המחברים מבקשים להודות פרסי שכר, מענקי ציוד והפעלת קרנות מFonds de la המשוכלל ונדיר en סנטה קוויבק (FRSQ), מכון קנדי ​​לחקר בריאות (CIHR), מדעי הטבע והנדסת מועצת המחקר של קנדה (NSERC), ותכנית אוניברסיטת קונקורדיה מחקר הכיסאות (CRUC), כמו גם המשוב מתחשב בכתב היד הזה מד&quot;ר ג&#39;יין סטיוארט.

1. שיכון בעלי חיים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קייג&#39;: על מנת להקליט את פעילות הרצת ההגה של מכרסם פרט, כל כלוב צריך לשכן מכרסם יחיד והרצת גלגל. מכיוון שניתן נחשבים לסוג של העשרת גלגלי ריצה, כל המכרסמים בכל מחקר צריכים להיות גישה דומה לגלגל ריצה. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> שינויי מצעים: טיפול בבעלי חיים, כמו גם שינויים בכלובים או מצעים יכולים כולם יש השפעות חד photic על מקצבי יממה 21-23, ולכן, כלובים עם רשת ריצוף הם אידיאליים כי הם להפחית את המגע עם בעלי החיים. על אף הזמינות של מגש מערכת כזו, שינויי מצעים יש להימנע בשלבים קריטיים של ניסוי. חלופות כוללות משתמשות במצעי קיימא-ארוך יותר, שייאפשרו לשינויי כלוב נדירים יותר, או כלובים המשתנים על לוח זמנים של פסאודו אקראי. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קופסות בידוד: כלובים צריכים להישמר בקופסות הבידוד שהקול נחלש, אור שיתוףntrolled, ומאוורר היטב. בהתאם לגודל והתצורה של תיבות הבידוד, מספר הכלובים בתוך כל תיבה יהיה בדרך כלל נע 1-8. כשמאכסן את הכלובים מרובים בתיבת בידוד יחידה, אחד צריך להיות מודע לכך שריחות וצלילים שונים המגיעים מבעלי חיים אחרים יכולים להיות השפעה מבלבלת על התנהגות היממה של בעלי חיים בודדים. כדי להימנע מבעיות אלה, צריך לנסות כדי לשכן כלוב אחד לכל תיבת בידוד. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> אוורור: זרימת אוויר נאותה היא הכרחית כדי להפוך את תיבות סביבת בית נוחה למכרסמים. האוהד בכל תיבה צריך להיות מכוסה, כדי למנוע מאור מחוץ לקופסה מלהגיע פנימה. כמו כן, אוהדים יהיו בדרך כלל להסיר את האוויר מהתיבה ולפוצץ אותו לתוך החדר. פתחי אור קטנים הדוקים מאפשרים לאוויר להיכנס בתיבות הבידוד ממספר נקודות, ולעזור כדי למנוע רוחות לא נוחות. כדי לוודא כי קיים אוורור מתאים, הטמפרטורה בתוך תיבת הבידוד (כשסגור לכמה שעות, עם האורות הדולקים) צריך להיות כמעט זהה לטמפרטורה בחדר שבו הוא שוכן. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תאורה: עוצמת אור סביבתית צריכה להיות זהה בכל הכלובים. סידור אור יחיד במיקום דומה מעל כל כלוב, ותמיד להשתמש באותו המותג / סוג של נורה. השתמש בתאורה בעצימות בינונית (100-300 לוקס) ברמת כלוב. הימנע מרמות תאורה גבוהות מדי, שיש סיכוי גבוהים יותר כדי לייצר שינויים ישירות על התנהגות מיוחסים לאור ולא במערכת הביולוגית, כשלעצמה (למשל מיסוך). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חושך / תאורה אדומה עמומה: אם יש צורך לטפל או לטפל בבעלי חיים בחושך (למשל בחושך קבוע או לילה), משקפי ראיית הלילה אמורים לשמש. לחלופין, משום שהמערכת הביולוגית היא רגישה יחסית לאורכי גל אדום-, תאורה אדומה עמומה ניתן להשתמש. האור האדום הספציפי שאתה משתמש בה צריך להיבדק כדי לוודא שאינו Alteפעילות r הרצת גלגל (מיסוך למשל) או להתאים את שעון היממה (למשל לייצר פאזה). </li></ol> 2. איסוף נתונים (ראה איור 1 - תצורת חומרת Vitalview) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> ריצת גלגלים: הקוטר והנדסת האנוש של גלגל הריצה יהיה לשנות את כמות השימוש 24. לפיכך, שימוש בגלגלים קטנים וקלים לעכברים, וגלגלים כבדים יותר גדולים לחולדות. בעת שטיפה והתקנה מחדש גלגלים, לוודא שהגלגלים יכולים להסתובב בלא הפרעה, לא &quot;לנענע&quot;, ושמייקרו מתגי ההקלטה מופעלים על ידי כל תור של הגלגל. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מייקרו מתגים: כל מהפכה של גלגל הריצה צריכה להפעיל מתג מייקר מגנטי או מכאני. מידע ממתג מייקרו מועבר דרך ערוץ אחד ונרשם על ידי מחשב אשר יכול פח את הנתונים לאורך הזמן (למשל כל 2, 5, 6, או 10 דקות). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חומרת מחשב: runniהקלטות ng גלגלים נעשות עם Vitalview, חומרה ופלטפורמת תוכנה שפותחה על ידי המיני Mitter <a href="http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm" target="_blank">(http://www.minimitter.com/vitalview_software.cfm).</a> עם זאת, ישנן פלטפורמות הקלטה אחרות כגון ClockLab, שפותח על ידי Actimetrics <a href="http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/" target="_blank">(http://www.actimetrics.com/ClockLab/).</a> שני הפלטפורמות להביא יחד נתונים ממקורות רבים ערוצים בודדים (מתג מייקר אחת מופעל על ידי גלגל ריצה אחת לדוגמה) לקובץ מחשב בודד. נתונים מערוצים בודדים אז יכולים להיות בגרף ונתחו בנפרד במועד מאוחר יותר. </li></ol> 3. קלטות נתונים <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> קבצים: פלטפורמות התוכנה שהוזכרו לעיל יכולים לשמש כדי להפריד את ערוצים בודדים, כך שקבצים בודדים נוצרים עבור כל רשומת הרצת גלגל. נתונים אלה הם דמיינו טובים ביותר וגרף עם designe במיוחדתוכניות ד כגון ActiView (Minimitter, בנד, OR), Circadia, או Clocklab (Actimetrics, ילמט, אילינוי) אשר יכול לייצר כל periodograms וactograms. עם זאת, קבצי ערוצים בודדים יכולים להיות גם פתחו ונותחו באמצעות תוכניות גיליון אלקטרוני כלליות כגון Excel (מיקרוסופט, רדמונד, וושינגטון). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> חישוב זמן יממה (CT): 12 CT הוא, מעצם הגדרתה, תחילתה של פעילות גלגל ריצה במכרסמים ליליים. במקביל ליום 24 השעות, למוסכמות, ליום 1 יממה מחולק לשעתי יממה 24. בהתאם לכך, אם תקופת היממה חופשיה הריצה היא 30 דקות 24 שעות, כפי שנמדד על ידי שעון הקיר, CT 0 יתרחשו כ 12 15 דקות לאחר שעת CT12. </li></ol>

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ניטור מקצב פעילות יומי באמצעות גלגלי ריצה הוא שיטה הנפוצה ביותר והאמינה להערכת התפוקה של שעון היממה השנייה במכרסמים ליליים. פעילות גלגל ריצה, לעומת זאת, היא רק אחד מהיבטים רבים של התנהגות ופיזיולוגיה שניתן לנטר באופן רציף. למרות שהרוב המכריע של פעילות ריצת גלגל מתרח?...

<table border="1"&gt;<tbody&gt;<tr&gt;<td<strong&gt; שם המגיב</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; חברה</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; מספר קטלוג</strong</td&gt;<td<strong&gt; תגובות (אופציונלי)</strong</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; Vitalview כרטיס ותוכנה</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 855-0030-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; DP24 dataport</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 840-0024-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; QA4-מודול</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0050-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; מתג מגנטי</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 130-0015-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; הרכבת C-50 כבלים</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 060-0045-10</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; עכברוש פועל הרכבת גלגל</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0700-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; תמיכת קייג&#39; ומגש</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 640-0400-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; שמיש לחתוך כלוב</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 664-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; קומת גריד לכלוב</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 676-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; מגש פסולת</td&gt;<td&gt; מיני Mitter</td&gt;<td&gt; # 684-2154-00</td&gt;<td&gt; (תכופף או, ארה&quot;ב)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; מנורת דיור</td&gt;<td&gt; Microlites מדעי</td&gt;<td&gt; # R-101</td&gt;<td&gt; (טורונטו, ON, קנדה)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; 4W מנורות פלורסנט</td&gt;<td&gt; Microlites מדעי</td&gt;<td&gt; # F4T5/CW</td&gt;<td&gt; (טורונטו, ON, קנדה)</td&gt;</tr&gt;<tr&gt;<td&gt; בידוד תאים</td&gt;<td&gt; אישית בנה</td&gt;<td</td&gt;<td&gt; 28 &quot;H x 20&quot; W x 28 &quot;D ½&quot; שחור מלמין.</td&gt;</tr&gt;</tbody&gt;</table

recording and analysis of circadian rhythms in running-wheel activity in rodents

כשמכרסמים יש גישה חופשיה לגלגל ריצה בכלוב ביתם, שימוש ברצון של גלגל זה יהיה תלוי בשעה ביום 1-5. מכרסמים ליליים, כולל חולדות, אוגרים ועכברים, הם פעילים בלילה ופעיל יחסית בשעתי היום. מדדים התנהגותיים ופיסיולוגיים רבים אחרים גם תערוכת מקצבים יומיים, אבל במכרסמים, פעילות גלגל הריצה משמשת כמדד אמין במיוחד ונוח של הפלט של השעון ראשי היממה, גרעין suprachiasmatic (SCN) של ההיפותלמוס. באופן כללי, בתהליך הנקרא היטמעות, הדפוס היומי של פעילות גלגל הריצה באופן טבעי ליישר עם המחזור הסביבתי אור הכהה (מחזור LD; למשל 12 שעות אור: 12 שעות כהות). עם זאת מקצבי יממה נוצרים endogenously דפוסי התנהגות שמפגינים ~ תקופה של 24 שעות, ולהתמיד בחשכה מתמדת. לפיכך, בהיעדר מחזור LD, ההקלטה והניתוח של פעילות ריצת גלגל יכוליםניתן להשתמש כדי לקבוע את הזמן של יום סובייקטיבי. בגלל מקצבים אלה בבימויו של שעון היממה בזמן של יום סובייקטיבית שמכונה זמן היממה (CT). לעומת זאת, כאשר מחזור LD הוא הווה, הזמן של היום שנקבע על ידי מחזור LD הסביבתי נקרא זמן zeitgeber (ZT). למרות מקצבי יממה בפעילות הרצת גלגל מקושרים בדרך כלל לשעון SCN 6-8, מתנדים יממה באזורים רבים אחרים במוח והגוף 9-14 יכולים גם להיות מעורבים בוויסות של מקצב פעילות יומית. למשל, מקצבים יומיים בפעילות מזון של ציפייה אינם דורשים SCN 15,16 ובמקום זאת, מתואמים עם שינויים בפעילות של מתנדים-SCN נוסף 17-20. לכן, הקלטות פעילות גלגל הריצה יכולות לספק מידע התנהגותי חשוב לא רק על הפלט של שעון SCN האדון, אלא גם על פעילותם של מתנדים-SCN נוסף. להלן descrIBE הציוד ושיטות המשמשות להקלטה, לנתח ולהציג מקצב פעילות של תנועה ביממת מכרסמי מעבדה.

<ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> תוכנות מחשב: תוכנות מחשב מיוחדות המשמשות בדרך כלל בדור של actograms וחישוב תקופת יממה. תוכניות אלה כוללות, אך לא מוגבלות, לActiView (Minimitter, בנד, או) וCircadia. </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> Actograms: Actograms מספק המחשה חזותית של התבניות היומיות של פעילות ריצת ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents at JoVE.com

Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

מקצבי יממה בהתנדבות גלגל ריצת פעילות ביונקים הם מצמידים בחוזקה לתנודות המולקולריות של שעון ראשי במוח. ככזה, מקצבים יומיים אלה בהתנהגות יכולים לשמש כדי לחקור את ההשפעה של גורמים גנטיים, תרופתיים וסביבתיים על התפקוד של השעון הביולוגי הזה.

הקלטה וניתוח של מקצבי יממה בריצת גלגל פעילות במכרסמים

When rodents have free access to a running wheel in their home cage, voluntary use of this wheel will depend on the time of day1-5. Nocturnal rodents, ...

recording-analysis-circadian-rhythms-running-wheel-activity

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

21.2K Views.  McGill University. מקצבי יממה בהתנדבות גלגל ריצת פעילות ביונקים הם מצמידים בחוזקה לתנודות המולקולריות של שעון ראשי במוח. ככזה, מקצבים יומיים אלה בהתנהגות יכולים לשמש כדי לחקור את ההשפעה של גורמים גנטיים, תרופתיים וסביבתיים על התפקוד של השעון הביולוגי הזה.

Video: Recording and Analysis of Circadian Rhythms in Running-wheel Activity in Rodents

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) pacemakers or clocks. Malfunctions in the human circadian system are associated with numerous diseases or disorders. Much progress towards our understanding of the mechanisms underlying circadian rhythms has emerged from genetic screens whereby an easily measured behavioral rhythm is used as a read-out of clock function. Studies using Drosophila have made seminal contributions to our understanding of the cellular and biochemical bases underlying circadian rhythms. The standard circadian behavioral read-out measured in Drosophila is locomotor activity. In general, the monitoring system involves specially designed devices that can measure the locomotor movement of Drosophila. These devices are housed in environmentally controlled incubators located in a darkroom and are based on using the interruption of a beam of infrared light to record the locomotor activity of individual flies contained inside small tubes. When measured over many days, Drosophila exhibit daily cycles of activity and inactivity, a behavioral rhythm that is governed by the animal's endogenous circadian system. The overall procedure has been simplified with the advent of commercially available locomotor activity monitoring devices and the development of software programs for data analysis. We use the system from Trikinetics Inc., which is the procedure described here and is currently the most popular system used worldwide. More recently, the same monitoring devices have been used to study sleep behavior in Drosophila. Because the daily wake-sleep cycles of many flies can be measured simultaneously and only 1 to 2 weeks worth of continuous locomotor activity data is usually sufficient, this system is ideal for large-scale screens to identify Drosophila manifesting altered circadian or sleep properties.

Assaying Locomotor Activity to Study Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Parameters in Drosophila

We describe procedures for recording daily locomotor activity rhythms of Drosophila and subsequent data analysis. Locomotor activity rhythms are a reliable behavioral output of animal circadian clocks and are used as the standard readout of clock function when studying circadian mutants or examining how the environment regulates the circadian system.

Assaying פעילות של תנועה כדי ללמוד בקצב היממה ושינה פרמטרים תסיסנית</em

Most life forms exhibit daily rhythms in cellular, physiological and behavioral phenomena that are driven by endogenous circadian (&equiv;24 hr) ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these include improving cognitive function and physical performance. As a result, there is an increase in the number of animal studies employing exercise. It is argued that one intrinsic value of forced exercise is that the investigator has control over the factors that can influence the impact of exercise on behavioral outcomes, notably exercise frequency, duration, and intensity of the exercise regimen. However, compliance in forced exercise regimens may be an issue, particularly if potential confounds of employing foot-shock are to be avoided. It is also important to consider that since most cognitive and locomotor impairments strike in the aged individual, determining impact of exercise on these impairments should consider using aged rodents with a highest possible level of compliance to ensure minimal need for test subjects. Here, the pertinent steps and considerations necessary to achieve nearly 100% compliance to treadmill exercise in an aged rodent model will be presented and discussed. Notwithstanding the particular exercise regimen being employed by the investigator, our protocol should be of use to investigators that are particularly interested in the potential impact of forced exercise on aging-related impairments, including aging-related Parkinsonism and Parkinson&#8217;s disease.

Exercise may alleviate behavioral impairments associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Studies of the mechanisms underlying exercise-mediated effects have increased in disease models, but the neurobiological background accompanying these diseases, specifically aging, is likely not considered. Here, we illustrate measures to increase the likelihood of a successful exercise paradigm in aged rats.

הגעה לתאימות בתרגיל כפייה במכרסמים: רגיל קריטי להערכת השפעת המימוש בהפרעות ומחלות הקשורות להזדקנות

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

Behavior

Measuring Circadian and Acute Light Responses in Mice using Wheel Running Activity

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2. They are responsible for timing our sleep/wake cycles and hormone secretion. Since this timing is not precisely 24-hours, it is synchronized to the solar day by light input. This is accomplished via photic input from the retina to the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which serves as the master pacemaker synchronizing peripheral clocks in other regions of the brain and peripheral tissues to the environmental light dark cycle3-7. The alignment of rhythms to this environmental light dark cycle organizes particular physiological events to the correct temporal niche, which is crucial for survival8. For example, mice sleep during the day and are active at night. This ability to consolidate activity to either the light or dark portion of the day is referred to as circadian photoentrainment and requires light input to the circadian clock9. Activity of mice at night is robust particularly in the presence of a running wheel. Measuring this behavior is a minimally invasive method that can be used to evaluate the functionality of the circadian system as well as light input to this system. Methods that will covered here are used to examine the circadian clock, light input to this system, as well as the direct influence of light on wheel running behavior.

This article will review methods that can be used to determine circadian function and light responsiveness in mice.

התגובות מדידת אור היממה ואת חריפה בעכברים באמצעות פעילות גלגל ריצה

Circadian rhythms are physiological functions that cycle over a period of approximately 24 hours (circadian- circa: approximate and diem: day)1, 2.  They ...

Using the Activity-based Anorexia Rodent Model to Study the Neurobiological Basis of Anorexia Nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A challenging illness to treat, due to the lack of understanding of the underlying neurobiology, AN has the highest mortality rate among psychiatric illnesses. To address this need, neuroscientists are using an animal model to study how neural circuits may contribute toward vulnerability to AN and may be affected by AN. Activity-based anorexia (ABA) is a bio-behavioral phenomenon described in rodents that models the key symptoms of anorexia nervosa. When rodents with free access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel experience food restriction, they become hyperactive &#8211; running more than animals with free access to food. Here, we describe the procedures by which ABA is induced in adolescent female C57BL/6 mice. On postnatal day 36 (P36), the animal is housed with access to voluntary exercise on a running wheel. After 4 days of acclimation to the running wheel, on P40, all food is removed from the cage. For the next 3 days, food is returned to the cage (allowing animals free food access) for 2 hr daily. After the fourth day of food restriction, free access to food is returned and the running wheel is removed from the cage to allow the animals to recover. Continuous multi-day analysis of running wheel activity shows that mice become hyperactive within 24 hr following the onset of food restriction. The mice run even during the limited time during which they have access to food. Additionally, the circadian pattern of wheel running becomes disrupted by the experience of food restriction. We have been able to correlate neurobiological changes with various aspects of the animals&#8217; wheel running behavior to implicate particular brain regions and neurochemical changes with resilience and vulnerability to food-restriction induced hyperactivity.

Here we present a protocol to induce activity-based anorexia (ABA) in female adolescent mice. ABA is a condition of hyperactivity evoked by imposing food restriction on rodents with access to a running wheel. This phenomenon is being used as a model to study the underlying neurobiology of anorexia nervosa.

באמצעות מודל אנורקסיה מכרסמים מבוסס פעילות לחקר הבסיס הנוירוביולוגי של אנורקסיה נרבוזה

Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness characterized by excessively restricted caloric intake and abnormally high levels of physical activity. A ...

An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity for reducing the severity of the effects of the stroke&#160;in rats. This system provides more effective animal exercise training than commercially available systems such as treadmills and motorized running wheels (MRWs). In contrast to an MRW that can only achieve speeds below 20 m/min, rats are permitted to run at a stable speed of 30 m/min on a more spacious and high-density rubber running track supported by a 15 cm wide acrylic wheel with a diameter of 55 cm in this work. Using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, the system not only reduces the operator error but also trains the rats to run persistently until a specified intensity is reached. As a way to evaluate the exercise effectiveness, real-time position of a rat is detected by four pairs of infrared sensors deployed on the running wheel. Once an adaptive acceleration curve is initiated using a microcontroller, the data obtained by the infrared sensors are automatically recorded and analyzed in a computer. For comparison purposes, 3 week training is conducted on rats using a treadmill, an MRW and a PRW. After surgically inducing middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo), modified neurological severity scores (mNSS) and an inclined plane test were conducted to assess the neurological damages to the rats. PRW is experimentally validated as the most effective among such animal mobility systems. Furthermore, an exercise effectiveness measure, based on rat position analysis, showed that there is a high negative correlation between the effective exercise and the infarct volume, and can be employed to quantify a rat training in any type of brain damage reduction&#160;experiments.

This study presents an innovative running wheel-based animal mobility system to quantify an effective exercise activity in rats. A rat-friendly testbed is built, using a predefined adaptive acceleration curve, and a high correlation between the effective exercise rate and the infarct volume suggests the protocol&#39;s potential for stroke prevention experiments.

מנגנון גלגלים מבוססי ריצה חדשני עבור ביצועי הדרכת עכברוש משופרים

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity ...

Noninvasive, High-throughput Determination of Sleep Duration in Rodents

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a long recovery period. To perform an EEG recording, the animal is connected to a receiver, creating an unnatural tether to the head-mount. EEG monitoring is time consuming, carries risk to the animal, and is not a completely natural setting for the measurement of sleep. Alternative methods to detect sleep, particularly in a high-throughput fashion, would greatly advance the field of sleep research. Here, we describe a validated method for detecting sleep via activity-based home-cage monitoring. Previous studies have shown that sleep assessed via this method has a high degree of agreement with sleep defined by traditional EEG-based measures. Whereas this method is validated for total sleep time, it is important to note that sleep bout duration should be assessed by an EEG which has better temporal resolution. The EEG can also differentiate rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM sleep, giving more detail about the exact nature of sleep. Nevertheless, activity-based sleep determination can be used to analyze multiple days of undisturbed sleep and to assess sleep as a response to an acute event (like stress). Here, we show the power of this system to detect the response of mice to daily intraperitoneal injections.

We describe a high-throughput method of measuring sleep by means of activity-based home-cage monitoring. This method offers advantages over traditional EEG-based methods. It is well validated for the determination of total sleep duration and can be a powerful tool to monitor sleep in rodent models of human disease.

נחישותם לא פולשנית, תפוקה גבוהה של משך השינה בחולדות

Traditionally, sleep is monitored by an electroencephalogram (EEG). EEG studies in rodents require surgical implantation of the electrodes followed by a ...

A Method to Study the Impact of Chemically-induced Ovarian Failure on Exercise Capacity and Cardiac Adaptation in Mice

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in post-menopausal women has not been adequately studied. Accordingly, we investigated the impact of voluntary cage-wheel exercise and forced treadmill exercise on cardiac adaptation in menopausal mice. The most commonly used inducible model for mimicking menopause in women is the ovariectomized (OVX) rodent. However, the OVX model has a few dissimilarities from menopause in humans. In this study, we administered 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide (VCD) to female mice, which accelerates ovarian failure as an alternative menopause model to study the impact of exercise in menopausal mice. VCD selectively accelerates the loss of primary and primordial follicles resulting in an endocrine state that closely mimics the natural progression from pre- to peri- to post-menopause in humans. To determine the impact of exercise on exercise capacity and cardiac adaptation in VCD-treated female mice, two methods were used. First, we exposed a group of VCD-treated and untreated mice to a voluntary cage wheel. Second, we used forced treadmill exercise to determine exercise capacity in a separate group VCD-treated and untreated mice measured as a tolerance to exercise intensity and endurance.

Two exercise paradigms were tested on a newly developed chemically induced menopausal mouse model to examine the impact of menopause on exercise capacity and cardiac adaption to exercise.

שיטה לחקר ההשפעה של כשל שחל מושרה כימי ביכולת גופנית ולב הסתגלות בעכברים

The risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) increases in post-menopausal women, yet, the role of exercise, as a preventative measure for CVD risk in ...

Medicine

Tracking Individual Running Metrics in Mice Using a Voluntary Wheel Running Protocol that Minimizes Social Isolation

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rodents is used to evaluate performance and endurance and to simulate exercise. In contrast to other exercise paradigms that require aversive stimulus to induce active movement, wheel running is voluntary. VWR generally consists of placing a running wheel inside the mouse home cage. However, analyzing exercise parameters can typically only be conducted when mice are individually housed, while overall cage effects can be reported when mice are group-housed. Therefore, the current models force experimenters to choose between measuring individual exercise parameters in single-housed mice or measuring group effects in group-housed mice; depending on the research question and model, this could be limiting. 
Therefore, the goal of this method is to demonstrate a protocol that assesses VWR in a mouse model by quantifying running parameters in individual mice, with minimal isolation. We report on device design, preoperative preparations, and experiment setup. Results of a 6-week training protocol using this VWR model suggest it provides sufficient stimulus to increase spatial object recognition memory, comparable to the clinical effect of exercise. This simple and inexpensive model facilitates investigation into the effect of VWR on multiple measurements of wheel activity, minimizing factors that could limit or affect experimental outcomes.

This protocol describes an effective voluntary wheel-running model that can be implemented in various research contexts. Unlike other voluntary running models, this method avoids isolation housing while tracking running metrics in individual mice.

Voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rodents is used to evaluate performance and endurance and to simulate exercise. In contrast to other exercise paradigms ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

ניתוח הקלטות אלקטרוקרדיוגרפיה ארוכות טווח לאיתור הפרעות קצב בעכברים

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Analysis of Circadian Photoresponses in Drosophila Using Locomotor Activity

Circadian rhythms are only beneficial to animals if they can be synchronized by changes of ambient conditions. Light and temperature are two dominant environmental parameters that synchronize animal circadian clocks. In Drosophila circadian photo-responses are mediated by a solely blue light photoreceptor named CRYPTOCHROME (CRY). Upon photoreception, CRY changes its conformation and initiates the proteosomal dependent degradation of TIMELESS (TIM). TIM is an important pacemaker protein, thus degradation of TIM will reset the circadian clock. Under constant light conditions (LL), wild type flies quickly become arrhythmic because of the constant degradation of TIM, while flies bearing defects with circadian photo-responses will still be rhythmic. Thus LL triggered arrhythmicity has been used for screening of components in circadian light input pathways. A brief short light pulse in the night can also dramatically shift phases of circadian rhythms. As expected, this phase shift response is reduced in flied with defects in circadian photoresponse. Thus analyzing locomotion behavior rhythmicity under LL or phase changes after short light pulse in constant darkness (DD) are two major methods to study circadian photoresponse. Here we describe how to design and analyze LL and phase response experiments. LL arrhythmicity is suitable for screening light input pathways mutants, whereas phase response validates the results and provide further information for light sensitivity.

Drosophila locomotor activity is a robust and quantitative measurement of circadian photo-responses. We describe protocols for designing behavior experiments for circadian photo-responses and analyzing the data. Studying the circadian photo-responses is important for dissecting the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of light entrainment.

Circadian rhythms are only beneficial to animals if they can be synchronized by changes of ambient conditions. Light and temperature are two dominant ...