Los autores desean reconocer la Universidad de Vanderbilt y el Instituto de Biología química para apoyo financiero. Sr. Ellis de Berkley y Prof. John McLean son reconocidos por análisis espectral de masa de alta resolución.

1. representante de microonda-asistida Desnitruración
<ol><li>Coloque el éster de nitrato azido (1.0 equiv, 0,2 mmol) en un frasco de reacción de microondas de 8 mL. La magnitud de la reacción se puede aumentar a varios mmol sin ningún efecto adverso sobre el progreso de la reacción.</li>
	<li>El éster de azido-nitrato en acetona al 20% AQ (0,1 M, 2,0 mL) se disuelven. Añadir piridina (5,0 equivalente, 0,08 mL, 1,0 mmol) en el recipiente de la reacción. La tapa del frasco de irradiación de microondas y colocar el recipiente de la reacción en una cavidad de reactor de microondas.</li>
	<li>Irradiar la solución a 120 ° C durante 15 min con agitación y con un tiempo de espera fijo. El tiempo de espera representa cuánto se producirá la irradiación a la temperatura señalada y la presión resultante. Calentar todas las reacciones a la temperatura divulgada durante un período de rampa de 2 minutos. Controlar la temperatura con un sensor incorporado IR.</li>
	<li>Después de 15 min, analizar la mezcla de reacción mediante cromatografía en capa fina (TLC) para confirmar el consumo de material de partida. Utilizar acetato de etilo/hexanes 1:1 como eluyente.<ol>
<li>Visualizar la placa de TLC mediante tinción de molybate de amonio cérico. Rf del reactivo y del producto variarán, pero el alcohol reducción es generalmente 0.05 a 0.1 menor Rf que el reactivo.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>2. formación de la trichloroacetimidate
<ol><li>Tras consumo completo de material de partida, se evapora el disolvente a un volumen reducido con una línea aérea. Luego diluir con (diclorometano) CH2Cl2 (1,0 mL) y utilizar una jeringa para eliminar la capa de agua. Una vez retirada la capa de agua, enfriar la mezcla de reacción a 0 ° C usando un baño de agua helada.</li>
	<li>A continuación, añadir DBU (eq 10, 0.3 mL, 1,9 mmol) y 2,2,2-trichloroacetonitrile (50 eq, 1,0 mL, 10 mmol) en el recipiente de la reacción. Se añaden dos reactivos en exceso y se necesita un mínimo de 1 equivalente de base y 1 equivalente de 2,2,2-trichloroacetonitrile.</li>
	<li>Deje que la mezcla de reacción agitar y calentar a temperatura ambiente. Vigilar la reacción por el TLC para confirmar el consumo de material de partida.<ol>
<li>Utilizar acetato de etilo/hexanes 1:1 como eluyente. Visualizar la placa de TLC mediante tinción de molybate de amonio cérico. Rf del reactivo y del producto variará.</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>Después de la consumición completa del material de partida, transferir la mezcla de reacción a un matraz de recuperación y concentrar la mezcla en vacío a 30 ° C. Evaporación del disolvente proveerá un crudo amarillo pálido a marrón aceite.</li>
	<li>Purifique el producto crudo por cromatografía de columna de gel de silicona con una columna de cromatografía de 1,5 cm y de 1:4 acetato de etilo/hexanes como eluyente. La forma física de la imidate variará de molécula a molécula.</li>
</ol><img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56610/56610fig1v3.jpg"> Figura 1. Ejemplos representativos de la conversión de un pote de ésteres de 2-azido-1-nitrato al 2-azido-1-trichloroimidates. <a href="//cloudflare.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56610/56610fig1v3large.jpg" target="_blank">Haga clic aquí para ver una versión más grande de esta figura.</a>

<ol>
	<li>Nicolaou, K. C., Mitchell, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adventures+in+Carbohydrate+Chemistry:+New+Synthetic+Technologies,+Chemical+Synthesis,+Molecular+Design,+and+Chemical+Biology+A+list+of+abbreviations+can+be+found+at+the+end+of+this+article.+Telemachos+Charalambous+was+an+inspiring+teacher+at+the+Pancyprian+Gymnasium,+Nicosia,+Cyprus.">Adventures in Carbohydrate Chemistry: New Synthetic Technologies, Chemical Synthesis, Molecular Design, and Chemical Biology A list of abbreviations can be found at the end of this article. Telemachos Charalambous was an inspiring teacher at the Pancyprian Gymnasium, Nicosia, Cyprus.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 40 (9), 1576-1624 (2001).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Allen, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=From+the+laboratory+to+the+clinic:+A+retrospective+on+fully+synthetic+carbohydrate-based+anticancer+vaccines.">From the laboratory to the clinic: A retrospective on fully synthetic carbohydrate-based anticancer vaccines.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 39 (5), 836-863 (2000).</li><li>Nicolaou, K. C., Hale, C. R. H., Nilewski, C., Ioannidou, H. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Constructing+molecular+complexity+and+diversity:+total+synthesis+of+natural+products+of+biological+and+medicinal+importance.">Constructing molecular complexity and diversity: total synthesis of natural products of biological and medicinal importance.</a> Chemical Society Reviews. 41 (15), 5185-5238 (2012).</li><li>Zhu, X., Schmidt, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+principles+for+glycoside-bond+formation.">New principles for glycoside-bond formation.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 48 (11), 1900-1934 (2009).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Bilodeau, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycals+in+organic+synthesis:+The+evolution+of+comprehensive+strategies+for+the+assembly+of+oligosaccharides+and+glycoconjugates+of+biological+consequence.">Glycals in organic synthesis: The evolution of comprehensive strategies for the assembly of oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates of biological consequence.</a> Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 35 (13-14), 1380-1419 (1996).</li><li>Bongat, A. F., Demchenko, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+trends+in+the+synthesis+of+O-glycosides+of+2-amino-2-deoxysugars.">Recent trends in the synthesis of O-glycosides of 2-amino-2-deoxysugars.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 342 (3-4), 374-406 (2007).</li><li>Feizi, T., Fazio, F., Chai, W. C., Wong, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carbohydrate+microarrays+-+a+new+set+of+technologies+at+the+frontiers+of+glycomics.">Carbohydrate microarrays - a new set of technologies at the frontiers of glycomics.</a> Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 13 (5), 637-645 (2003).</li><li>Palmacci, E. R., Plante, O. J., Seeberger, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oligosaccharide+synthesis+in+solution+and+on+solid+support+with+glycosyl+phosphates.">Oligosaccharide synthesis in solution and on solid support with glycosyl phosphates.</a> Eur. J. Org. Chem. (4), 595-606 (2002).</li><li>Stallforth, P., Lepenies, B., Adibekian, A., Seeberger, P. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=2009+Claude+S.+Hudson+Award+in+Carbohydrate+Chemistry.+Carbohydrates:+a+frontier+in+medicinal+chemistry.">2009 Claude S. Hudson Award in Carbohydrate Chemistry. Carbohydrates: a frontier in medicinal chemistry.</a> J. Med. Chem. 52 (18), 5561-5577 (2009).</li><li>Danishefsky, S. J., Mcclure, K. F., Randolph, J. T., Ruggeri, R. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Strategy+for+the+Solid-Phase+Synthesis+of+Oligosaccharides.">A Strategy for the Solid-Phase Synthesis of Oligosaccharides.</a> Science. 260 (5112), 1307-1309 (1993).</li><li>Demchenko, A. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereoselective+chemical+1,2-cis+O-glycosylation:+From+'sugar+ray'+to+modern+techniques+of+the+21st+century.">Stereoselective chemical 1,2-cis O-glycosylation: From 'sugar ray' to modern techniques of the 21st century.</a> Synlett. (9), 1225-1240 (2003).</li><li>Fraserreid, B., Wu, Z. F., Udodong, U. E., Ottosson, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Armed-Disarmed+Effects+in+Glycosyl+Donors+-+Rationalization+and+Sidetracking.">Armed-Disarmed Effects in Glycosyl Donors - Rationalization and Sidetracking.</a> J. Org. Chem. 55 (25), 6068-6070 (1990).</li><li>Bohe, L., Crich, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+propos+of+glycosyl+cations+and+the+mechanism+of+chemical+glycosylation;+the+current+state+of+the+art.">A propos of glycosyl cations and the mechanism of chemical glycosylation; the current state of the art.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 403, 48-59 (2015).</li><li>Toshima, K., Tatsuta, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+Progress+in+O-Glycosylation+Methods+and+Its+Application+to+Natural-Products+Synthesis.">Recent Progress in O-Glycosylation Methods and Its Application to Natural-Products Synthesis.</a> Chem. Rev. 93 (4), 1503-1531 (1993).</li><li>Koenigs, W., Knorr, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ueber+einige+Derivate+des+Traubenzuckers+und+der+Galactose.">Ueber einige Derivate des Traubenzuckers und der Galactose.</a> Chem. Ber. 34 (1), 957-981 (1901).</li><li>Mukaiyama, T., Murai, Y., Shoda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Efficient+Method+for+Glucosylation+of+Hydroxy+Compounds+Using+Glucopyranosyl+Fluoride.">An Efficient Method for Glucosylation of Hydroxy Compounds Using Glucopyranosyl Fluoride.</a> Chem. Lett. (3), 431-432 (1981).</li><li>Meloncelli, P. J., Martin, A. D., Lowary, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosyl+iodides.+History+and+recent+advances.">Glycosyl iodides. History and recent advances.</a> Carbohydrate Research. 344 (9), 1110-1122 (2009).</li><li>Lian, G., Zhang, X., Yu, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thioglycosides+in+carbohydrate+research.">Thioglycosides in carbohydrate research.</a> Carbohydr. Res. 403, 13-22 (2015).</li><li>Schmidt, R. R., Kinzy, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anomeric-Oxygen+Activation+for+Glycoside+Synthesis+-+the+Trichloroacetimidate+Method.">Anomeric-Oxygen Activation for Glycoside Synthesis - the Trichloroacetimidate Method.</a> Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biochemistry. 50, 21-123 (1994).</li><li>Schmidt, R. R., Toepfer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glycosylation+with+highly+reactive+glycosyl+donors:+efficiency+of+the+inverse+procedure.">Glycosylation with highly reactive glycosyl donors: efficiency of the inverse procedure.</a> Tetrahedron Lett. 32 (28), 3353-3356 (1991).</li><li>Keith, D. J., Townsend, S. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct,+microwave-assisted+substitution+of+anomeric+nitrate-esters.">Direct, microwave-assisted substitution of anomeric nitrate-esters.</a> Carbohydr. 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Los autores tienen intereses financieros que compiten.

El protocolo descrito en este tutorial proporciona un método para convertir ésteres de nitrato a la funcionalidad útil, reactiva. En un sentido más amplio, empleando un reactor de microondas para completar maniobras específicas en el transcurso de una síntesis de hidratos de carbono tiene el potencial para hacer transformaciones difíciles fáciles y rutinarias. Nuestro objetivo en este tutorial es demostrar cómo manejar los hidratos de carbono en el contexto de la irradiación de microondas.
<p class="jove_co...

Debido a su ubicuidad en biología molecular, hidratos de carbono han sido objetivos de larga data para síntesis química. 1 , 2 , 3 en la base de cualquier campaña sintético es el correcto despliegue de reacciones de glicosilación para construir la cadena de oligosacáridos. 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 no es de extrañar, hay un gran número de métodos para instalar enlaces glucosídicos. 13 , 14 Koenigs-Knorr el método es uno de los procedimientos lo más temprano posible conocidos e implica una glicosil cloruro o bromuro de acoplamiento con un componente alcohólico, generalmente bajo activación de metales pesados (mercurio o plata). 15 fluoruros glycosyl relacionados primero fueron introducidos como donantes en 1981 por el grupo de Mukaiyama y han encontrado uso extenso debido a su mayor estabilidad térmica y química. 16 en el extremo opuesto del espectro de reactividad son glicosil yoduros, que son mucho más reactivos que los otros halides. Mayor reactividad se acompaña de stereocontrol creciente, particularmente cuando formando α-linked oligosacáridos. 17 además de "haloglycosides", thioglycosides han encontrado gran utilidad, en parte, debido a su facilidad de formación, estabilidad a una multitud de condiciones de reacción y la activación con los reactivo electrofílico. 18
Los métodos descritos anteriormente foco sobre la conversión de un alcohol anomérico a un "sin oxígeno" que contiene, latente dejando el grupo que está activado y finalmente desplazada por un alcohol de una molécula aceptora. Activación de oxígeno anomérico descrito por la escuela Schmidt, se centra en convertir el oxígeno de C1, a un grupo dejando. 19 este método es el más potente y ampliamente utilizado en las reacciones químicas glicosilación. Los donantes Trichloroacetimidate se preparan fácilmente de un azúcar reductor y trichloroacetonitrile en presencia de una base como el carbonato de potasio (K2CO3) o 1, 8-Diazabiciclo [5.4.0] undéc-7-eno (DBU). Estas especies se activan utilizando ácidos de Lewis. 20
Recientemente, nos han informado que los donantes 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate se pueden preparar directamente de glycals. El proceso implica una reacción en dos, uno de otro procedimiento de los ésteres de 2-azido-1-nitrato. 21 este protocolo detallado está diseñado para ayudar a los profesionales para completar con éxito la transformación de alto rendimiento. De particular interés es el primer paso de la secuencia, que se centra en térmica Desnitruración en microondas - asistida por calefacción. También esperamos proporcionar un tutorial visual en el empleo de reactores de microondas en síntesis orgánica.

<table><tbody><tr><td>230 400 mesh silica gel</td><td>SiliCycle Inc</td><td>R10030B</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TLC plates</td><td>SiliCycle Inc</td><td>TLG-R10014B-527</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ceric ammonium molybdate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A1343</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Solvent Still</td><td>Mbraun</td><td>MB-SPS-800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Infared spectrometer</td><td>Thermo</td><td>Thermo Electron IR100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Nuclear Magnetic Resonance</td><td>Bruker</td><td></td><td>400, 600 MHz</td></tr><tr><td>LC/MS</td><td>Thermo/Dionex</td><td></td><td>Single quad, ESI</td></tr><tr><td>HRMS</td><td>Agilent</td><td>Synapt G2 S HDMS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Microwave reactor</td><td>Anton Parr</td><td>Anton Parr G10 Monowave 200</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DBU</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>139009</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CCl&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;CN</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T53805</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pyridine</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>270970</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Acetone</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>A18-20</td><td>Tech. grade</td></tr><tr><td>Phase separator</td><td>Biotage</td><td>120-1901-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Rotary evaporator</td><td>Buchi</td><td>R-100</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

one-pot microwave-assisted conversion of anomeric nitrate-esters to trichloroacetimidates

El objetivo de este procedimiento es proporcionar una demostración de la conversión de un pote de un 2-azido-1-nitrato-éster a un donante de glicosil trichloroacetimidate. Después de azido-nitración de un glycal, puede hidrolizar el éster 2-azido-1-nitrato de producto bajo irradiación de microondas-asistida. Esta transformación se logra utilizando reactivos fuertemente nucleofílico y prolongado tiempo de reacción. Irradiación de microondas induce la hidrólisis, en la ausencia de reactivos, tiempos de reacción cortos. Tras Desnitruración, el alcohol intermedio anomérico se convierte, en la misma olla, a la 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate correspondiente.

La tecnología descrita fue demostrada en un grupo de tres ésteres de 2-azido-1-nitrato. En cada caso el primer paso de la reacción era completado dentro de 20 minutos.
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56610/56610fig2v3.jpg"> Figura 2. Ejemplo de hidrólisis (1 ->2) y la conversión de un pote de ester 2-azido-1-nitrato de 1 (<stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates at JoVE.com

One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

One-pot asistida por microondas conversión de ésteres de nitrato anomérico en Trichloroacetimidates

Un 2-azido-1-nitrato-éster se puede convertir en el correspondiente 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate en un procedimiento one-pot. El objetivo del manuscrito es demostrar la utilidad del reactor de microondas en la síntesis de hidratos de carbono.

The goal of the following procedure is to provide a demonstration of the one-pot conversion of a 2-azido-1-nitrate-ester to a trichloroacetimidate ...

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7.4K vistas.  Vanderbilt University. Un 2-azido-1-nitrato-éster se puede convertir en el correspondiente 2-azido-1-trichloroacetimidate en un procedimiento one-pot. El objetivo del manuscrito es demostrar la utilidad del reactor de microondas en la síntesis de hidratos de carbono.

Video: One-pot Microwave-assisted Conversion of Anomeric Nitrate-esters to Trichloroacetimidates

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides (CHIPS)

The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is an important and long standing goal in organic chemistry. Such transformations can be very powerful in order to streamline synthesis by saving steps, time and material compared to conventional methods that require the introduction and removal of activating or directing groups. Therefore, the functionalization of C-H bonds is also attractive for green chemistry. Under oxidative conditions, two C-H bonds or one C-H and one heteroatom-H bond can be transformed to C-C and C-heteroatom bonds, respectively. Often these oxidative coupling reactions require synthetic oxidants, expensive catalysts or high temperatures. Here, we describe a two-step procedure to functionalize indole derivatives, more specifically tetrahydrocarbazoles, by C-H amination using only elemental oxygen as oxidant. The reaction uses the principle of C-H functionalization via Intermediate PeroxideS (CHIPS). In the first step, a hydroperoxide is generated oxidatively using visible light, a photosensitizer and elemental oxygen. In the second step, the N-nucleophile, an aniline, is introduced by Br&#248;nsted-acid catalyzed activation of the hydroperoxide leaving group. The products of the first and second step often precipitate and can be conveniently filtered off. The synthesis of a biologically active compound is shown.

Synthesis of Antiviral Tetrahydrocarbazole Derivatives by Photochemical and Acid-catalyzed C-H Functionalization via Intermediate Peroxides CHIPS

A two-step procedure for the synthesis of pharmaceutically active indole-derivatives by C-H functionalization with anilines is described, using photo- and Br&#248;nsted acid catalysis.

Síntesis de derivados Antiviral tetrahidrocarbazol por fotoquímica y catalizada por ácido CH funcionalización a través de intermedios peróxidos (CHIPS)

The direct functionalization of C-H bonds is an important and long standing goal in organic chemistry. Such transformations can be very powerful in order ...

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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form catalytically active N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs). Here we have used ILs as precatalysts in the addition of &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated aldehydes to chalcones to form 1,6-ketoesters, incorporating an anti-diphenyl moiety in a highly stereoselective fashion. The reaction has a broad substrate scope and several functional groups and heteroaromatics can be integrated into the ketoester backbone in generally good yields with maintained stereoselectivity. The reaction protocol is robust and scalable. The starting materials are inexpensive and the products can be obtained after simple filtration, avoiding solvent-demanding chromatography. Furthermore, the IL can be recycled up to 5 times without any loss of reactivity. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoester end product is a potent gelator in several hydrocarbon based solvents. The method enables rapid access to and evaluation of a new class of low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) from recyclable and inexpensive starting materials.

Ionic liquids (ILs) mediate fast, simple and cheap access to 1,6-ketoesters in high diastereoselectivities and good yields. The reaction protocol is robust and the 1,6-ketoesters can be obtained in gram scale after a simple filtration protocol. Moreover, the 1,6-ketoesters are potent gelators in hydrocarbon solvents.

Síntesis altamente estereoselectiva de 1,6-cetoésteres Mediada por líquidos iónicos: una reacción de tres componentes Habilitación de acceso rápido a una nueva clase de bajo peso molecular gelificantes

In organic chemistry ionic liquids (ILs) have emerged as safe and recyclable reaction solvents. In the presence of a base ILs can be deprotonated to form ...

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated aromatic compounds remains a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. Conventional approaches often suffer from poor substrate scope, or require use of highly toxic, difficult-to-handle, and/or thermally labile reagents. Herein, we report a user-friendly protocol for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate using 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Togni reagent II). Treating methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) with Togni reagent II in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) in chloroform at RT afforded methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a). This intermediate was then converted to the final product methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in nitromethane at 120 &#176;C. This procedure is general and can be applied to the synthesis of a broad spectrum of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives, which could serve as useful synthetic building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

Protocolo para la Síntesis de<em&gt; Ortho</em&gt; derivados de anilina -trifluoromethoxylated

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

Facile Preparation of (2Z,4E)-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high atomic and step economy. However, this functionality-directed cross-coupling reaction has not been developed, as there are still limited directing groups in practical use. In particular, a stoichiometric amount of oxidant is usually required, producing a large amount of waste. Due to our interest in novel 1,3-butadiene synthesis, we describe the ruthenium-catalyzed olefination of electron-deficient alkenes using allyl acetate and without external oxidant. The reaction of 2-phenyl acrylamide and allyl acetate was chosen as a model reaction, and the desired diene product was obtained in 80% isolated yield with good stereoselectivity (Z,E/Z,Z = 88:12) under optimal conditions: [Ru(p-cymene) Cl2]2 (3 mol %) and AgSbF6 (20 mol %) in DCE at 110 &#186;C for 16 h. With the optimized catalytic conditions in hand, representative &#945;- and/or &#946;-substituted acrylamides were investigated, and all reacted smoothly, regardless of aliphatic or aromatic groups. Also, differently N-substituted acrylamides have proven to be good substrates. Moreover, we examined the reactivity of different allyl derivatives, suggesting that the chelation of acetate oxygen to the metal is crucial for the catalytic process. Deuterium-labeled experiments were also conducted to investigate the reaction mechanism. Only Z-selective H/D exchanges on acrylamide were observed, indicating a reversible cyclometalation event. In addition, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) of 3.2 was observed in the intermolecular isotopic study, suggesting that the olefinic C-H metalation step is probably involved in the rate-determining step.

Facile Preparation of 2Z,4E-Dienamides by the Olefination of Electron-deficient Alkenes with Allyl Acetate

The ruthenium-catalyzed olefination of electron-deficient alkenes with allyl acetate is described here. By using aminocarbonyl as a directing group, this external oxidant-free protocol has high efficiency and good stereo- and regioselectivity, opening a novel synthetic route to (Z,E)-butadiene skeletons.

Preparación Facile de (2<emZ</em&gt;, 4<emE</em&gt;) - Dienamidas por la olefinación de electrones deficientes Alkenes con acetato de alilo

Direct cross-coupling between two alkenes via vinylic C-H bond activation represents an efficient strategy for the synthesis of butadienes with high ...

Preparation of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Decomposition of N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(II) acetate dimer in the presence of alcohols forms synthetically versatile N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides, which react under a variety of conditions to afford useful N- and O-containing compounds. Acid-catalyzed addition of alcohols or thiols to N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide-containing phthalans provides access to ketals and thioketals, respectively. Selective reduction of the vinyl group in N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide-containing phthalans via hydrogenation yields the corresponding phthalan in good yield, whereas reduction with sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)aluminumhydride generates a ring-opened phenethylamine analogue. Because the N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamide functional group is synthetically versatile, but often hydrolytically unstable, this protocol emphasizes key techniques in preparing, handling, and reacting these pivotal substrates in several useful transformations.

Preparation of N-2-alkoxyvinylsulfonamides from N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles and Subsequent Conversion to Substituted Phthalans and Phenethylamines

Representative experimental procedures for the synthesis of N-(2-alkoxyvinyl)sulfonamides and subsequent conversion to phthalan and phenethylamine derivatives are presented in detail.

Preparación de N-(2-alkoxyvinyl) sulfonamidas de N- tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles y posterior conversión a Phthalans sustituidos y fenetilaminas

Decomposition of N-tosyl-1,2,3-triazoles with rhodium(II) acetate dimer in the presence of alcohols forms synthetically versatile ...

Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the preparation of all-carbon quaternary centers. Though conjugate additions of organometallic reagents are typically performed utilizing highly reactive organolithium or Grignard reagents, organozinc reagents have garnered attention for their enhanced chemoselectivity and mild reactivity. Despite numerous recent advances with more reactive diorganozinc and mixed diorganozinc reagents, the generation of all-carbon quaternary centers via the conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc reagents remains a challenge. This protocol details a convenient and mild &#8220;one-pot&#8221; preparation and copper mediated conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to afford a broad scope of all-carbon quaternary centers in generally excellent yield and diastereoselectivity. Key to the development of this technology is the utilization of DMA as a reaction solvent with TMSCl as a Lewis acid. Notable advantages to this methodology include the operational simplicity of the organozinc reagent preparation afforded by the utilization of DMA as a solvent, as well as an efficient conjugate addition mediated by various Cu(I) and Cu(II) salts. Moreover, an intermediate silyl enol ether can be isolated utilizing a modified workup procedure. The substrate scope is limited to cyclic unsaturated ketones, and the conjugate addition is impeded by stabilized (e.g., allyl, enolate, homoenolate) and sterically encumbered (e.g., neopentyl, o-aryl) monoorganozinc reagents. Conjugate additions to five- and seven-membered rings were effective, albeit in lower yields compared with six-membered ring substrates.

A simple and practical protocol for the efficient conjugate addition of functionalized monoorganozinc bromides to cyclic &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls to furnish all-carbon quaternary centers was developed.

Síntesis eficiente de los centros cuaternarios de carbono a través de la adición conjugada de bromuros Monoorganozinc funcionalizados

The conjugate addition of organometallic reagents to &#945;,&#946;-unsaturated carbonyls represents an important method to generate C&#8211;C bonds in the ...

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it efficient in both time and resources and utilizes water as the solvent. 3-Aminocrotononitrile or an appropriate &#945;-cyanoketone is combined with an aryl hydrazine and dissolved in 1 M HCl. The mixture is then heated in a microwave reactor at 150 &#176;C, typically for 10-15 min. The product can be readily obtained by basifying the solution with 10% NaOH and isolating the desired compound with a simple vacuum filtration. The use of water as a solvent in this reaction lends to its ease and utility in production, and this method is easily reproducible with a variety of functional groups. Typical isolated yields range from 70-90%, and reactions can be performed on the milligram to gram scale with little to no change in observed yields. Some of the applications of these molecules and their derivatives include pesticides, anti-malarials, and chemotherapeutics, among many others.

Microwave-Assisted Preparation of 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines are prepared from aryl hydrazines combined with either 3-aminocrotononitrile or an &#945;-cyanoketone in a 1 M HCl solution using a microwave reactor. Most reactions are done in 10-15 minutes and pure product can be obtained via vacuum filtration with typical isolated yields of 70-90%.

Preparación asistida por microondas de 1-Aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines

A synthetic process for the preparation of a variety of 1-aryl-1H-pyrazole-5-amines was developed. The microwave-mediated nature of this method makes it ...

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyl(tropone)iron

aza-Michael adducts of tricarbonyl(tropone)iron are synthesized by two different methods. Primary aliphatic amines and cyclic secondary amines participate in a direct aza-Michael reaction with tricarbonyl(tropone)iron under solvent-free conditions. Less nucleophilic aniline derivatives and more hindered secondary amines add efficiently to the cationic tropone complex formed by protonation of tricarbonyl(tropone)iron. While the protocol utilizing the cationic complex is less efficient overall for accessing the aza-Michael adducts than the direct, solvent-free addition to the neutral complex, it allows the use of a broader range of amine nucleophiles. Following protection of the amine of the aza-Michael adduct as a tert-butyl carbamate, the diene is decomplexed from the iron tricarbonyl fragment upon treatment with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate to provide derivatives of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one. These products can serve as precursors to diverse compounds containing a seven-membered carbocyclic ring. Because the demetallation requires protection of the amine as a carbamate, the aza-Michael adducts of secondary amines cannot be decomplexed using the protocol described here.

Preparation of 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivatives via Tricarbonyltroponeiron

Representative experimental procedures for the addition of amine nucleophiles to tricarbonyl(tropone)iron and subsequent demetallation of the resulting complexes are presented in detail.

Preparación de 6-aminocyclohepta-2,4-dien-1-one Derivados a través de Tricarbonyl(tropone)hierro

aza-Michael adducts of tricarbonyl(tropone)iron are synthesized by two different methods. Primary aliphatic amines and cyclic secondary amines participate ...

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products and notably to generate chiral carbon centers. The crucial first step consists in the selective double hydroboration of CO2 catalyzed by an iron hydride complex. The product obtained with this 4 e- reduction is a rare bis(boryl)acetal, compound 1, which is subjected in situ to three different reactions in a second step. The first reaction concerns a condensation reaction with (diisopropyl)phenylamine affording the corresponding imine 2. In the second and third reaction, intermediate 1 reacts with triazol-5-ylidene (Enders&#39; carbene) to afford compounds 3 or 4, depending on the reaction conditions. In both compounds, C-C bonds are formed, and chiral centers are generated from CO2 as the only source of carbon. Compound 4 exhibits two chiral centers obtained in a diastereoselective manner in a formose-type mechanism. We proved that the remaining boryl fragment plays a key role in this unprecedented stereocontrol. The interest of the method stands on the reactive and versatile nature of 1, giving rise to various complex molecules from a single intermediate. The complexity of a two-step method is compensated by the overall short reaction time (2 h for the larger reaction time), and mild reaction conditions (25 &#176;C to 80 &#176;C and 1 to 3 atm of CO2).

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

CO2 transformations are conducted in a one-pot two-step procedure for the synthesis of complex molecules. The selective 4 e- reduction of CO2 with a hydroborane reductant affords a reactive and versatile bis(boryl)acetal intermediate which is subsequently involved in condensation reaction or carbene-mediated C-C coupling generation.

Transformaciones versátiles de CO2 en productos complejos: una estrategia de dos pasos de un solo precio

CO2 transformations using a one-pot two-step method are presented herein. The purpose of the method is to give access to a variety of value-added products ...

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal catalysis, the literature on direct heteroarylation is scarce. The presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen often make heteroarylation a challenging research field due to catalyst poisoning, product decomposition and the rest. This protocol details a highly efficient direct &#945;-C(sp3) heteroarylation of ketones under microwave irradiation. Key factors for successful heteroarylation include the use of XPhos Palladacycle Gen. 4 Catalyst, excess base to suppress side reactions and the high temperature and pressure achieved in a sealed reaction vial under microwave irradiation. The heteroarylation compounds prepared by this method were fully characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR) and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This methodology has several advantages over literature precedents including broad substrate scope, rapid reaction time, greener procedure and operational simplicity by eliminating the preparation of intermediates such as silyl enol ether. Possible applications for this protocol include, but are not limited to, diversity-oriented synthesis for the discovery of biologically active small molecules, domino synthesis for the preparation of natural products and ligand development for new transition metal catalytic systems.

Heteroaryl compounds are important molecules utilized in organic synthesis, medicinal and biological chemistry. A microwave-assisted heteroarylation using palladium catalysis provides a rapid and efficient method to attach heteroaryl moieties directly to ketone substrates.

Una heterolación directa asistida por microondas de cetonas mediante la catálisis de metal de transición

Heteroarylation introduces heteroaryl fragments to organic molecules. Despite the numerous available reactions reported for arylation via transition metal ...

One-pot asistida por microondas conversión de ésteres de nitrato anomérico en Trichloroacetimidates

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