M.M. and C.A.R. acknowledge the financial support of the Ministero della Salute, Ricerca Finalizzata/giovani ricercatori anno 2009 of the Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale San Matteo, Pavia (I). M.M and C.A.R. wish to thank Marianna Longo for helping with the images preparation.

Este protocolo se lleva a cabo de conformidad con los principios rectores de la Europea (UE) 63/2010 y 26/2014 (italianos) leyes que protegen a los animales utilizados para la investigación científica. La eutanasia Dislocación cervical se utiliza para ovarios aislamiento y es realizado por expertos y personas que figuran en el protocolo aprobado abarca este estudio entrenado. 1. Los animales <ol><li> Mantener adultos de 3 a ratones hembra de 6 semanas de edad, en una habitación con temperatura y humedad controladas (con fases de 12L: 12D y alimentados ad libitum). </li><li> Inyectar ratones por vía intraperitoneal con 2,5 UI de gonadotropina de suero de yegua embarazada (PMSG) para estimular el crecimiento folicular imitando los efectos de la hormona folículo estimulante (FSH). Aislar los ovarios para ovocitos antrales de 48 horas de recogida más tarde. La eutanasia del ratón hembra previamente inyectados con PMSG, de acuerdo con sus directrices institucionales. </li><li> Quite rápidamente los ovarios de la cavidad del cuerpo y los situará en el cont placa de Petriaining medio M2 para el aislamiento ovocitos posterior (véase la sección 3). <ol><li> Hacer una incisión en la piel que cubre la pared abdominal seguido de una incisión en el peritoneo mediante el uso de tijeras de disección estériles. Abra la incisión para exponer el abdomen, mover las agallas en un lado con unas pinzas estériles y localizar las trompas uterinas, formando una forma de V a partir de la vejiga. </li><li> Observar los ovarios ubicados debajo de los riñones. Mantenga cada tubo con pinzas estériles y hacer una pequeña incisión en la parte inferior de los ovarios para liberarlos. Transferencia ambos ovarios en la parte inferior de una placa de Petri que contiene medio de pre-equilibrada. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Preparación de la hormona <ol><li> Diluir PMSG (disponible en diferentes concentraciones madre) con solución salina isotónica estéril para obtener una concentración de trabajo de 2,5 UI de hormona por 0,1 ml para un volumen de inyección adecuado. NOTA: Las soluciones de hormonas deben alícuotas en tubos de 0,5 ml y se almacenaron a -20 ° C hasta el día de uso. No mantenga alícuotas diluidas de más de tres meses a -20 ° C. Una vez descongelado, si se realizan inyecciones de serie, almacenar las alícuotas de las soluciones de la hormona en el 4 ° C y utilizarlos dentro de 4 días. </li></ol> 3. antro ovocitos Aislamiento Para el aislamiento ovocitos adecuado: <ol><li> Equilibrar medio M2 13 (M2) en 5% de CO 2 y 37 ° C durante al menos 1 hr antes de iniciar el procedimiento de aislamiento ovocitos. Preparar dos placas de Petri (35 mm x 10 mm), una con 1 ml de M2 ​​para perforar ovario y la segunda una con pequeñas gotas (20 l) de M2 ​​cubierto con aceite mineral (~ 1,5 ml) para la transferencia de ovocitos después del aislamiento de la ovario (ver 3.4 a 3.6). Mantenga ambas placas de Petri en la incubadora a 5% de CO 2 y 37 ° C hasta que esté listo para ser utilizado. </li><li> Utilice un microscopio estereoscópico durante los procedimientos de aislamiento de ovocitos. </li><li> Preparar pipetas de vidrio boca delgadas para recoger los ovocitos por stretchhing pipetas Pasteur de vidrio mantienen horizontalmente (la celebración de los extremos de la pipeta con las dos manos), sobre una vertical de la llama procedente del quemador Bunsen (Figura 1). <ol><li> Una vez que el vidrio comienza a derretirse, tome la pipeta de la llama y realizar un movimiento de tracción rápida para obtener la pipeta deseada. Firmemente cortar el exceso de vidrio cerca de la punta de la pipeta con uñas para ajustar la longitud y el diámetro del capilar interno estrecho. Asegúrese de que el capilar fina tiene un diámetro interno de ~ 100 m, ligeramente mayor que el diámetro del ovocito (~ 80 m). </li><li> Para la boca pipeta, conecte un extremo del tubo de aspiración a la pipeta tirado por el uso de una punta adecuada y coloque el otro extremo en la boca, asegurándolo con los dientes. </li></ol></li><li> Recoger los ovarios usando pinzas estériles y depositarlas en la parte inferior de una placa de cultivo celular de Petri (35 mm x 10 mm). Cubra con 1 ml de M2 ​​equilibraron previamente a 37 ° Cy 5% de CO 2 (Figura 2). </li><li> Pinchar suavemente los folículos antrales de los ovarios con una aguja de jeringa de insulina estéril para liberar ovocitos antrales en M2 (Figura 3). </li><li> Suavemente boca pipetear los ovocitos a través de una pipeta Pasteur estrecha para eliminar las células del folículo y cualquier otra restos de tejido sea posible (Figura 4A) y luego conformarse ellos en la parte inferior de las pequeñas gotas (20 l) de M2 cubiertos con aceite mineral adecuado para el cultivo de embriones (anteriormente preparado; Figura 4B). NOTA: Es importante eliminar todas las células del cúmulo unidos a la zona pelúcida de los ovocitos por pipeteo continua a través de varias y diferentes gotas de M2. Realice este paso lo más rápido posible para evitar alteraciones en el pH del medio. </li></ol> 4. antral Los ovocitos tinción con Hoechst33342 NOTA: los ovocitos antrales se puede distinguir en SN (Rodeado Nucleolo), NSN (No Rodeado Nucleolo) oen cualquier otra forma intermedia, en función de su organización de la cromatina después de la tinción con la concentración de supravital Hoechst33342 (o cualquier otro marcadores específicos de bases AT) 14. De hecho, los ovocitos SN muestran un anillo de Hoechst-positivas alrededor del nucléolo, mientras que el NSN no lo hacen, de ahí su nombre. Para la tinción de ovocitos adecuado: <ol><li> La transferencia de los ovocitos utilizando una pipeta de boca en gotas de Hoechst33342 (20 l) diluido en M2 a la concentración supravital de 50 ng / l durante 10 min en oscuridad. </li><li> Después de la incubación con Hoechst33342, transferir cada solo ovocito con una pipeta de boca en la parte inferior de las pequeñas gotas (5 l) de M2 ​​cubiertos con aceite mineral, para la clasificación sobre la base de organización de la cromatina (SN o NSN). Utilice cualquier microscopio de fluorescencia equipado con filtro Hoechst33342 (longitud de onda de emisión de 486 nm) para visualizar la configuración de la cromatina de los ovocitos. NOTA: Dependiendo del tipo de microscopio de fluorescencia utilizado, it puede llegar a ser imperativo el uso de fondo de cristal placa de Petri para la adquisición de imágenes. La microscopía confocal Olympus Fluoview FV10i cuando está equipado con un soporte de muestra para 35 mm plato requiere sólo de abajo a los platos de cristal para la adquisición de imágenes, con un grosor estándar de 0,17 mm y un rango de 0,13 a 0,21 mm aceptables. </li><li> Excite los ovocitos durante no más de 5-10 segundos, probablemente tiempo suficiente para visualizar la presencia o la ausencia de un anillo alrededor del nucléolo (Figura 5). </li><li> Después de la clasificación, la cultura de la SN antral y ovocitos NSN en M2 en el 5% de CO 2 y 37 ° C para inducir la maduración in vitro o mantenerlos en tampones apropiados para los análisis moleculares o celulares. </li></ol>

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S., Szollosi, D., Vautier, D., Girousse, A., Besomber, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Competent+mouse+oocytes+isolated+from+antral+follicles+exhibit+different+chromatin+organization+and+follow+different+maturation+dynamics.">Competent mouse oocytes isolated from antral follicles exhibit different chromatin organization and follow different maturation dynamics.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 36 (1), 59-74 (1993).</li><li>Zuccotti, M., Piccinelli, A., Giorgi Rossi, P., Garagna, S., Redi, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromatin+organisation+during+mouse+oocyte+growth.">Chromatin organisation during mouse oocyte growth.</a> Mol. Reprod. Dev. 41 (1-2), 479-485 (1995).</li><li>Wu, Y. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+of+oocytes+for+in+vitro+maturation+by+brilliant+cresyl+blue+staining:+a+study+using+the+mouse+model.">Selection of oocytes for in vitro maturation by brilliant cresyl blue staining: a study using the mouse model.</a> Cell Res. 17, 722-731 (2007).</li><li>Opiela, Y., K&#261;tska-Ksi&#261;&#380;kiewicz, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+utility+of+Brilliant+Cresyl+Blue+(BCB)+staining+of+mammalian+oocytes+used+for+in+vitro+embryo+production+(IVP).">The utility of Brilliant Cresyl Blue (BCB) staining of mammalian oocytes used for in vitro embryo production (IVP).</a> Reproductive Biol. 13, 177-183 (2013).</li><li>Labrecque, R., Sirard, M. 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Reprod. 88 (1), 1-7 (2013).</li><li>Yurttas, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+for+PADI6+and+the+cytoplasmic+lattices+in+ribosomal+storage+in+oocytes+and+translational+control+in+the+early+mouse+embryo.">Role for PADI6 and the cytoplasmic lattices in ribosomal storage in oocytes and translational control in the early mouse embryo.</a> Development. 135 (15), 2627-2636 (2008).</li><li>Li, L., Baibakov, B., Dean, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+subcortical+maternal+complex+essential+for+preimplantation+mouse+embryogenesis.">A subcortical maternal complex essential for preimplantation mouse embryogenesis.</a> Dev. 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The authors have nothing to disclose

Este protocolo describe el método usado para aislar y clasificar antrales ratón ovocitos GV. No hay pasos críticos particulares a subrayar, con pocas excepciones. En primer lugar: este procedimiento debe realizarse lo más rápidamente posible para: a) mantener la vitalidad de los ovocitos y b) evitar los cambios de pH en el medio utilizado. Segunda: los ovocitos deben ser brevemente excitado (5-10 seg) para Hoechst33342 para evitar daños de la cromatina y la posterior muerte de los ovocitos, especialmente si IVM y ...

Antrales ovocitos completamente crecidos (GV, vesícula germinal) aislados del compartimento antral del ovario se utilizan de forma rutinaria para diferentes propósitos, tales como, por ejemplo, el estudio de los mecanismos moleculares y celulares detrás de la maduración in vitro hasta la etapa metafase II. A pesar de sus hermosos apariencia ovocitos más antrales, pero no todos, son capaces de completar la meiosis y llegar a la etapa de blastocisto; de hecho, en muchas especies de mamíferos, incluyendo seres humanos 1,2, aproximadamente 30% de ellos detener su desarrollo en la etapa de 2 células, si se produce la fertilización 3-5. Hasta la fecha, unos parámetros se utilizan para distinguir entre ovocitos capaces de sostener el desarrollo embrionario de los que no pueden hacerlo. Por ejemplo, la tinción de azul de cresilo (BCB) es un método válido para ordenar los ovocitos basados ​​en la actividad de la glucosa-6-fosfato deshidrogenasa-aunque la utilidad de este método de clasificación relacionadas con BCB + o tinción es BCB-todavía depende 6-8 laboratorio. Otro método bien establecido reside en su organización de la cromatina: si se tiñeron con los tintes de intercalación de ADN (como Hoechst33342), el 70% de los ovocitos antrales muestra un anillo de tinte positivo alrededor del nucléolo y se llaman Rodeado Nucleolo (SN), mientras que el restante 30% mostrar unas señales positivas más manchados y se llaman No Rodeado Nucleolo (NSN) 3-5. Recientemente hemos demostrado que la ausencia de celosías citoplasmáticos 9 (CPL, centros de almacenamiento importantes para ARNm y ribosomas maternos en ambos ovocitos de mamíferos y embriones) 10 y la baja regulación de MATER (esencial para la formación de CPL 11), junto con la presencia de gotas de lípidos en sus citoplasmas 9,12, puede haber otras causas relacionadas con el ovocitos incapacidad NSN para continuar más allá de la etapa de 2 células. Desafortunadamente, algunas técnicas se pueden aplicar para ordenar SN antral y ovocitos NSN y,Por esta razón, el desarrollo de un método menos invasivo (sin tinción nuclear, los procedimientos de fijación o la manipulación con pipetas boca) podría llegar a ser muy importante para aumentar las tasas de tanto el desarrollo del embrión humano y animal. En este trabajo se detalle el protocolo simple y rápida utilizó para aislar ad tipo SN y NSN ovocitos antrales de ratones hembras y se dirige a todos los científicos interesados ​​en el estudio de la gametogénesis femenina, la maduración del ovocito y el desarrollo embrionario.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>PMSG</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>G4527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EmbrioMax M2</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>MR-015-PD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hoechst33342</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>62249</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M8410</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Dish 35mmx10mm</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#181;-Dish 35mm, high glass bottom</td>
			<td>Ibidi</td>
			<td>81158</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipette Pasteur Borosilicate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>7095D-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aspirator tube assemblies for calibrated micropillary pipettes</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A5177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation and characterization of mouse antral oocytes based on nucleolar chromatin organization

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded Nucleolus) or unable (NSN, Not Surrounded Nucleolus) to develop to the blastocyst stage after in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF). It makes use of Hoeschst33342 (or any other DNA intercalating dye) able to bind to the heterochromatin of the nucleolus showing a ring in the SN oocytes or not, like in the NSN oocytes. This represents the easiest and quickest way to sort both antral oocytes that can be eventually used for IVM or IVF procedures. 
Briefly, the protocol consists of the following steps: hormone injection to stimulate follicular growth; isolation of the oocytes at the GV stage from the antral compartment by puncturing the ovary with a sterile needle; preparation of thin glass pipettes for mouth pipetting of the oocytes; sorting of the oocytes with Hoechst33342 prepared at a supravital concentration; IVM, IVF or any other molecular/cellular analysis.
Unfortunately there are still few evidences to sort SN and NSN oocytes using less invasive techniques. If and once they will be identified, they could be potentially applied to human assisted reproductive technologies, although with several aspects that should be modified. To date, this technique has potential implications to dramatically increase IVM and IVF successful procedures in both endangered and species with economic interest.

Las siguientes imágenes muestran el método utilizado para aislar los ovocitos de los ovarios de ratones antrales, a partir de la preparación de las pipetas para la clasificación de los ovocitos &#39;mediante Hoechst33342. Este método es bastante sencillo y se puede realizar en cualquier laboratorio equipado con una incubadora de CO 2, un estereomicroscopio y un microscopio de fluorescencia equipado con el filtro correcto para la observación de la Hoechst33342 Fig...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization at JoVE.com

Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Aquí se presenta un protocolo para la caracterización de los ovocitos antrales ratón sobre la base de la organización nucleolar.

Aislamiento y caracterización de ratón antral Los ovocitos Sobre la base de organización de la cromatina nucleolar

This protocol describes a simple and quick method to isolate and characterize mouse antral GV (Germinal Vesicle) oocytes as able (SN, Surrounded ...

isolation-characterization-mouse-antral-oocytes-based-on-nucleolar

Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

13.3K vistas.  Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo.  Aquí se presenta un protocolo para la caracterización de los ovocitos antrales ratón sobre la base de la organización nucleolar. 

Video: Isolation and Characterization of Mouse Antral Oocytes Based on Nucleolar Chromatin Organization

Isolation and Quantitative Immunocytochemical Characterization of Primary Myogenic Cells and Fibroblasts from Human Skeletal Muscle

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated from human muscle biopsy samples using enzymatic digestion and their myogenic properties studied in culture. Quantitatively, the two main adherent cell types obtained from enzymatic digestion are: (i) the satellite cells (termed myogenic cells or muscle precursor cells), identified initially as CD56+ and later as CD56+/desmin+ cells and (ii) muscle-derived fibroblasts, identified as CD56&#8211; and TE-7+. Fibroblasts proliferate very efficiently in culture and in mixed cell populations these cells may overrun myogenic cells to dominate the culture. The isolation and purification of different cell types from human muscle is thus an important methodological consideration when trying to investigate the innate behavior of either cell type in culture. Here we describe a system of sorting based on the gentle enzymatic digestion of cells using collagenase and dispase followed by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) which gives both a high purity (&#62;95% myogenic cells) and good yield (~2.8 x 106 &#177; 8.87 x 105 cells/g tissue after 7 days in vitro) for experiments in culture. This approach is based on incubating the mixed muscle-derived cell population with magnetic microbeads beads conjugated to an antibody against CD56 and then passing cells though a magnetic field. CD56+ cells bound to microbeads are retained by the field whereas CD56&#8211; cells pass unimpeded through the column. Cell suspensions from any stage of the sorting process can be plated and cultured. Following a given intervention, cell morphology, and the expression and localization of proteins including nuclear transcription factors can be quantified using immunofluorescent labeling with specific antibodies and an image processing and analysis package.

The main adherent cell types derived from human muscle are myogenic cells and fibroblasts. Here, cell populations are enriched using magnetic-activated cell sorting based on the CD56 antigen. Subsequent immunolabelling with specific antibodies and use of image analysis techniques allows quantification of cytoplasmic and nuclear characteristics in individual cells.

Aislamiento y Caracterización cuantitativa inmunocitoquímica de células miogénicas Primarias y fibroblastos de músculo esquelético humano

The repair and regeneration of skeletal muscle requires the action of satellite cells, which are the resident muscle stem cells. These can be isolated ...

Investigación

Biología del Desarrollo

Isolation and Characterization of Satellite Cells from Rat Head Branchiomeric Muscles

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent problems in speech, swallowing, and sucking. In vitro culture systems that allow the study of satellite cells (myogenic stem cells) from head muscles are crucial to develop new therapies based on tissue engineering to promote muscle regeneration after surgery. These systems will offer new perspectives for the treatment of cleft palate patients. A protocol for the isolation, culture and differentiation of satellite cells from head muscles is presented. The isolation is based on enzymatic digestion and trituration to release the satellite cells. In addition, this protocol comprises an innovative method using extracellular matrix gel coatings of millimeter size, which requires only low numbers of satellite cells for differentiation assays.

This protocol describes the isolation of satellite cells from branchiomeric head muscles of a 9 week-old rat. The muscles originate from different branchial arches. Subsequently, the satellite cells are cultured on a spot coating of millimeter size to study their differentiation. This approach avoids the expansion and passaging of satellite cells.

Aislamiento y caracterización de las células satélite de Músculos Rata Head Branchiomeric

Fibrosis and defective muscle regeneration can hamper the functional recovery of the soft palate muscles after cleft palate repair. This causes persistent ...

Isolation and Characterization of Single Cells from Zebrafish Embryos

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been described at the morphological level, little is known about the molecular basis of cellular changes that occur as the organism develops. With recent advancements in microfluidics and multiplexing technologies, it is now possible to characterize gene expression in single cells. This allows for investigation of heterogeneity between individual cells of specific cell populations to identify and classify cell subtypes, characterize intermediate states that occur during cell differentiation, and explore differential cellular responses to stimuli. This study describes a protocol to isolate viable, single cells from zebrafish embryos for high throughput multiplexing assays. This method may be rapidly applied to any zebrafish embryonic cell type with fluorescent markers. An extension of this method may also be used in combination with high throughput sequencing technologies to fully characterize the transcriptome of single cells. As proof of principle, the relative abundance of cardiac differentiation markers was assessed in isolated, single cells derived from nkx2.5 positive cardiac progenitors. By evaluation of gene expression at the single cell level and at a single time point, the data support a model in which cardiac progenitors coexist with differentiating progeny. The method and work flow described here is broadly applicable to the zebrafish research community, requiring only a labeled transgenic fish line and access to microfluidics technologies.

This protocol describes a method for isolating single cells from zebrafish embryos, enriching for cells of interest, capturing zebrafish cells in microfluidic based single cell multiplex systems, and assessing gene expression from single cells.

Aislamiento y caracterización de células individuales a partir de embriones de pez cebra

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a powerful model organism to study vertebrate development. Though many aspects of zebrafish embryonic development have been ...

Isolation and Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Human Umbilical Cord and Fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly gained attention because they do not pose any ethical or moral concerns. Current methods to isolate MSCs from UC yield low amounts of cells with variable proliferation potentials. Since UC is an anatomically-complex organ, differences in MSC properties may be due to the differences in the anatomical regions of their isolation. In this study, we first dissected the cord/placenta samples into three discrete anatomical regions: UC, cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP). Second, two distinct zones, cord lining (CL) and Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), were separated. The explant culture technique was then used to isolate cells from the four sources. The time required for the primary culture of cells from the explants varied depending on the source of the tissue. Outgrowth of the cells occurred within 3 - 4 days of the CPJ explants, whereas growth was observed after 7 - 10 days and 11 - 14 days from CL/WJ and FP explants, respectively. The isolated cells were adherent to plastic and displayed fibroblastoid morphology and surface markers, such as CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105, similarly to bone marrow (BM)-derived MSCs. However, the colony-forming efficiency of the cells varied, with CPJ-MSCs and WJ-MSCs showing higher efficiency than BM-MSCs. MSCs from all four sources differentiated into adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic lineages, indicating that they were multipotent. CPJ-MSCs differentiated more efficiently in comparison to other MSC sources. These results suggest that the CPJ is the most potent anatomical region and yields a higher number of cells, with greater proliferation and self-renewal capacities in vitro. In conclusion, the comparative analysis of the MSCs from the four sources indicated that CPJ is a more promising source of MSCs for cell therapy, regenerative medicine, and tissue engineering.

Here, we present a protocol for the dissection of human umbilical cord (UC) and fetal placenta sample into cord lining (CL), Wharton&#39;s jelly (WJ), cord-placenta junction (CPJ), and fetal placenta (FP) for the isolation and characterization of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) using the explant culture technique.

Aislamiento y caracterización de las células mesenquimales del estroma de cordón umbilical humano y fetal Placenta

The human umbilical cord (UC) and placenta are non-invasive, primitive and abundant sources of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) that have increasingly ...

A Novel Use of Three-dimensional High-frequency Ultrasonography for Early Pregnancy Characterization in the Mouse

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is routinely used as an in vivo model to study embryo implantation and pregnancy progression. Unfortunately, such murine studies require pregnancy interruption to enable follow-up phenotypic analysis. To address this issue, we used three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction of HFUS imaging data for early detection and characterization of murine embryo implantation sites and their individual developmental progression in utero. Combining HFUS imaging with 3-D reconstruction and modeling, we were able to accurately quantify embryo implantation site number as well as monitor developmental progression in pregnant C57BL6J/129S mice from 5.5 days post coitus (d.p.c.) through to 9.5 d.p.c. with the use of a transducer. Measurements included: number, location, and volume of implantation sites as well as inter-implantation site spacing; embryo viability was assessed by cardiac activity monitoring. In the immediate post-implantation period (5.5 to 8.5 d.p.c.), 3-D reconstruction of the gravid uterus in both mesh and solid overlay format enabled visual representation of the developing pregnancies within each uterine horn. As genetically engineered mice continue to be used to characterize female reproductive phenotypes derived from uterine dysfunction, this method offers a new approach to detect, quantify, and characterize early implantation events in vivo. This novel use of 3-D HFUS imaging demonstrates the ability to successfully detect, visualize, and characterize embryo-implantation sites during early murine pregnancy in a non-invasive manner. The technology offers a significant improvement over current methods, which rely on the interruption of pregnancies for gross tissue and histopathologic characterization. Here we use a video and text format to describe how to successfully perform ultrasounds of early murine pregnancy to generate reliable and reproducible data with reconstruction of the uterine form in mesh and solid 3-D images.

Mice are widely used to study gestational biology. However, pregnancy termination is required for such studies which precludes longitudinal investigations and necessitates the use of large numbers of animals. Therefore, we describe a non-invasive technique of high-frequency ultrasonography for early detection and monitoring of post-implantation events in the pregnant mouse.

Un nuevo uso de la ecografía tridimensional de alta frecuencia para la caracterización de embarazo temprano en el ratón

High-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) is a common method to non-invasively monitor the real-time development of the human fetus in utero. The mouse is ...

A Neural Network-Based Identification of Developmentally Competent or Incompetent Mouse Fully-Grown Oocytes

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus improving the overall pregnancy outcome. We recently developed a classification method based on microscopic live observations of mouse oocytes during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle (GV) to the metaphase II stage, followed by the analysis of the cytoplasmic movements occurring during this time-lapse period. Here, we present detailed protocols of this procedure. Oocytes are isolated from fully-grown antral follicles and cultured for 15 h inside a microscope equipped for time-lapse analysis at 37 &#176;C and 5% CO2. Pictures are taken at 8 min intervals. The images are analyzed using the Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) method that calculates, for each oocyte, the profile of Cytoplasmic Movement Velocities (CMVs) occurring throughout the culture period. Finally, the CMVs of each single oocyte are fed through a mathematical classification tool (Feed-forward Artificial Neural Network, FANN), which predicts the probability of a gamete to be developmentally competent or incompetent with an accuracy of 91.03%. This protocol, set up for the mouse, could now be tested on oocytes of other species, including humans.

Here, we present a protocol for non-invasive assessment of oocyte developmental competence performed during their in vitro maturation from the germinal vesicle to the metaphase II stage. This method combines time-lapse imaging with particle image velocimetry (PIV) and neural network analyses.

Una identificación basada en redes neuronal desarrollo competentes o incompetentes adulto de ovocitos de ratón

Infertility clinics would benefit from the ability to select developmentally competent vs. incompetent oocytes using non-invasive procedures, thus ...

Isolation and Characterization of Human Umbilical Cord-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Preterm and Term Infants

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally isolated and characterized from bone marrow (BM), then acquired from tissues including adipose tissue, synovium, skin, dental pulp, and fetal appendages such as placenta, umbilical cord blood (UCB), and umbilical cord (UC). MSCs are a heterogeneous cell population with the capacity for (1) adherence to plastic in standard culture conditions, (2) surface marker expression of CD73+/CD90+/CD105+/CD45-/CD34-/CD14-/CD19-/HLA-DR- phenotypes, and (3) trilineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes, as currently defined by the International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). Although BM is the most widely used source of MSCs, the invasive nature of BM aspiration ethically limits its accessibility. Proliferation and differentiation capacity of MSCs obtained from BM generally decline with the age of the donor. In contrast, fetal MSCs obtained from UC have advantages such as vigorous proliferation and differentiation capacity. There is no ethical concern for UC sampling, as it is typically regarded as medical waste. Human UC starts to develop with continuing growth of the amniotic cavity at 4-8 weeks of gestation and keeps growing until reaching 50-60 cm in length, and it can be isolated during the whole newborn delivery period. To gain insight into the pathophysiology of intractable diseases, we have used UC-derived MSCs (UC-MSCs) from infants delivered at various gestational ages. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-MSCs from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Human umbilical cord (UC) can be obtained during the perinatal period as a result of preterm, term, and postterm delivery. In this protocol, we describe the isolation and characterization of UC-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs) from fetuses/infants at 19-40 weeks of gestation.

Aislamiento y caracterización de humanas derivadas de cordón Umbilical las células madre mesenquimales de prematuros y recién nacidos a término

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable therapeutic potential and attract increasing interest in the biomedical field. MSCs are originally ...

Differentiation and Characterization of Neural Progenitors and Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays to characterize the differentiated cells. The E14 mouse embryonic stem cells were used to form embryoid bodies through the hanging drop method, and then induced to differentiate into neural progenitor cells by retinoic acid, and finally differentiated into neurons. Quantitative&#160;reverse transcription&#160;polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunofluorescence experiments revealed that the neural progenitors and neurons exhibit corresponding markers (nestin for neural progenitors and neurofilament for neurons) at day 8 and 12 post-differentiation, respectively. Flow cytometry experiments on an E14 line expressing a Sox1 promoter-driven GFP reporter showed that about 60% of cells at day 8 are GFP positive, indicating the successful differentiation of neural progenitor cells at this stage. Finally, RNA-seq analysis was used to profile the global transcriptomic changes. These methods are useful for analyzing the involvement of specific genes and pathways in regulating the cell identity transition during neuronal differentiation.

We describe the procedure for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal cells using the hanging drop method. Furthermore, we perform a comprehensive phenotypic analysis through RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence, RNA-seq, and flow cytometry.

Diferenciación y caracterización de progenitores neurales y neuronas a partir de células madre embrionarias de ratón

We describe the step-by-step procedure for culturing and differentiating mouse embryonic stem cells into neuronal lineages, followed by a series of assays ...

Minimum Volume Vitrification of Immature Feline Oocytes

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to promote biodiversity preservation. In felids, most species are threatened with extinction, and domestic breeds are used as a model to increase the efficiency of protocols for germplasm banking. Among oocyte cryopreservation techniques, vitrification is more and more popular in human and veterinary assisted reproduction. Cryotop vitrification, which was at first developed for human oocytes and embryos, has demonstrated to be well-suited for cat oocytes. This method offers several advantages, such as the feasibility in field conditions and the speed of the procedure, which can be helpful when several samples need to be processed. However, the efficiency is strongly dependent on the operator&#8217;s skills, and intra- and inter-laboratory standardization are needed, as well as personnel training. This protocol describes minimum volume vitrification of immature feline oocytes on a commercial support in a step by step field-friendly protocol, from oocyte collection to warming. Following the protocol, preservation of oocyte integrity and viability at warming (as high as 90%) can be expected, although there is still room for improvement in post-warming maturation and embryonic development outcomes.

This manuscript describes a protocol for the minimum volume vitrification of immature cat oocytes with laboratory-made media on commercial supports. It covers every step from oocyte isolation from ex vivo gonads to vitrification and warming.

Vitrificación de Volumen Mínimo de Ovocitos Felinos Inmaduros

In wild animals&#8217; conservation programs, gamete banking is crucial to safeguard genetic resources of valuable individuals and rare species and to ...

In Vitro Culture Strategy for Oocytes from Early Antral Follicle in Cattle

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that during the reproductive life span only about 1% of the oocytes in an ovary mature and ovulate, several techniques have been developed to increase the exploitation of the ovarian reserve to the growing population of non-ovulatory follicles. Such technologies have allowed interventions of fertility preservation, selection programs in livestock, and conservation of endangered species. However, the vast potential of the ovarian reserve is still largely unexploited. In cows, for instance, some attempts have been made to support in vitro culture of oocytes at specific developmental stages, but efficient and reliable protocols have not yet been developed. Here we describe a culture system that reproduce the physiological conditions of the corresponding follicular stage, defined to develop in vitro growing oocytes collected from bovine early antral follicles to the fully-grown stage, corresponding to the medium antral follicle in vivo. A combination of hormones and a phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor was used to prevent untimely meiotic resumption and to guide oocyte&#39;s differentiation.

We describe the procedures for isolation of growing oocytes from ovarian follicles at early stages of development, as well as the setup of an in vitro culture system which can support the growth and differentiation up to the fully-grown stage. &#160;

Estrategia de cultivo In Vitro para ovocitos del folículo antral temprano en el ganado bovino

The limited reserve of mature, fertilizable oocytes represents a major barrier for the success of assisted reproduction in mammals. Considering that ...