morphology is better preserved, thanks to a reduced residence time of the material inside the extruder, resulting in enhanced material performances. Such one-step extrusion operation may be at the origin of a valuable industrial process intensification.
Compared to commercial wood-based materials, these fully bio-based fiberboards do not emit any formaldehyde, and they could find various applications, e.g., intermediate containers, furniture, domestic flooring, shelving, general construction, etc.

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pretreatment on lignocellulosic biomass was developed, which leads to an increased average fiber aspect ratio. A natural binder can also be added continuously after fiber refining, leading to bio-based fiberboards with improved mechanical properties after hot pressing of the obtained extruded material.

תהליך שחול טווין בורג לייצור סיבים מתחדשים

A versatile twin-screw extrusion process to provide an efficient thermo-mechano-chemical pre-treatment on lignocellulosic biomass before using it as ...

Standard Test Method ASTM D 7998-19 for the Cohesive Strength Development of Wood Adhesives

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the adhesive cure, and the effect of adhesive penetration on the wood interphase; thus, normal testing of a neat adhesive film is generally not useful. Most tests of wood adhesive bond strength are slow, laborious, can be strongly influenced by the wood and do not provide information on the kinetics of cure. Test method ASTM D 7998-19, however, can be used for fast evaluation of the strength of wood bonds. The use of a smooth, uniform, and strong wood surface, like maple face-veneer, and sufficient bonding pressure reduces the adhesion and wood strength effects on bond strength. This method has three main applications. The first is to provide consistent data on bond strength development. The second is to measure the dry and wet strengths of bonded lap shear samples. The third is to better understand the adhesive heat resistance by quickly evaluating thermal sensitivity and distinguishing between thermal softening and thermal degradation.

We present a procedure, ASTM D7998-19, for a rapid and more consistent evaluation of both dry and wet strength of adhesive bonds on wood. The method can also be used to provide information on strength development as a function of temperature and time or strength retention up to 250 &#176;C.

שיטת בדיקה סטנדרטית ASTM D 7998-19 לפיתוח חוזק מלוכד של דבקי עץ

The properties of cured wood adhesives are difficult to study because of the loss of water and other components to the wood, the influence of wood on the ...

הכנה ובדיקה של דבקי עץ מבוססי ארוחת זרעי צמח

Summary

Explore More Videos

Chapters in this video

הקרנת תפוקה גבוהה של וריאציות סרבנות בlignocellulosic יומסה: סה"כ ליגנין, מונומרים ליגנין, ואנזימתי שחרור סוכר