פרויקט זה מומן על ידי קרנות החברתיות האירופיות באדן-וירטמברג, גרמניה.

<ol>
	<li>Bangel-Ruland, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CFTR-mRNA+delivery:+a+novel+alternative+for+cystic+fibrosis+&amp;#34;gene+therapy&amp;#34;.">CFTR-mRNA delivery: a novel alternative for cystic fibrosis &amp;#34;gene therapy&amp;#34;.</a> The journal of gene medicine. , (2013).</li><li>Benteyn, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+an+Optimized+Wilms&amp;#34;+Tumor+1+(WT1)+mRNA+Construct+for+Enhanced+WT1+Expression+and+Improved+Immunogenicity+In+Vitro+and+In+Vivo.">Design of an Optimized Wilms&amp;#34; Tumor 1 (WT1) mRNA Construct for Enhanced WT1 Expression and Improved Immunogenicity In Vitro and In Vivo.</a> Molecular therapy Nucleic acids. 2, 134 (2013).</li><li>Petsch, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+efficacy+of+in+vitro+synthesized,+specific+mRNA+vaccines+against+influenza+A+virus+infection.">Protective efficacy of in vitro synthesized, specific mRNA vaccines against influenza A virus infection.</a> Nature. 30, 1210-1216 (2012).</li><li>Mandal, P. K., Rossi, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+human+fibroblasts+to+pluripotency+using+modified+mRNA.">Reprogramming human fibroblasts to pluripotency using modified mRNA.</a> Nature protocols. 8, 568-582 (2013).</li><li>Warren, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Highly+efficient+reprogramming+to+pluripotency+and+directed+differentiation+of+human+cells+with+synthetic+modified+mRNA.">Highly efficient reprogramming to pluripotency and directed differentiation of human cells with synthetic modified mRNA.</a> Cell stem cell. 7, 618-630 (2010).</li><li>Yakubov, E., Rechavi, G., Rozenblatt, S., Givol, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+human+fibroblasts+to+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+mRNA+of+four+transcription+factors.">Reprogramming of human fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells using mRNA of four transcription factors.</a> Biochemical and biophysical research communications. 394, 189-193 (2010).</li><li>Anderson, B. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+pseudouridine+into+mRNA+enhances+translation+by+diminishing+PKR+activation.">Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA enhances translation by diminishing PKR activation.</a> Nucleic acids research. 38, 5884-5892 (2010).</li><li>Kariko, K., Buckstein, M., Ni, H., Weissman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+RNA+recognition+by+Toll-like+receptors:+the+impact+of+nucleoside+modification+and+the+evolutionary+origin+of+RNA.">Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA.</a> Immunity. 23, 165-175 (2005).</li><li>Kariko, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Incorporation+of+pseudouridine+into+mRNA+yields+superior+nonimmunogenic+vector+with+increased+translational+capacity+and+biological+stability.">Incorporation of pseudouridine into mRNA yields superior nonimmunogenic vector with increased translational capacity and biological stability.</a> Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 16, 1833-1840 (2008).</li><li>Kariko, K., Weissman, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+occurring+nucleoside+modifications+suppress+the+immunostimulatory+activity+of+RNA:+implication+for+therapeutic+RNA+development.">Naturally occurring nucleoside modifications suppress the immunostimulatory activity of RNA: implication for therapeutic RNA development.</a> Current opinion in drug discovery &amp; development. 10, 523-532 (2007).</li><li>Kormann, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+therapeutic+proteins+after+delivery+of+chemically+modified+mRNA+in+mice.">Expression of therapeutic proteins after delivery of chemically modified mRNA in mice.</a> Nature biotechnology. 29, 154-157 (2011).</li><li>Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insertional+oncogenesis+in+4+patients+after+retrovirus-mediated+gene+therapy+of+SCID-X1.">Insertional oncogenesis in 4 patients after retrovirus-mediated gene therapy of SCID-X1.</a> The Journal of clinical investigation. 118, 3132-3142 (2008).</li><li>Hacein-Bey-Abina, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+gene+therapy+for+X-linked+severe+combined+immunodeficiency.">Efficacy of gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency.</a> The New England journal of medicine. 363, 355-364 (2010).</li><li>Avci-Adali, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+conditions+for+successful+transfection+of+human+endothelial+cells+with+in+vitro+synthesized+and+modified+mRNA+for+induction+of+protein+expression.">Optimized conditions for successful transfection of human endothelial cells with in vitro synthesized and modified mRNA for induction of protein expression.</a> Journal of biological engineering. 8, 8 (2014).</li></ol>

החוקרים מצהירים כי אין להם אינטרסים כלכליים מתחרים.

יש טיפול mRNA פוטנציאל עצום בתחום של רפואת רגנרטיבית, טיפול במחלות וחיסונים. בסרטון הזה, אנחנו מדגימים את הייצור של ה- mRNA התייצב, שונה לזירוז של ביטוי חלבון בתאים. שימוש בפרוטוקול זה, יכול להיות שנוצר mRNA הרצוי אחר. הסינתזה במבחנה של mRNA שונה מאפשרת transfection של תאים עם mRN...

בתאים, השעתוק של RNA שליח (mRNA) והתרגום הבא של ה- mRNA לחלבונים רצויים להבטיח את התפקוד התקין של תאים. הפרעות גנטיות תורשתיות או נרכשות יכולות להוביל לסינתזה מספיקה ולא מתפקדת של חלבונים וגורמות למחלות קשות. כך, גישה טיפולית חדשה ללעורר את הייצור של חלבונים חסרים או פגומים הוא המשלוח אקסוגני של סינטטי שונה mRNA לתאים, שקודים לחלבון הרצוי. וכך, תאים מופעלים לסנתז חלבונים פונקציונליים, שבו הם בדרך כלל לא יכולים לייצר או באופן טבעי לא צריכים. שימוש בגישה זו, ניתן לתקן הפרעות גנטיות על ידי הקדמה של mRNA שמקודד לחלבון הפגום או חסר 1. גם טיפול mRNA יכול לשמש לחיסון לאנטיגנים synthetize חלבון, אשר באים לידי ביטוי על ידי תאי גידול או פתוגנים. ובכך, מערכת חיסונית מארח יכולה להיות מופעלת כדי לחסל ביעילות תאים סרטניים או למנוע infections 2,3. יתר על כן, בשנים האחרונות, mRNA היה בהצלחה המשמש לייצור תאים מושרה pluripotent גזע (iPSCs). לצורך כך, fibroblasts היה transfected עם mRNAs לגרום הביטוי של תכנות מחדש גורמי 4-6 ולהמיר אותם בiPSCs עם פוטנציאל עצום ברפואת רגנרטיבית. בעבר, השימוש בmRNA הקונבנציונלי היה קשור ביציבות נמוכה וחיסוני חזקים. כך, יישומים קליניים של mRNAs הקונבנציונלי היו מוגבלים. עם זאת, החלפת cytidine וuridine על ידי 5-methylcytidine וpseudouridine בתוך מולקולת mRNA על ידי Kariko ועמיתים שניתנו מולקולות mRNA יציבים בנוזלים ביולוגיים והפחתה דרמטית בהפעלת מערכת חיסונית 7-10, אשר כעת מאפשרת יישום הקליני של mRNAs שונה. באמצעות מיוצר באופן סינטטי mRNAs שונה, תמלילי גן רצויים יכולים להיות מועברים באופן זמני בvivo 11או במבחנה כדי לגרום לביטוי חלבון. MRNA הציג מתורגם בתנאים פיסיולוגיים על ידי מכונות תרגום הסלולריות. בשל חוסר האינטגרציה לתוך הגנום של התא הפונדקאי לעומת וקטורי ריפוי גנטי נגיפיים, הסיכון של oncogenesis נמנע 12,13. כך, טיפול באמצעות mRNA הסינתטי שונה יקבל קבלה קלינית טובה יותר בעתיד. כאן אנו מתארים פרוטוקול מפורט לייצור של ה- mRNA שונה, transfection של תאים עם mRNA וההערכה של ביטוי חלבון בתאי transfected (איור 1).

<table><tbody><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Cell culture&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, high glucose</td><td>PAA</td><td>E15-009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>10500</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Penicillin/Streptomycin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAA</td><td>P11-010</td><td>100x</td></tr><tr><td>L-glutamine&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAA</td><td>M11-004</td><td>200 mM</td></tr><tr><td>DPBS without calcium and magnesium&amp;nbsp;</td><td>PAA</td><td>E15-002</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.04% Trypsin / 0.03% EDTA&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Promocell</td><td>C-41020</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TNS</td><td>Promocell</td><td>C-41120</td><td>Trypsin Neutralizing Solution, 0.05% trypsin inhibitor in 0.1% BSA</td></tr><tr><td>HEK-293 cells</td><td>ATCC</td><td>CRL-1573</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Consumables&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Tissue culture plates, 12-well&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>3512</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cell culture flask (75 cm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>430641</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DNase-and RNase-free 1.5 ml sterile microcentrifuge tubes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>0030 121.589</td><td>Safe-Lock, Biopur</td></tr><tr><td>15 ml conical tubes&amp;nbsp;</td><td>greiner bio-one</td><td>188271</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR clean and sterile epT.I.P.S. dualfilter pipette tips&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td>10 &amp;micro;l: 022491202; 100 &amp;micro;l: 022491237; 1,000 &amp;micro;l: 022491253</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryovial</td><td>greiner bio-one</td><td>122279-128</td><td>Cryo.s&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>14 ml polypropylene round bottom tube for bacterial culture&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Falcon</td><td>352059</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Plasmid amplification and purification&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>pcDNA 3.3_eGFP Plasmid&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Addgene</td><td>26822</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One Shot Top10 chemically component Escherichia coli&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C4040-10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile water (Ampuwa)</td><td>Fresenius Kabi</td><td>1636071</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>LB medium (Luria/Miller)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>X968.1</td><td>Dissolve 25 g L&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;in sterile water.</td></tr><tr><td>LB agar (Luria/Miller)&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Carl Roth</td><td>X969.1</td><td>Dissolve 40 g L&lt;sup&gt;-1 &lt;/sup&gt;in sterile water.</td></tr><tr><td>Ampicillin Ready Made Solution</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>A5354</td><td>100 mg/ml&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol</td><td>Sigma Aldrich</td><td>G2025</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>27104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;mRNA production&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>HotStar HiFidelity Polymerase Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>202602</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QIAquick PCR Purification Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>28106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MEGAscript T7 Kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM1334</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>5-Methylcytidine-5&amp;acute;-triphosphate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Trilink</td><td>N1014</td><td>5-Methyl-CTP</td></tr><tr><td>Pseudouridine-5&amp;acute;-triphosphate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Trilink</td><td>N1019</td><td>Pseudo-UTP</td></tr><tr><td>3&amp;acute;-&lt;em&gt;O&lt;/em&gt;-Me-m&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;G(5&amp;acute;)ppp(5&amp;acute;)G RNA cap structure analog&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>S1411L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RiboLock RNase Inhibitor</td><td>Thermo Scientific</td><td>EO0381</td><td>40 U/&amp;micro;l&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TURBO DNase</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM1334</td><td>2 U/&amp;micro;l (from MEGAscript T7 Kit)</td></tr><tr><td>Antarctic phosphatase&amp;nbsp;</td><td>New England Biolabs</td><td>MO289S</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNeasy mini kit&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74104</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNaseZap solution&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Life Technologies</td><td>AM9780</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Transfection&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Lipofectamine 2000 Transfection Reagent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11668-019</td><td>Cationic lipid transfection reagent</td></tr><tr><td>Opti-MEM I Reduced Serum Media&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>11058-021</td><td>Improved Minimal Essential Medium (MEM) that allows a reduction of Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) supplementation&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Gel electrophoresis&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9539</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gelred Nucleic Acid Gel Stain</td><td>Biotium</td><td>41003</td><td>10,000x in water&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>peqGOLD Range Mix DNA-Ladder&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Peqlab</td><td>25-2210</td><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Flow cytometry analyses&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>CellFIX (1x)</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td>340181</td><td>10x concentrate&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Primer for insert amplification and poly (T) tail PCR&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Forward Primer (HPLC-grade) 10 &amp;micro;M</td><td>Ella Biotech</td><td></td><td>5&amp;acute;-TTGGACCCTCGTAC&lt;br /&gt;AGAAGCTAATACG-3&amp;acute;</td></tr><tr><td>Reverse Primer (HPLC-grade) 10 &amp;micro;M</td><td>Ella Biotech</td><td></td><td>5&amp;acute;- T&lt;sub&gt;120&lt;/sub&gt;-CTTCCTACT&lt;br /&gt;CAGGCTTTATTCAA&lt;br /&gt;AGACCA-3&amp;acute;</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4">&lt;strong&gt;Equipment&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Cell incubator</td><td>Binder</td><td></td><td>CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (5%) and O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; (20%)&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>CASY cell counter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sch&amp;auml;rfe System</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile workbench&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BDK Luft-und Reinraumtecknik GmbH</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Bacterial incubator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Incutec</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Water bath</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ScanDrop spectrophotometer&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Analytic Jena</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PCR thermocycler&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microcentrifuge</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vortex</td><td>peqlab</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Thermomixer</td><td>Eppendorf</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel apparatus for electrophoresis&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel documentation system&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>FACScan System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BD Biosciences</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fluorescence microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Nikon</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Phase-contrast microscope&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Zeiss</td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

in vitro synthesis of modified mrna for induction of protein expression in human cells

המשלוח אקסוגני של קידוד RNA שליח סינטטי (mRNA) לזירוז סינתזה של חלבונים בתאים רצויים יש פוטנציאל עצום בתחומים של רפואת רגנרטיבית, ביולוגיה של תא בסיסי, טיפול במחלות, ותכנות מחדש של תאים. כאן, אנו מתארים צעד אחר צעד פרוטוקול לדור של mRNA שונה עם פוטנציאל מופחת חיסוני הפעלה ויציבות מוגברת, בקרת איכות של ה- mRNA מיוצר, transfection של תאים עם mRNA ואימות של ביטוי חלבון הנגרם על ידי זרימת cytometry. עד 3 ימים לאחר transfection יחיד עם eGFP mRNA, HEK293 תאי transfected לייצר eGFP. במאמר זה וידאו, הסינתזה של eGFP mRNA מתוארת כדוגמא. עם זאת, ההליך יכול להיות מיושם לייצור של ה- mRNA הרצוי האחר. שימוש בסינטטי שונה mRNA, יכולים להיגרם תאים לבטא את החלבונים הרצויים, שבו הם בדרך כלל לא מביעים זמניים.

באמצעות פלסמיד pcDNA 3.3 המכיל את ה- CDS של eGFP, הסינתזה של eGFP mRNA שונה הוקמה (איור 1). לאחר הגברה להוסיף על ידי PCR ופולי T-עוקב, להקה ברורה באורך של כ -1,100 נ&quot;ב הוא זוהה (איור 2). הגדלת זמן IVT Augmented התשואה של mRNA (איור 3). לאחר IVT, להקת mRNA ברורה באורך של כ -1,100 נ&q...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells at JoVE.com

In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

במאמר זה וידאו, אנו מתארים את הסינתזה במבחנה של mRNA שונה לזירוז של ביטוי חלבון בתאים.

במבחנת הסינתזה של mRNA השתנה לאינדוקציה של ביטוי חלבון בתאים אנושיים

The exogenous delivery of coding synthetic messenger RNA (mRNA) for induction of protein synthesis in desired cells has enormous potential in the fields ...

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In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

24.9K Views.  University Hospital Tuebingen.  במאמר זה וידאו, אנו מתארים את הסינתזה במבחנה של mRNA שונה לזירוז של ביטוי חלבון בתאים. 

Video: In Vitro Synthesis of Modified mRNA for Induction of Protein Expression in Human Cells

Cell Based Assays of SINEUP Non-coding RNAs That Can Specifically Enhance mRNA Translation

Targeted-protein enhancement is of importance not only for the study of biological processes but also for therapeutic and biotechnological applications. Here, we present a method to selectively up-regulate protein expression of desired genes in cultured cells by means of synthetic antisense non-coding RNAs known as SINEUPs. This positive control of gene expression is at the post-transcriptional level and exerted by an inverted short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) repeat at the 3&#697; end of SINEUPs that comprises its effector domain (ED). SINEUPs can specifically bind to any protein-coding mRNA of choice through its binding domain (BD), a region designed to complement the sequence within the 5&#697; untranslated region (5&#697; UTR) and around the start codon of the mRNA. Target-specific SINEUPs designed in this manner are transfected to cultured cells, and protein and RNA are extracted for downstream analyses, generally 24-48 h post-transfection. SINEUP-induced protein up-regulation is detected by Western-blot analysis and RNA expression is measured using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR. We have observed that BD design is critical for achieving optimum SINEUP activity and that testing different BD sizes and positions with respect to the start codon of the target mRNA is recommended. Therefore, we describe here a semi-automated high-throughput imaging method based on fluorescence detection that can be implemented to target mRNA fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP). SINEUPs specifically enhance translation within normal physiological range of the cell, without altering the target transcript level. This method has been successfully employed against a range of endogenous and exogenous targets, in a wide variety of human, mouse, and insect cell lines along with in vivo systems. Moreover, SINEUPs have been reported to increase antibody production and work as an RNA therapeutic against haploinsufficient genes. The versatile and modular nature of SINEUPs makes them a suitable tool for gene-specific translational control.

SINEUPs are synthetic antisense non-coding RNAs, which contain a binding domain (BD) and an effector domain (ED) and up-regulate translation of target mRNA. Here, we describe detection methods for SINEUPs in cultured cell lines, analysis of their translation-promoting activity by Western-blot and a semi-automated high throughput imaging system.

תא המבוסס על מבחני של SINEUP ללא קידוד RNAs זה במיוחד יכולה לשפר את התרגום mRNA

Targeted-protein enhancement is of importance not only for the study of biological processes but also for therapeutic and biotechnological applications. ...

Genetics

RNA-based Reprogramming of Human Primary Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative therapeutic requires a safe, robust, and expedient reprogramming protocol. Here, we present a clinically relevant, step-by-step protocol for the extremely high-efficiency reprogramming of human dermal fibroblasts into iPSCs using a non-integrating approach. The core of the protocol consists of expressing pluripotency factors (SOX2, KLF4, cMYC, LIN28A, NANOG, OCT4-MyoD fusion) from in vitro transcribed messenger RNAs synthesized with modified nucleotides (modified mRNAs). The reprogramming modified mRNAs are transfected into primary fibroblasts every 48 h together with mature embryonic stem cell-specific microRNA-367/302 mimics for two weeks. The resulting iPSC colonies can then be isolated and directly expanded in feeder-free conditions. To maximize efficiency and consistency of our reprogramming protocol across fibroblast samples, we have optimized various parameters including the RNA transfection regimen, timing of transfections, culture conditions, and seeding densities. Importantly, our method generates high-quality iPSCs from most fibroblast sources, including difficult-to-reprogram diseased, aged, and/or senescent samples.

Here we describe a clinically relevant, high-efficiency, feeder-free method to reprogram human primary fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells using modified mRNAs encoding reprogramming factors and mature microRNA-367/302 mimics. Also included are methods to assess reprogramming efficiency, expand clonal iPSC colonies, and confirm expression of the pluripotency marker TRA-1-60.

מבוסס-RNA תכנות מחדש של האנושי Fibroblasts הראשי לתוך תאי גזע Pluripotent המושרה

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have proven to be a valuable tool to study human development and disease. Further advancing iPSCs as a regenerative ...

Developmental Biology

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

In recent years, chemically modified messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a potent nucleic acid molecule for developing a wide range of therapeutic applications, including a novel class of vaccines, protein replacement therapies, and immune therapies. Among delivery vectors, lipid nanoparticles are found to be safer and more effective in delivering RNA molecules (e.g., siRNA, miRNA, mRNA) and a few products are already in clinical use. To demonstrate lipid nanoparticle-mediated mRNA delivery, we present an optimized protocol for the synthesis of functional me1&#936;-UTP modified eGFP mRNA, the preparation of cationic liposomes, the electrostatic complex formation of mRNA with cationic liposomes, and the evaluation of transfection efficiencies in mammalian cells. The results demonstrate that these modifications efficiently improved the stability of mRNA when delivered with cationic liposomes and increased the eGFP mRNA translation efficiency and stability in mammalian cells. This protocol can be used to synthesize the desired mRNA and transfect with cationic liposomes for target gene expression in mammalian cells.

The protocol presents in vitro transcription (IVT) of chemically modified mRNA, cationic liposome preparation, and functional analysis of liposome enabled mRNA transfections in mammalian cells.

In recent years, chemically modified messenger RNA (mRNA) has emerged as a potent nucleic acid molecule for developing a wide range of therapeutic ...

Biochemistry

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>פרוטוקולי CFPS עבור תאים סינתטיים מיקרו-ממודרים

Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System for Building Synthetic Cells

The Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) system has been widely employed to facilitate the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. It serves as the host for the core machinery of the Central Dogma, standing as an optimal chassis for the integration and assembly of diverse artificial cellular mimicry systems. Despite its frequent use in the fabrication of synthetic cells, establishing a tailored and robust CFPS system for a specific application remains a nontrivial challenge. In this methods paper, we present a comprehensive protocol for the CFPS system, routinely employed in constructing synthetic cells. This protocol encompasses key stages in the preparation of the CFPS system, including the cell extract, template preparation, and routine expression optimization utilizing a fluorescent reporter protein. Additionally, we show representative results by encapsulating the CFPS system within various micro-compartments, such as monolayer droplets, double-emulsion vesicles, and chambers situated atop supported lipid bilayers. Finally, we elucidate the critical steps and conditions necessary for the successful assembly of these CFPS systems in distinct environments. We expect that our approach will facilitate the establishment of good working practices among various laboratories within the continuously expanding synthetic cell community, thereby accelerating progress in the field of synthetic cell development.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>מחבר זרקור: אופטימיזציה של מערכות CFPS לבניית תאים סינתטיים

This protocol describes the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) system used in constructing synthetic cells. It outlines key stages with representative results in different micro-compartments. The protocol aims to establish best practices for diverse laboratories in the synthetic cell community, advancing progress in synthetic cell development.

מערכת סינתזת חלבונים ללא תאים לבניית תאים סינתטיים

The Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) system has been widely employed to facilitate the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. It serves as the host for ...

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive properties of in vitro transcribed (IVT) mRNA. With the help of IVT mRNA, the de novo synthesis of a desired protein can be induced without changing the physiological state of the target cell. Moreover, protein biosynthesis can be precisely controlled due to the transient effect of IVT mRNA.
For the efficient transfection of cells, nanoliposomes (NLps) may represent a safe and efficient delivery vehicle for therapeutic mRNA. This study describes a protocol to generate safe and efficient cationic NLps consisting of DC-cholesterol and 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) as a delivery vector for IVT mRNA. NLps having a defined size, a homogeneous distribution, and a high complexation capacity, and can be produced using the dry-film method. Moreover, we present different test systems to analyze their complexation and transfection efficacies using synthetic enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) mRNA, as well as their effect on cell viability. Overall, the presented protocol provides an effective and safe approach for mRNA complexation, which may advance and improve the administration of therapeutic mRNA.

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Here we describe a protocol for the generation of cationic nanoliposomes, which is based on the dry-film method and can be used for the safe and efficient delivery of in vitro transcribed messenger RNA.

דור של Cationic Nanoliposomes למסירה יעיל של במבחנה עיבד RNA שליח

The development of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based therapeutics for the treatment of various diseases becomes more and more important because of the positive ...

Bioengineering

A Convenient and General Expression Platform for the Production of Secreted Proteins from Human Cells

Recombinant protein expression in bacteria, typically E. coli, has been the most successful strategy for milligram quantity expression of proteins. However, prokaryotic hosts are often not as appropriate for expression of human, viral or eukaryotic proteins due to toxicity of the foreign macromolecule, differences in the protein folding machinery, or due to the lack of particular co- or post-translational modifications in bacteria. Expression systems based on yeast (P. pastoris or S. cerevisiae) 1,2, baculovirus-infected insect (S. frugiperda or T. ni) cells 3, and cell-free in vitro translation systems 2,4 have been successfully used to produce mammalian proteins. Intuitively, the best match is to use a mammalian host to ensure the production of recombinant proteins that contain the proper post-translational modifications. A number of mammalian cell lines (Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293, CV-1 cells in Origin carrying the SV40 larget T-antigen (COS), Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO), and others) have been successfully utilized to overexpress milligram quantities of a number of human proteins 5-9. However, the advantages of using mammalian cells are often countered by higher costs, requirement of specialized laboratory equipment, lower protein yields, and lengthy times to develop stable expression cell lines. Increasing yield and producing proteins faster, while keeping costs low, are major factors for many academic and commercial laboratories.
Here, we describe a time- and cost-efficient, two-part procedure for the expression of secreted human proteins from adherent HEK 293T cells. This system is capable of producing microgram to milligram quantities of functional protein for structural, biophysical and biochemical studies. The first part, multiple constructs of the gene of interest are produced in parallel and transiently transfected into adherent HEK 293T cells in small scale. The detection and analysis of recombinant protein secreted into the cell culture medium is performed by western blot analysis using commercially available antibodies directed against a vector-encoded protein purification tag. Subsequently, suitable constructs for large-scale protein production are transiently transfected using polyethyleneimine (PEI) in 10-layer cell factories. Proteins secreted into litre-volumes of conditioned medium are concentrated into manageable amounts using tangential flow filtration, followed by purification by anti-HA affinity chromatography. The utility of this platform is proven by its ability to express milligram quantities of cytokines, cytokine receptors, cell surface receptors, intrinsic restriction factors, and viral glycoproteins. This method was also successfully used in the structural determination of the trimeric ebolavirus glycoprotein 5,10.
In conclusion, this platform offers ease of use, speed and scalability while maximizing protein quality and functionality. Moreover, no additional equipment, other than a standard humidified CO2 incubator, is required. This procedure may be rapidly expanded to systems of greater complexity, such as co-expression of protein complexes, antigens and antibodies, production of virus-like particles for vaccines, or production of adenoviruses or lentiviruses for transduction of difficult cell lines.

In the post-human genomics era, the availability of recombinant proteins in native conformations is crucial to structural, functional and therapeutic research and development. Here, we describe a test- and large-scale protein expression system in human embryonic kidney 293T cells that can be used to produce a variety of recombinant proteins.

פלטפורמת ביטוי נוח כללי לייצור חלבונים המופרשים מ תאים אנושיים

Recombinant protein expression in bacteria, typically E. coli, has been the most successful strategy for milligram quantity expression of proteins. ...

Highly Efficient Transfection of Primary Macrophages with In Vitro Transcribed mRNA

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Unfortunately, this also makes macrophages particularly challenging to transfect as the transfection reagent and the transfected nucleic acids are often recognized by the PRRs as non-self. Therefore, transfection often results in macrophage activation and degradation of the transfected nucleic acids or even in suicide of the macrophages. Here, we describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of murine primary macrophages such as peritoneal macrophages (PM) and bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with mRNA in vitro transcribed from DNA templates such as plasmids. With this simple protocol, transfection rates of about 50-65% for PM and about 85% for BMDM are achieved without cytotoxicity or immunogenicity observed. We describe in detail the generation of mRNA for transfection from DNA constructs such as plasmids and the transfection procedure.

Macrophages, especially primary macrophages, are challenging to transfect as they specialize in detecting molecules of non-self origin. We describe a protocol that allows highly efficient transfection of primary macrophages with mRNA generated from DNA templates such as plasmids.

העברה יעילה במיוחד של מקרופאגים ראשוניים עם מחוץ לגופית

Macrophages are phagocytic cells specialized in detecting molecules of non-self origin. To this end, they are equipped with a large array of pattern ...

Immunology and Infection

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

In vitro transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have displayed enormous potential in fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Efficient and safe delivery systems must be included in the mRNA vaccines due to the fragile properties of mRNA. A self-assembled peptide-poloxamine nanoparticle (PP-sNp) gene delivery system is specifically designed for the pulmonary delivery of nucleic acids and displays promising capabilities in mediating successful mRNA transfection. Here, an improved method for preparing PP-sNp is described to elaborate on how the PP-sNp&#160;encapsulates Metridia luciferase (MetLuc) mRNA and successfully transfects cultured cells. MetLuc-mRNA is obtained by an in vitro transcription process from a linear DNA template. A PP-sNp&#160;is produced by mixing synthetic peptide/poloxamine with mRNA solution using a microfluidic mixer, allowing for the self-assembly of PP-sNp. The charge of PP-sNp&#160;is subsequently evaluated by measuring the zeta potential. Meanwhile, the polydispersity and hydrodynamic size of PP-sNp&#160;nanoparticles are measured using dynamic light scattering. The mRNA/PP-sNp nanoparticles are transfected into cultured cells, and supernatants from the cell culture are assayed for luciferase activity. The representative results demonstrate their capacity for in vitro transfection. This protocol may shed light on developing next-generation mRNA vaccine delivery systems.

Efficient Transfection of In vitro Transcribed mRNA in Cultured Cells Using Peptide-Poloxamine Nanoparticles

A self-assembled peptide-poloxamine nanoparticle (PP-sNp) is developed using a microfluidic mixing device to encapsulate and deliver in vitro transcribed messenger RNA. The described mRNA/PP-sNp could efficiently transfect cultured cells in vitro.

טרנספקציה יעילה של mRNA מתועתק במבחנה בתאים בתרבית באמצעות ננו-חלקיקים פפטיד-פולוקסאמין

In vitro transcribed messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines have displayed enormous potential in fighting against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. ...

במבחנת הסינתזה של mRNA השתנה לאינדוקציה של ביטוי חלבון בתאים אנושיים

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תא המבוסס על מבחני של SINEUP ללא קידוד RNAs זה במיוחד יכולה לשפר את התרגום mRNA

מבוסס-RNA תכנות מחדש של האנושי Fibroblasts הראשי לתוך תאי גזע Pluripotent המושרה

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

מערכת סינתזת חלבונים ללא תאים לבניית תאים סינתטיים

מערכת סינתזת חלבונים ללא תאים לבניית תאים סינתטיים

מערכת סינתזת חלבונים ללא תאים לבניית תאים סינתטיים

דור של Cationic Nanoliposomes למסירה יעיל של במבחנה עיבד RNA שליח

פלטפורמת ביטוי נוח כללי לייצור חלבונים המופרשים מ תאים אנושיים

העברה יעילה במיוחד של מקרופאגים ראשוניים עם מחוץ לגופית

טרנספקציה יעילה של mRNA מתועתק במבחנה בתאים בתרבית באמצעות ננו-חלקיקים פפטיד-פולוקסאמין