This research was supported in part by Program for Creating Start-ups from Advanced Research and Technology (START Program) from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (ST261006IP, TM) and by Program for the Strategic Research Foundation at Private Universities (2014-2019) (S1411018, TM) from the Ministry of Education, Sports, Science and Technology.

Las muestras de tejido adiposo subcutáneo humano se obtuvieron de pacientes sometidos a cirugía en los Departamentos de Cirugía Plástica, Urología, Cirugía Pediátrica y Cirugía Ortopédica del Hospital de la Universidad de Nihon Itabashi (Tokio, Japón). Los pacientes dieron su consentimiento informado por escrito, y el Comité de Ética de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Nihon aprobó el estudio. 1. Preparación del tejido <ol><li> Llevar la muestra de tejido de la sala de operaciones para el laboratorio. </li><li> Lavar 1-2 g de tejido adiposo con 5 ml de PBS (-) a temperatura ambiente (TA) una vez, en un tubo de 50 ml y luego se coloca la muestra en un plato de plástico de 10 cm. </li></ol> 2. La colagenasa digestión <ol><li> Retirar la muestra de la PBS (-), a continuación, añadir 10 ml de estéril 0,1% (w / v) solución de colagenasa (colagenasa tipo II) para el plato que contiene la muestra de tejido. </li><li> Picar el tejido con tijeras quirúrgicas durante aproximadamente 15 min, hasta que alcanza un puré consisterencia. </li><li> Posteriormente, digerir el tejido picado en el 0,1% (w / v) de solución de colagenasa a 37 ° C durante 30 min (60 rpm) en un tubo de 50 ml con agitación suave en un agitador. </li><li> Se filtra la muestra digerida a través de un filtro de 100 micras en un tubo de 50 ml. A continuación, pasar 10 ml de DCM (véase la Tabla de Materiales) suplementado con 2% de FBS a través del filtro. </li></ol> 3. El aislamiento de la célula <ol><li> Centrifugar las células filtradas a 100 xg durante 1 min a TA. </li><li> En este punto, preparar 5 ml de DCM suplementado con 2% de FBS en un tubo de 50 ml. </li><li> A continuación, la elaboración de las células grasas flotantes utilizando una pipeta 1.000 l y añadir las células a un medio que contiene 50 ml tubo. </li><li> Posteriormente, agitar el tubo de 50 ml suavemente para mezclar el medio DCM con las células. </li><li> A continuación, se centrifuga el tubo a 100 xg durante 1 min a TA. </li><li> Descartar el medio en la parte inferior del tubo con una aguja de 18 G y una jeringa de 20 ml. </li><li> A continuación, añadir 10 ml de DCM supplemented con 2% de FBS a las células recogidas. </li><li> Mezclar el DCM con las células agitando el tubo 50 ml suavemente. </li><li> Centrifugar el tubo a 100 xg durante 1 min a TA. </li></ol> 4. Las células Plating <ol><li> Añadir 41 ml de DCM o DMEM suplementado con 20% de FBS a un matraz de 12,5 cm. </li><li> A continuación, utilizando una pipeta de 200 l Añadir 40 l de células de grasa al matraz. </li><li> A continuación, llenar el matraz con DCM o DMEM suplementado con 20% FBS. Paso crítico: En este punto, asegúrese de que las células se extienden por todo el medio. comprobar visualmente las células desprendidas y después mantener el frasco en la tapa de una caja de Petri redonda para mantenerla plana. </li><li> Por último, colocar el frasco dentro de la incubadora y se deja inalterado en un incubador de CO2 al 5% a 37 ° C durante 7 días. </li><li> Después de una semana de incubación, invierta el frasco y verificar si hay células DFAT. A continuación, evaluar DFAT la generación de células competencia tal como está descrito 10 ya que en este punto fibroblcélulas AST-como (células DFAT) se encuentran en regiones distintas de las células grasas. </li><li> Añadir 5 ml de DCM o DMEM suplementado con 20% FBS al matraz después de la eliminación del medio de cultivo celular anterior. Permitir que las células crezcan DFAT por otra semana después de cambiar el medio. </li><li> El uso de un contador de células, contar el número de células DFAT generados en diversas condiciones de cultivo de células (DCM vs. DMEM). </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Lanzoni, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concise+review:+clinical+programs+of+stem+cell+therapies+for+liver+and+pancreas.">Concise review: clinical programs of stem cell therapies for liver and pancreas.</a> Stem Cells. 31 (10), 2047-2060 (2013).</li><li>de Girolamo, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem/stromal+cells:+a+new+"cells+as+drugs"+paradigm.+Efficacy+and+critical+aspects+in+cell+therapy.">Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: a new "cells as drugs" paradigm. Efficacy and critical aspects in cell therapy.</a> Curr. Pharm. Des. 19 (13), 2459-2473 (2013).</li><li>Lindroos, B., Suuronen, R., Miettinen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+potential+of+adipose+stem+cells+in+regenerative+medicine.">The potential of adipose stem cells in regenerative medicine.</a> Stem Cell. Rev. 7 (2), 269-291 (2011).</li><li>Yan, J., Tie, G., Xu, T. Y., Cecchini, K., Messina, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stem+cells+as+a+treatment+for+peripheral+arterial+disease:+current+status+and+potential+impact+of+type+II+diabetes+on+their+therapeutic+efficacy.">Mesenchymal stem cells as a treatment for peripheral arterial disease: current status and potential impact of type II diabetes on their therapeutic efficacy.</a> Stem Cell. Rev. 9 (3), 360-372 (2013).</li><li>Ringden, O., Keating, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesenchymal+stromal+cells+as+treatment+for+chronic+GVHD.">Mesenchymal stromal cells as treatment for chronic GVHD.</a> Bone Marrow Transplant. 46 (2), 163-164 (2011).</li><li>Matsumoto, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mature+adipocyte-derived+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+exhibit+multilineage+potential.">Mature adipocyte-derived dedifferentiated fat cells exhibit multilineage potential.</a> J. Cell. Physiol. 215 (1), 210-222 (2008).</li><li>Lessard, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+human+adipose+stem+cells+through+dedifferentiation+of+mature+adipocytes+in+ceiling+cultures.">Generation of human adipose stem cells through dedifferentiation of mature adipocytes in ceiling cultures.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (97), (2015).</li><li>Lessard, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+dedifferentiating+human+mature+adipocytes+from+the+visceral+and+subcutaneous+fat+compartments:+fibroblast-activation+protein+alpha+and+dipeptidyl+peptidase+4+as+major+components+of+matrix+remodeling.">Characterization of dedifferentiating human mature adipocytes from the visceral and subcutaneous fat compartments: fibroblast-activation protein alpha and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 as major components of matrix remodeling.</a> PLoS One. 10 (3), 0122065 (2015).</li><li>Peng, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+Functional+Properties+of+Porcine+Dedifferentiated+Fat+Cells+during+the+Long-Term+Culture+In+Vitro.">Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Porcine Dedifferentiated Fat Cells during the Long-Term Culture In Vitro.</a> Biomed. Res. Int. 2015, 673651 (2015).</li><li>Kono, S., Kazama, T., Kano, K., Harada, K., Uechi, M., Matsumoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+functional+properties+of+feline+dedifferentiated+fat+cells+and+adipose-derived+stem+cells.">Phenotypic and functional properties of feline dedifferentiated fat cells and adipose-derived stem cells.</a> Vet. J. 199 (1), 88-96 (2014).</li><li>Bellin, M., Marchetto, M. C., Gage, F. H., Mummery, C. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+pluripotent+stem+cells:+the+new+patient.">Induced pluripotent stem cells: the new patient.</a> Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 13 (11), 713-726 (2012).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

Adipocitos maduros que se someten en desdiferenciación vitro, un proceso conocido como la cultura de techo, pueden revertir a un fenotipo más primitivo y obtener capacidades proliferativas. Estas células se denominan células de grasa como dediferenciado (DFAT). Se evaluó el potencial de diferenciación multilinaje de células DFAT. Citometría de flujo análisis y análisis de expresión génica reveló que las células DFAT eran muy homogénea en comparación con ASC 6. De hecho, el pe...

La terapia celular e ingeniería de tejidos son temas de actualidad en el campo de la medicina regenerativa 1-5. Si bien estas modalidades terapéuticas son muy prometedores, varias cuestiones técnicas actualmente obstaculizan su uso clínico. En este sentido, como en la generación de células iPS, todas las terapias de ingeniería de tejidos deben producir células libres de transducción de genes externos con el fin de mantener la seguridad del paciente. De acuerdo con ello, fuimos el primer grupo para producir con éxito células humanas DFAT 6. Ya que varios otros grupos de investigación han adoptado este método para generar células de origen mamífero DFAT 7-9, destacando aún más la utilidad de nuestro modelo. En el transcurso de varios estudios, se ha encontrado que la calidad del medio ambiente de cultivo de células se puede modificar ajustando el contenido del medio celular. Este hallazgo ha llevado a un aumento en la tasa de éxito de la producción de células DFAT y una mejor calidad de células; ambos factores críticos engenerar de manera eficiente las células para ensayos clínicos futuros. A este respecto, un medio de cultivo DFAT mejorada (DCM, un medio similar a mesenquimales medio celular, que contiene insulina recombinante humana, albúmina de suero, el ácido L-glutámico, varios ácidos grasos y colesterol madre) y un método para la generación de células DFAT y la proliferación fue desarrollado (más información sobre el contenido de DCM está disponible bajo petición). El uso de células de alta calidad DFAT este método se han generado con la capacidad de diferenciarse en varios tipos de células incluyendo adipogénica, osteogénica, y las células condrogénicas. En total, este protocolo de cultivo de células validado mejora la calidad de las células DFAT y puede ser muy útil para mejorar las aplicaciones clínicas de la terapia celular y la ingeniería de tejidos.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">CSTI303-MSC medium&#160;</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Falcon Cell Strainer 100um Yellow</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">Falcon 12.5cm&#178; Rectangular Canted Neck Cell Culture Flask with Blue Vented Screw Cap</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">CORNING LIFE SCIENCES&#160;</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">20ml Syringe&#160;</td>
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			<td style="width:143px;">BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td style="width:155px;">383550</td>
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an efficient method to obtain dedifferentiated fat cells

La ingeniería de tejidos y terapia celular son muy prometedores clínicamente. En este sentido, las células multipotentes, tales como las células madre mesenquimales (MSC), se pueden utilizar terapéuticamente, en un futuro próximo, para restaurar la función de órganos dañados. Sin embargo, varios problemas técnicos, incluido el procedimiento altamente invasiva de aislar las MSC y la ineficiencia que rodea su amplificación, actualmente obstaculizan el potencial uso clínico de estas modalidades terapéuticas. En este documento, presentamos un método altamente eficiente para la generación de las células de grasa indiferenciadas (DFAT), células MSC-como. Curiosamente, las células DFAT pueden diferenciarse en varios tipos de células incluyendo adipogénica, osteogénica, y las células condrogénicas. Aunque otros grupos previamente han presentado varios métodos para generar células DFAT de tejido adiposo maduro, nuestro método nos permite producir células DFAT de manera más eficiente. En este sentido, se demuestra que el medio de cultivo DFAT (DCM), suplementado con 20% de SFB,es más eficaz en la generación de células que DFAT DMEM, suplementado con 20% FBS. Además, las células DFAT producidas por nuestro método de cultivo celular se pueden re-diferenciada en varios tipos de tejidos. Como tal, se presenta un modelo muy interesante y útil para el estudio de la desdiferenciación tisular.

<html> En este estudio, el método y el kit de herramientas para la generación de células DFAT se mejoró (Figura 1). Nuestro método nos permite generar células DFAT utilizando tanto DCM y medio DMEM que contenía FBS al 20% (Figura 2). Como tal, se comparó la eficacia de DCM y DMEM en la generación de células DFAT. En este sentido, DCM mejora la proliferación de células DFAT por tres veces en comparación con DMEM, sin importar el número de adi...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells at JoVE.com

An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

Un método eficaz para obtener células de grasa Dediferenciado

Tissue engineering and cell therapy hold great promise clinically. In this regard, multipotent cells, such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), may be used ...

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7.9K vistas.  Nihon University. We have modified the conditions for DFAT cell generation and provide herein information regarding the use of an improved growth medium for the production of these cells.

Video: An Efficient Method to Obtain Dedifferentiated Fat Cells

Efficient Derivation of Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells from Stem Cells

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex multifactorial disease with an unknown etiology, although it is largely thought to occur due to death or dysfunction of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a monolayer of cells that underlies the retina and provides critical support for photoreceptors. RPE cell replacement strategies may hold great promise for providing therapeutic relief for a large subset of AMD patients, and RPE cells that strongly resemble primary human cells (hRPE) have been generated in multiple independent labs, including our own. In addition, the uses for iPS-RPE are not limited to cell-based therapies, but also have been used to model RPE diseases. These types of studies may not only elucidate the molecular bases of the diseases, but also serve as invaluable tools for developing and testing novel drugs. We present here an optimized protocol for directed differentiation of RPE from stem cells. Adding nicotinamide and either Activin A or IDE-1, a small molecule that mimics its effects, at specific time points, greatly enhances the yield of RPE cells. Using this technique we can derive large numbers of low passage RPE in as early as three months.

Stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells may be used for multiple applications including cell-based therapies for retinal degeneration, disease modeling, and drug studies. Here we present a simple protocol for reproducibly deriving RPE from stem cells.

Derivación eficiente de células de la retina epitelio pigmentario de Células Madre

No cure has been discovered for age-related macular degeneration  (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in people over the age of 55. AMD is complex ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

An Enzymatic Method to Rescue Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Clotted Bone Marrow Samples

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade clots in the bone marrow and release MSCs for further use. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to bone marrow resampling. Bone marrow is a major source of MSCs, which are interesting for tissue engineering and autologous stem cell therapies. Upon withdrawal bone marrow may clot, as it comprises all of the hematopoietic system. The resulting clots contain also MSCs that are lost for expansion culture or direct stem cell therapy. We experienced that 74% of canine bone marrow samples contained clots and yielded less than half of the stem cell number expected from unclotted samples. Thus, we developed a protocol for enzymatic digestion of those clots to avoid labor-intense and costly bone marrow resampling. Urokinase - a clinically approved and readily available thrombolytic drug &#8211; clears away the bone marrow clots almost completely. As a consequence, treated bone marrow aspirates yield similar numbers of MSCs as unclotted samples. Also, after urokinase treatment the cells kept their metabolic activity and the ability to differentiate into chondrogenic, osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. Our protocol salvages clotted blood and bone marrow samples without affecting the quality of the cells. This obsoletes resampling, considerably reduces sampling costs and enables the use of clotted samples for research or therapy.

Mesenchymal stem cells are usually obtained from bone marrow and require expansion culture. When samples clot before processing, a protocol using the (enzymatic) thrombolytic drug urokinase can be applied to degrade the clot. Thus, cells are released and available for expansion culture. This protocol provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to resampling.

Un método enzimático para rescatar a las células madre mesenquimales de médula ósea Las muestras Clotted

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) - usually obtained from bone marrow - often require expansion culture. Our protocol uses clinical grade urokinase to degrade ...

A Quick and Efficient Method for the Purification of Endoderm Cells Generated from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell replacement therapies. Terminally differentiated cell types could be used for the treatment of various degenerative diseases. In vitro differentiation of these cells towards tissues of the lung, liver and pancreas requires as a first step the generation of definitive endodermal cells. This step is rate-limiting for further differentiation towards terminally matured cell types such as insulin-producing beta cells, hepatocytes or other endoderm-derived cell types. Cells that are committed towards the endoderm lineage highly express a multitude of transcription factors such as FOXA2, SOX17, HNF1B, members of the GATA family, and the surface receptor CXCR4. However, differentiation protocols are rarely 100% efficient. Here, we describe a method for the purification of a CXCR4+ cell population after differentiation into the DE by using magnetic microbeads. This purification additionally removes cells of unwanted lineages. The gentle purification method is quick and reliable and might be used to improve downstream applications and differentiations.

Here, we describe a method for the purification of differentiated human embryonic stem cells that are committed towards the definitive endoderm for the improvement of downstream applications and further differentiations.

Un método rápido y eficiente para la purificación de células del endodermo generada a partir de células madre embrionarias humanas

The differentiation capabilities of pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) allow a potential therapeutic application for cell ...

Epigenetic Conversion as a Safe and Simple Method to Obtain Insulin-secreting Cells from Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such cells are not readily available, they can be obtained using different approaches that include, among the many, reprogramming and trans-differentiation, with advantages and limitations that are specific of the different techniques. Here a new strategy for the conversion of an adult mature fibroblast into an insulin-secreting cell, arbitrarily designated as epigenetic converted cells (EpiCC), is described. The method has been developed, based on the increasing understanding of the mechanisms controlling epigenetic regulation of cell fate and differentiation. In particular, the first step uses an epigenetic modifier, namely 5-aza-cytidine, to drive adult cells into a "highly permissive" state. It then takes advantage of this brief and reversible window of epigenetic plasticity, to re-address cells toward a different lineage. The approach is designated "epigenetic cell conversion". It is a simple and robust way to obtain an efficient, controlled and stable cellular inter-lineage switch. Since the protocol does not involve the use of any gene transfection, it is free of viral vectors and does not involve a stable pluripotent state, it is highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Here, a new method that allows the conversion of adult skin fibroblasts into insulin-secreting cells is presented. This technique is based on epigenetic conversion, does not involve the use of retroviral vectors nor the acquisition of a stable pluripotent state. It is therefore highly promising for translational medicine applications.

Conversión epigenética como un método seguro y simple para obtener células secretoras de insulina a partir de fibroblastos de la piel de adultos

Regenerative medicine requires new, fully functional cells that are delivered to patients in order to repair degenerated or damaged tissues. When such ...

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells (ASCs)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. In vivo, ECM-rich environment consisting of fibrillar collagens provides a structural support to adipose tissues during the progression and regression of obesity. Physiological ECM remodeling mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a major role in regulating adipose tissue size and function1,2. The loss of physiological collagenolytic ECM remodeling may lead to excessive collagen accumulation (tissue fibrosis), macrophage infiltration, and ultimately, a loss of metabolic homeostasis including insulin resistance3,4. When a phenotypic change of the adipose tissue is observed in gene-targeted mouse models, isolating primary ASCs from fat depots for in vitro studies is an effective approach to define the role of the specific gene in regulating the function of ASCs. In the following, we define an immunomagnetic separation of Sca1high ASCs.

Immunomagnetic Separation of Fat Depot-specific Sca1high Adipose-derived Stem Cells ASCs

We present the techniques required to isolate the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from mouse inguinal (subcutaneous) and perigonadal (visceral) adipose tissue depots to assess their gene expression and collagenolytic activity. This method includes the enrichment of Sca1high adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) using immunomagnetic cell separation.

La separación inmunomagnética de Sca1 depósitos de grasa específica<sup&gt; alta</sup&gt; Células Madre derivadas de tejido adiposo (ASC)

The isolation of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) is an important method in the field of adipose tissue biology, adipogenesis, and extracellular matrix ...

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of pancreatic progenitor cells that can be used for the study of and future treatment of diabetes. This article outlines a four-stage differentiation protocol designed to generate pancreatic progenitor cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). This protocol can be applied to a number of human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) lines. The approach taken to generate pancreatic progenitor cells is to differentiate hESCs to accurately model key stages of pancreatic development. This begins with the induction of the definitive endoderm, which is achieved by culturing the cells in the presence of Activin A, basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) and CHIR990210. Further differentiation and patterning with Fibroblast Growth Factor 10 (FGF10) and Dorsomorphin generates cells resembling the posterior foregut. The addition of Retinoic Acid, NOGGIN, SANT-1 and FGF10 differentiates posterior foregut cells into cells characteristic of pancreatic endoderm. Finally, the combination of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Nicotinamide and NOGGIN leads to the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ cells. Flow cytometry is performed to confirm the expression of specific markers at key stages of pancreatic development. The PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors at the end of stage 4 are capable of generating mature &#946; cells upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice and can be further differentiated to generate insulin-producing cells in vitro. Thus, the efficient generation of PDX1+/NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors, as demonstrated in this protocol, is of great importance as it provides a platform to study human pancreatic development in vitro and provides a source of cells with the potential of differentiating to &#946; cells that could eventually be used for the treatment of diabetes.

Efficient Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to NKX6-1+ Pancreatic Progenitors

Here we describe a 4-stage protocol to differentiate human embryonic stem cells to NKX6-1+ pancreatic progenitors in vitro. This protocol can be applied to a variety of human pluripotent stem cell lines.

La diferenciación eficiente de pluripotentes células madre a NKX6-1<sup&gt; +</sup&gt; Progenitores pancreáticas

Pluripotent stem cells have the ability to self renew and differentiate to multiple lineages, making them an attractive source for the generation of ...

A Novel Mammary Fat Pad Transplantation Technique to Visualize the Vessel Generation of Vascular Endothelial Stem Cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper vessel development and homeostasis. However, studies on endothelial lineage hierarchy remain elusive due to the lack of tools to gain access as well as to directly evaluate their behavior in vivo. To address this shortcoming, a new tissue model to study angiogenesis using the mammary fat pad has been developed. The mammary gland develops mostly in the postnatal stages, including puberty and pregnancy, during which robust epithelium proliferation is accompanied by extensive vascular remodeling. Mammary fat pads provide space, matrix, and rich angiogenic stimuli from the growing mammary epithelium. Furthermore, mammary fat pads are located outside the peritoneal cavity, making them an easily accessible grafting site for assessing the angiogenic potential of exogenous cells. This work also describes an efficient tracing approach using fluorescent reporter mice to specifically label the targeted population of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) in vivo. This lineage tracing method, coupled with subsequent tissue whole-mount microscopy, enable the direct visualization of targeted cells and their descendants, through which the proliferation capability can be quantified and the differentiation commitment can be fate-mapped. Using these methods, a population of bipotent protein C receptor (Procr) expressing VESCs has recently been identified in multiple vascular systems. Procr+ VESCs, giving rise to both new ECs and pericytes, actively contribute to angiogenesis during development, homeostasis, and injury repair. Overall, this manuscript describes a new mammary fat pad transplantation and in vivo lineage tracing techniques that can be used to evaluate the stem cell properties of VESCs.

This work demonstrates a novel approach to assess the proliferation, differentiation, and vessel-forming potential of vascular endothelial stem cells (VESCs) through mammary fat pad transplantation followed by whole-mount tissue preparation for microscopic observation. A lineage tracing strategy to investigate the behavior of VESCs in vivo is also presented.

Una nueva técnica de trasplante de grasa mamaria para visualizar la generación de vasos de células madre endoteliales vasculares

Endothelial cells (ECs) are the fundamental building blocks of the vascular architecture and mediate vascular growth and remodeling to ensure proper ...

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells named wing imaginal discs formed during embryonic development. In the larval stages the imaginal discs grow, increasing its number of cells and forming monolayered epithelial&#160;structures. Inside the pupal case, the imaginal discs bud out and fold into bilayers along a line that becomes the future margin of the wing. During this process, the longitudinal primodia veins originate vein cells on the prospective dorsal and ventral surfaces of the wing. During the pupal stage the stripes of vein cells of each surface communicate in order to generate tight tubes; at the same time, the cross-veins begin their formation.
With the help of appropriate molecular markers, it is possible to identify the major elements composing the wing during its development. For this reason, the ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in this structure is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process of the wing.
The procedure described here focuses on manipulating pupal wings, providing detailed instructions on how to dissect the wing during the pupal stage. The dissection of pupal tissue is more difficult to perform than their counterparts in third instar larvae. This is why this approach was developed, to obtain rapid and efficient high quality samples. Details of how to immunostain and mount these wing samples, to allow the visualization of proteins or cell components, are provided in the protocol. With little expertise it is possible to collect 8-10 high quality pupal wings in a short amount of time.

A Rapid and Efficient Method to Dissect Pupal Wings of Drosophila Suitable for Immunodetections or PCR Assays

The ability to accurately detect transcripts or proteins in Drosophila tissues is critical for studying their abundance and localization related to the development process. Here is the description of a straightforward procedure to dissect pupal wings. These wings can be used as samples in several techniques (immunohistochemistry, PCR assay, etc.).

Un método rápido y eficiente para disecar alas Pupal de Drosophila apto para Immunodetections o ensayos PCR

Wing development in Drosophila melanogaster is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis at tissue level. These appendages develop from a group of cells ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and chromosome dynamics. While the germline is an excellent model, the analysis is often two dimensional due to the time and labor required for three-dimensional analysis. Major readouts in such studies are the number/position of nuclei and protein distribution within the germline. Here, we present a method to perform automated analysis of the germline using confocal microscopy and computational approaches to determine the number and position of nuclei in each region of the germline. Our method also analyzes germline protein distribution that enables the three-dimensional examination of protein expression in different genetic backgrounds. Further, our study shows variations in cytoskeletal architecture in distinct regions of the germline that may accommodate specific spatial developmental requirements. Finally, our method enables automated counting of the sperm in the spermatheca of each germline. Taken together, our method enables rapid and reproducible phenotypic analysis of the C. elegans germline.

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

We present an automated method for three-dimensional reconstruction of the Caenorhabditis elegans germline. Our method determines the number and position of each nucleus within the germline and analyses germline protein distribution and cytoskeletal structure.

Análisis computacional de lo elegans de Caenorhabditis del Germline para estudiar la distribución de núcleos, proteínas y citoesqueleto

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

A Simplified and Efficient Method to Isolate Primary Human Keratinocytes from Adult Skin Tissue

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical applications. The conventional isolation method of human keratinocytes involves a two-step sequential enzymatic digestion procedure, which has been proven to be inefficient in generating primary cells from adult tissues due to the low cell recovery rate and reduced cell viability. We recently reported an advanced method to isolate human primary epidermal progenitor cells from skin tissues that utilizes the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 in the medium. Compared with the traditional protocol, this new method is simpler, easier, and less time-consuming, and increases epithelial stem cell yield and enhances their stem cell characteristics. Moreover, the new methodology does not require the separation of the epidermis from the dermis, and, therefore, is suitable for isolating cells from different types of adult tissues. This new isolation method overcomes the major shortcomings of conventional methods and is more suitable for producing large numbers of epidermal cells with high potency both for laboratory and for clinical applications. Here, we describe the new method in detail.

Here we present a protocol to efficiently isolate primary human keratinocytes from adult skin tissues. This method simplifies the conventional procedure by using the ROCK Inhibitor Y-27632 in the inoculation medium to spontaneously separate epidermal cells from dermal cells.

Un método simplificado y eficiente para aislar Keratinocytes humanos primarios de tejido adulto de la piel

Primary human keratinocytes isolated from fresh skin tissues and their expansion in vitro have been widely used for laboratory research and for clinical ...

Un método eficaz para obtener células de grasa Dediferenciado

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