27.28 : Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.

Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to heavy alcohol consumption. It has two types: non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NAFL is the milder form, causing little to no damage, while NASH is severe, potentially leading to liver damage and cirrhosis.

Hepatitis, another common liver disease, refers to liver inflammation resulting from various factors like viral infections, drugs, and toxins. Gallbladder stones, or gallstones, form when bile contains an excess of cholesterol or lacks sufficient bile salts. While small gallstones often pass without issues, larger ones can cause damage or block the cystic duct.

Jaundice is a condition where bilirubin buildup leads to a yellowish coloration of the sclerae, skin, and mucous membranes. It can be categorized into prehepatic jaundice, caused by excessive bilirubin production; hepatic jaundice, resulting from impaired bilirubin metabolism or excretion within the liver (due to liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis); and extrahepatic jaundice, resulting from blocked bile drainage.

In conclusion, liver and gallbladder diseases are diverse and can significantly impact health. Understanding these conditions and their causes can help in their early detection and management.