This work was funded by the Whitehall Foundation and the NIH. We thank Clifford Dax (University of Oregon Technical Support Administration) for his help and expertise in designing a circuit for light delivery.

NOTA: El siguiente protocolo es de acuerdo con los Institutos Nacionales de Salud aprobado por la Universidad de Oregon Cuidado de Animales y el empleo Comisión. 1. Cirugía aguda <ol><li> Anestesiar al animal con un cóctel de ketamina-medetomidina, a través de inyección intraperitoneal (ip) (Tabla 1). NOTA: Los ratones utilizados en estos experimentos se generan por el cruce de una línea 10 ChR2-eYFP transgénico cre-dependiente interneurona conductor líneas (PVALB-iCre11, PV +; Sst-iCre12, SOM +; Cr-iCre12, CR +). Entrega viral de ChR2 o opsinas relacionados debería funcionar igual de bien, en el supuesto se obtienen los niveles de expresión similares. </li><li> Antes de comenzar la cirugía, asegúrese de que las exhibiciones de animales sin respuesta a una pizca dedo del pie suave. Re-administrar anestésicos durante todo el experimento como sea necesario para mantener esta profundidad de la anestesia. Si el uso de anestésicos inyectables, opcionalmente implantar un catéter para las inyecciones ip de mantenimiento. </li><li> Mantenga el animal hidratado con solución salina o solución de lactato de Ringer durante todo el experimento (aproximadamente 3 ml / kg / hr), por ejemplo mediante el uso de un cóctel anestésico diluido apropiadamente para las inyecciones de mantenimiento (Tabla 1). </li><li> Colocar el animal en un aparato de retención de la cabeza estereotáxico o de otro tipo. Asegúrese de que el cráneo está bien respaldado. Esto es esencial para el mantenimiento de registros de células individuales estables. </li><li> Aplicar ungüento opthalamic a los ojos para evitar la sequedad. Mantener la temperatura corporal a 36,5 a 37 ° C. </li><li> Realizar un desagüe de la cisterna para la estabilidad de grabación adicional. Uso de una hoja de bisturí, extirpar tejido de la cara posterior del cráneo para exponer la cisterna magna. Haga una pequeña incisión en la duramadre para drenar el líquido cefalorraquídeo. Utilice sólo la punta de la hoja, y evitar el contacto con el cerebelo o el tronco encefálico. </li><li> Utilizando el bisturí, lleve a cabo una pequeña craneotomía (~ 2 mm 2) sobre la zona cortical de interés (por auditivacorteza, aproximadamente -2.3 mm por detrás del bregma, 4,5 mm lateral de la línea media). </li><li> Retire la duramadre y cubrir la corteza expuesta con una capa de agarosa caliente 0,5-1 mm de espesor (1,5% de agarosa en solución salina, 0,9% de NaCl, aplicar a ~ 37 ° C). Mantenga la humedad de agarosa durante todo el experimento mediante la aplicación periódicamente varias gotas de solución salina. </li></ol> 2. Grabación de Set-up <ol><li> Prepare un electrodo de tungsteno (7-14 MΩ, 127 m de diámetro, 12 ° punta cónica, recubierta con epoxi). Superglue el electrodo a un tubo capilar de vidrio y agregar tubería de encogimiento de calor para un mejor agarre (Figura 1). </li><li> Montar el electrodo en un micromanipulador motorizado (o hidráulico), ajuste a viajar ortogonal a la superficie cortical. Deslice una planta de alambre debajo de la piel, contra el cráneo. Evitar el contacto con los músculos en el lado de la cabeza y la parte posterior del cuello, ya que pueden generar artefactos electromiográficos. </li><li> Amplificar la señal eléctrica de usar un amplificador extracelularli fi cador adecuado para la grabación de una sola unidad, preferiblemente equipado con un modo de comprobación de la impedancia. Supervisar la actividad de clavar en curso (banda de paso 300 - 5000 Hz) con dos osciloscopios y un conjunto de altavoces con alimentación. Aquí, los datos grabados se digitaliza continuamente a una velocidad de muestreo de 10 kHz; picos se extraen fuera de línea. </li><li> Avanzar en el electrodo a través de la agarosa hasta que la punta alcanza la superficie de la corteza. Observe este paso a través de un microscopio. &quot;Cero&quot; esta posición en el micromanipulador. </li><li> Para aproximar mejor la profundidad de la grabación, confirme visualmente que la punta del electrodo sale de la superficie cortical a una profundidad de cero al retirar el electrodo al final de una penetración. NOTA: Una discrepancia entre la lectura manipulador y la posición del electrodo observada indica que se ha desplazado con relación al tejido. Esto puede ser causado por la inestabilidad del cerebro o animal, o la deriva manipulador. <ol><li> Como una comprobación adicional para asegurar queeste conjunto de punto cero corresponde a la superficie de la corteza, controlar los potenciales de campo de estímulo-evocó mientras se avanza a través de los primeros varios cientos de micrómetros de tejido. Cuando el seguimiento de los potenciales de campo, baje el filtro de paso de banda de corte inferior del amplificador extracelular a 10 Hz. Compruebe que la polaridad del potencial de campo local invierte alrededor de una profundidad de ~ 100 m, cerca de la capa de frontera I / II 13. Este es un punto de referencia fiable para la corteza auditiva, pero puede diferir de otras áreas corticales. </li></ol></li><li> Montar una fibra óptica acoplada a una fuente de luz azul (Figura 2) sobre un micromanipulador manual. Usando el microscopio, coloque la punta de la fibra tan cerca de la superficie de la agarosa como sea posible. Centre el haz en el que el electrodo entra en el tejido. </li><li> Regular la salida de la fuente de luz con una unidad de control capaz de suministrar un TTL (lógica transistor-transistor) de tren de pulsos de anchura y duratio especificadon- por ejemplo, un Arduino (Figura 3), una tarjeta de computadora I / O (como se muestra), o un generador de impulsos disponibles comercialmente. <ol><li> Monitorear la señal en ambos osciloscopios. </li></ol></li><li> Medir la potencia total de la luz (mW) en la punta de la fibra óptica usando un medidor de potencia. Utilice este valor para calcular la irradiancia (mW / mm 2) dividiendo por el área de sección transversal del núcleo de fibra. Comenzar con un valor de intensidad en el intervalo de 10 - 15 mW / mm 2 y ajustar a la baja si es necesario, hasta que se eliminan los artefactos. </li><li> Compruebe si hay artefactos de luz con el electrodo en la agarosa, a punto de entrar en el tejido. Iniciar la búsqueda de tren de pulsos (por ejemplo, 30 pulsos de luz ms, 500 ms intervalo inter (ISI)). <ol><li> Eliminar artefactos de luz transitorios (Figura 4) por reposicionamiento de la fibra óptica con respecto al electrodo para cambiar el ángulo de la luz incidente. Si artefactos persisten, pruebe a reducir el poder de la luz. En ªe caso raro que los artefactos no pueden ser eliminados por completo (sólo minimizado), extender la duración del pulso de búsqueda. Esto puede ayudar en la identificación de verdaderos picos neuronales. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Recta PINP-in &#39; <ol><li> Avance el electrodo lentamente a través del cerebro a una velocidad de aproximadamente 1 m / seg. Utilice un osciloscopio para monitorear la actividad en curso. Por el otro, desencadenar los pulsos de láser. </li><li> Escuchar para el &#39;de hash&#39; débiles de picos de luz evocado en el monitor de audio, que indica que el electrodo se aproxima a una célula ChR2 + y, a menudo puede ser percibido mucho antes de que la señal eléctrica es aparente en el osciloscopio. Disminuya la velocidad de avance. NOTA: Si la celda se encuentra directamente en la trayectoria del electrodo, la actividad de la luz-evocó crecerá más grande (y más fuerte). A medida que el electrodo se acerca un solo interneurona, el hash resolverá en pequeños pero bien definidos picos de tamaño uniforme y forma. </li><li> Tan pronto como lipicos GHT-evocado son lo suficientemente grandes como para desencadenar de forma individual en el osciloscopio, comienzan hacerlo. Ajuste la escala en el eje horizontal para observar la forma exacta de la forma de onda de pico. </li><li> Parar y esperar a que el tejido se asiente. Resista la tentación de mover el electrodo más cerca de la celda. Este paso es crítico para una grabación estable. Si después de varios minutos, la relación señal-ruido no ha mejorado - es decir, el tejido se ha asentado, pero no ha llevado a la celda más cerca de la punta del electrodo - avance 5 m más allá y esperar de nuevo. <ol><li> Repita este proceso hasta que el pico o el comedero del potencial de acción se pueden capturar de forma fiable con un umbral de tensión fijado muy por encima del ruido de fondo (por ejemplo, +/- 300 mV o más). NOTA: Hay poco riesgo de falsos positivos o ambigüedad cuando PINPing interneuronas inhibitorias. La mayoría de las células se pueden seguir fácilmente un tren de pulsos con una duración de 30 ms e inter-Pulintervalo de 500 ms sí, o más rápido, con un fiable primera latencia pico de 5.2 ms (Figura 5). La mayoría de las células PV +, en particular, puede sostener la cocción durante 1 seg completo (Figura 6). Porque éstas son las neuronas inhibitorias, disynaptic activación (indirecta) no es una preocupación importante. </li></ol></li><li> Durante la grabación, supervisar la actividad en curso en el primer osciloscopio. Mantenga una estrecha vigilancia sobre el tamaño y la forma de los picos utilizando el segundo osciloscopio. Tenga en cuenta la calidad de su sonido en el altavoz. <ol><li> Escuchar con atención los cambios bruscos, que indican que la célula está bien llegando demasiado cerca del electrodo (donde el riesgo de ser empalado o dañado), o se deriva. Si los picos se hacen grandes y distorsionada, retroceder; si crecen más pequeño, avanzar el electrodo. Mueva lentamente en 2 micras pasos. </li><li> Confirme la calidad de la grabación post-hoc mediante la superposición de todas las formas de onda de pico, alineados a pico o valle. Varíe los Thres tensióncelebrar. A través de una amplia gama de valores de umbral, sólo debe haber siempre una forma consistente pico de altura uniforme (Figura 5a). </li></ol></li><li> Si en algún momento la señal se contamina con los puntos de una neurona vecina, seguir adelante. Avanza lentamente, en la remota posibilidad de que el electrodo pasará fuera del rango de la celda vecina, pero permanecerá en el rango de la neurona diana. (Esto es por lo general sin éxito.) </li><li> Mueva el electrodo a través de toda la profundidad de la corteza (900+ micras) en cada penetración. Si no se encuentran las neuronas-luz de respuesta después de muchas penetraciones o, por el contrario, las grabaciones están contaminados de forma rutinaria con picos de células ChR2- vecinos, trate de un nuevo electrodo. NOTA: Incluso dentro de un solo lote, la geometría de la impedancia y la punta de electrodos individuales puede variar considerablemente. Ambos factores contribuyen a la efectiva &quot;radio de escucha&quot; del electrodo, que debe ser lo suficientemente grande para detectar picos de luz evocados while búsqueda, pero lo suficientemente restringido para permitir la grabación de una sola interneuron en el aislamiento. </li><li> Prueba de la impedancia de los electrodos si lo deseas. Para evitar dañar el tejido, hacer esto con la punta del electrodo en la parte superior de la capa de agarosa, así fuera del cerebro. Dentro de la gama de 7-14 MΩ, la impedancia exacta no es un predictor seguro de rendimiento, o el rendimiento, para esta aplicación. Dicho esto, es una aproximación razonable para el radio escucha: electrodos de baja impedancia recoger más unidades; de mayor impedancia, menos. </li><li> Al final del experimento, la eutanasia al animal por medio aprobado institucionalmente, tales como sobredosis de anestesia, o dislocación cervical bajo un plano de profundidad de la anestesia. </li></ol>

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	<li>Lima, S. Q., Hromadka, T., Znamenskiy, P., Zador, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PINP:+a+new+method+of+tagging+neuronal+populations+for+identification+during+in+vivo+electrophysiological+recording.">PINP: a new method of tagging neuronal populations for identification during in vivo electrophysiological recording.</a> PLoS One. 4, (2009).</li><li>Moore, A. K., Wehr, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parvalbumin-expressing+inhibitory+interneurons+in+auditory+cortex+are+well-tuned+for+frequency.">Parvalbumin-expressing inhibitory interneurons in auditory cortex are well-tuned for frequency.</a> J Neurosci. 33, 13713-13723 (2013).</li><li>Merchant, H., de Lafuente, V., Pena-Ortega, F., Larriva-Sahd, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+impact+of+interneuronal+inhibition+in+the+cerebral+cortex+of+behaving+animals.">Functional impact of interneuronal inhibition in the cerebral cortex of behaving animals.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 99, 163-178 (2012).</li><li>Markram, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interneurons+of+the+neocortical+inhibitory+system.">Interneurons of the neocortical inhibitory system.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 5, 793-807 (2004).</li><li>Atallah, B. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+disinhibitory+microcircuit+for+associative+fear+learning+in+the+auditory+cortex.">A disinhibitory microcircuit for associative fear learning in the auditory cortex.</a> Nature. 480, 331-335 (2011).</li><li>Pi, H. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+interneurons+that+specialize+in+disinhibitory+control.">Cortical interneurons that specialize in disinhibitory control.</a> Nature. 503, 521-524 (2013).</li><li>Adesnik, H., Bruns, W., Taniguchi, H., Huang, Z. J., Scanziani, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neural+circuit+for+spatial+summation+in+visual+cortex.">A neural circuit for spatial summation in visual cortex.</a> Nature. 490, 226-231 (2012).</li><li>Madisen, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+toolbox+of+Cre-dependent+optogenetic+transgenic+mice+for+light-induced+activation+and+silencing.">A toolbox of Cre-dependent optogenetic transgenic mice for light-induced activation and silencing.</a> Nat Neurosci. 15, 793-802 (2012).</li><li>Hippenmeyer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+developmental+switch+in+the+response+of+DRG+neurons+to+ETS+transcription+factor+signaling.">A developmental switch in the response of DRG neurons to ETS transcription factor signaling.</a> PLoS Biol. 3, 159 (2005).</li><li>Taniguchi, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+resource+of+Cre+driver+lines+for+genetic+targeting+of+GABAergic+neurons+in+cerebral+cortex.">A resource of Cre driver lines for genetic targeting of GABAergic neurons in cerebral cortex.</a> Neuron. 71, 995-1013 (2011).</li><li>Christianson, G. 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The authors have no competing financial interests.

Aunque PINP es conceptualmente sencillo, puede ser difícil en la práctica. Un importante factor determinante del éxito es la elección de electrodo. El radio de escucha eléctrica es el parámetro crítico. Debe ser lo suficientemente grande para detectar picos de luz evocado cuando la punta está todavía a cierta distancia de una célula ChR2 +, de modo que se puede ajustar la velocidad de avance en consecuencia. Al mismo tiempo, debe ser lo suficientemente restringido para permitir un buen aislamiento de una sola ...

Characterizing the myriad cell types that comprise the mammalian brain has been a central, but long-elusive goal of neurophysiology. For instance, the properties and function of different inhibitory cell types in the cerebral cortex are topics of great interest but are still relatively unknown. This is in part because conventional blind in vivo recording techniques are limited in their ability to distinguish between different cell types. Extracellular spike width can be used to separate putative parvalbumin-positive inhibitory neurons from excitatory pyramidal cells, but this method is subject to both type I and type II errors2,3. Alternatively, recorded neurons can be filled, recovered, and stained to later confirm their morphological and molecular identity, but this is a pain-staking and time-consuming process. Recently, genetically identified populations of inhibitory interneurons have become accessible by means of calcium imaging or visually guided patch recordings. In these approaches, viral or transgenic expression of a calcium reporter (such as GCaMP) or fluorescent protein (such as GFP) allows identification and characterization of cell types defined by promoter expression. These approaches use 2-photon microscopy, which requires expensive equipment, and are also limited to superficial cortical layers due to the light scattering properties of brain tissue. 
Recently, Lima and colleagues1 developed a novel application of optogenetics to target electrophysiological recordings to genetically identified neuronal types in vivo, termed &#8220;PINP&#8221; &#8211; or Photostimulation-assisted Identification of Neuronal Populations. Recordings are performed in mice expressing Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) in specific neuronal subpopulations. Members of the population are identified by their response to a brief flash of blue light. Unlike many other optogenetic applications, the goal is not to manipulate circuit function but simply to identify neurons belonging to a genetically-defined class, which can then be characterized during normal brain function. The technique can be implemented with standard extracellular recording equipment and can therefore serve as an accessible and inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. Here we describe an approach to PINPing specific cell types in the anesthetized auditory cortex, with the expectation that the more general points can be usefully applied in other preparations and brain regions.
In cortex, PINP holds particular promise for investigating the in vivo response properties of inhibitory interneurons. GABAergic interneurons comprise a small, heterogeneous subset of cortical neurons4. Different subtypes, marked by the expression of particular molecular markers, have recently been shown to perform different computational roles in cortical circuits5-9. As genetic tools improve it may eventually be possible to distinguish morphologically- and physiologically-separable types that fall within these broad classes. We here share our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. This strategy was developed specifically for targeting parvalbumin-positive (PV+) cells, but we have found that it works for other interneuron types as well, such as somatostatin-expressing (SOM+) and calretinin-expressing (CR+) interneurons. Although PINPing is conceptually straightforward, it can be surprisingly unyielding in practice. We learned a number of tips and tricks through trial-and-error that may be useful to others attempting the method.

<table><tbody><tr><td>ChR2-EYFP Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>12569</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Pvalb-iCre (PV) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>8069</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sst-iCre (SOM) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>13044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cr-iCre (CR) Line</td><td>Jackson Colonies</td><td>10774</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Agarose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A9793</td><td>Type III-A, High EEO</td></tr><tr><td>Micro Point (dural hook)</td><td>FST</td><td>10066-15</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Surgical Scissors</td><td>FST</td><td>14084-09</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td>FST</td><td>10003-12 (handle), 10011-00 (blades)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Puralube Ophthalmic Ointment</td><td>Foster &amp;amp; Smith</td><td>9N-76855</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Homeothermic Blanket</td><td>Harvard Apparatus</td><td>&lt;a name=&quot;RANGE!C11&quot;&gt;507220F&lt;/a&gt;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tungsten Microelectrodes</td><td>A-M Systems</td><td>577200</td><td>12 M&amp;Omega; AC resistance, 127 &amp;mu;m diameter, 12&amp;deg; tapered tip, epoxy-coated</td></tr><tr><td>Capillary Glass Tubing</td><td>Warner Instruments</td><td>G150TF-3</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Heat Shrink Tubing</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>A332B-4-ND</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zapit Accelerator</td><td>DVA</td><td>SKU ZA/ZAA</td><td>Use with standard Super Glue.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Microelectrode AC Amplifier 1800</td><td>AM Systems</td><td>700000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>MP-285 Motorized Micromanipulator</td><td>Sutter</td><td>MP-285</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>4-channel Digital Oscilloscopes</td><td>Tektronix</td><td>TDS2000C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Powered Speakers</td><td>Harman</td><td>Model JBL&amp;nbsp;Duet</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Manual Manipulator</td><td>Scientifica</td><td>LBM-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>800 &amp;micro;m Fiber Optic Patch Cable</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>FC/PC BFL37-800</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Power Meter</td><td>ThorLabs</td><td>PM100D (Power Meter), S121C (Standard Power Sensor)</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>475 nm Cree XLamp XP-E</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>XPEBLU-L1-R250-00Y01DKR-ND</td><td>LED power and efficiency are continually increasing, so we recommend checking for the latest products (www.cree.com).</td></tr><tr><td>Arduino UNO</td><td>DigiKey</td><td>1050-1024-ND</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

a guide to in vivo single-unit recording from optogenetically identified cortical inhibitory interneurons

Un reto importante en la neurofisiología ha sido caracterizar las propiedades de respuesta y función de los numerosos tipos de células inhibitorio en la corteza cerebral. Estamos aquí compartimos nuestra estrategia para obtener, bien aisladas grabaciones de una sola unidad estables de interneuronas inhibitorias identificados en la corteza del ratón anestesiado utilizando un método desarrollado por Lima y sus colegas 1. Las grabaciones se realizaron en ratones que expresan canalrodopsina-2 (ChR2) en subpoblaciones neuronales específicas. Los miembros de la población se identifican por su respuesta a un breve destello de luz azul. Esta técnica - denominada &quot;PINP&quot;, o identificación asistida Fotoestimulación de poblaciones neuronales - se pueden implementar con equipos estándar de grabación extracelular. Puede servir como una alternativa económica y accesible para imágenes de calcio o parches visualmente guiada, con el fin de apuntar a registros extracelulares a las células genéticamente identificados. HERE proporcionamos un conjunto de directrices para la optimización del método en la práctica cotidiana. Nosotros refinamos nuestra estrategia específicamente para atacar a las células parvalbúmina-positivo (VP +), pero hemos encontrado que funciona para otros tipos de interneuronas, así, como (CR +) interneuronas calretinin expresan somatostatina-expresión (SOM +) y.

Estamos aquí compartimos nuestra estrategia para la obtención de grabaciones de una sola unidad de interneuronas inhibitorias genéticamente clasificados en la corteza del ratón anestesiado, utilizando un método de optogenética desarrollado por Lima et al. Tabla 1 detalla el cóctel anestésico sugerido, ketamina-medetomidina-Acepromazina (1. &quot; KMA &quot;). La Figura 1 representa un microelectrodo de tungsteno, preparado para la grabación. La Figur...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons at JoVE.com

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching.

Una guía para<em&gt; En vivo</em&gt; Single-unidad de grabación de Optogenetically Identificado cortical inhibitorio interneuronas

A major challenge in neurophysiology has been to characterize the response properties and function of the numerous inhibitory cell types in the cerebral ...

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Universidad de Cartagena UDEC

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

19.1K vistas.  University of Oregon. Here we describe our strategy for obtaining stable, well-isolated single-unit recordings from identified inhibitory interneurons in the anesthetized mouse cortex. Neurons expressing ChR2 are identified by their response to blue light. The method uses standard extracellular recording equipment, and serves as an inexpensive alternative to calcium imaging or visually-guided patching. 

Video: A Guide to In vivo Single-unit Recording from Optogenetically Identified Cortical Inhibitory Interneurons

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic nerve. In vivo recordings of ganglion cell spike trains in several animal models have revealed much of what is known about how the early visual system processes and encodes visual information. However, such recordings have been rare in one of the most common animal models, the rat, possibly owing to difficulty in detecting spikes fired by small diameter axons. The many retinal disease models involving rats motivate a need for characterizing the functional properties of ganglion cells without disturbing the eye, as with intraocular or in vitro recordings. Here, we demonstrate a method for recording ganglion cell spike trains from the optic chiasm of the anesthetized rat. We first show how to fabricate tungsten-in-glass electrodes that can pick up electrical activity from single ganglion cell axons in rat. The electrodes outperform all commercial ones that we have tried. We then illustrate our custom-designed stereotaxic system for in vivo visual neurophysiology experiments and our procedures for animal preparation and reliable and stable electrode placement in the optic chiasm.

Single-unit In vivo Recordings from the Optic Chiasm of Rat

Retinal ganglion cells transmit visual information from the eye to the brain with sequences of action potentials. Here, we demonstrate how to record the action potentials of single ganglion cells in vivo from anesthetized rats.

Una sola unidad En vivo Grabaciones de la quiasma óptico de la rata

Information about the visual world is transmitted to the brain in sequences of action potentials in retinal ganglion cell axons that make up the optic ...

Investigación

Neurociencias

Mapping Inhibitory Neuronal Circuits by Laser Scanning Photostimulation

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into diverse subtypes based on their immunochemical, morphological, and physiological properties1-4. Although previous research has revealed much about intrinsic properties of individual types of inhibitory neurons, knowledge about their local circuit connections is still relatively limited3,5,6. Given that each individual neuron's function is shaped by its excitatory and inhibitory synaptic input within cortical circuits, we have been using laser scanning photostimulation (LSPS) to map local circuit connections to specific inhibitory cell types. Compared to conventional electrical stimulation or glutamate puff stimulation, LSPS has unique advantages allowing for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local functional inputs to individually recorded neurons3,7-9. Laser photostimulation via glutamate uncaging selectively activates neurons perisomatically, without activating axons of passage or distal dendrites, which ensures a sub-laminar mapping resolution. The sensitivity and efficiency of LSPS for mapping inputs from many stimulation sites over a large region are well suited for cortical circuit analysis.
Here we introduce the technique of LSPS combined with whole-cell patch clamping for local inhibitory circuit mapping. Targeted recordings of specific inhibitory cell types are facilitated by use of transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent proteins (GFP) in limited inhibitory neuron populations in the cortex3,10, which enables consistent sampling of the targeted cell types and unambiguous identification of the cell types recorded. As for LSPS mapping, we outline the system instrumentation, describe the experimental procedure and data acquisition, and present examples of circuit mapping in mouse primary somatosensory cortex. As illustrated in our experiments, caged glutamate is activated in a spatially restricted region of the brain slice by UV laser photolysis; simultaneous voltage-clamp recordings allow detection of photostimulation-evoked synaptic responses. Maps of either excitatory or inhibitory synaptic input to the targeted neuron are generated by scanning the laser beam to stimulate hundreds of potential presynaptic sites. Thus, LSPS enables the construction of detailed maps of synaptic inputs impinging onto specific types of inhibitory neurons through repeated experiments. Taken together, the photostimulation-based technique offers neuroscientists a powerful tool for determining the functional organization of local cortical circuits.

This paper introduces an approach of combining laser scanning photostimulation with whole cell recordings in transgenic mice expressing GFP in limited inhibitory neuron populations. The technique allows for extensive mapping and quantitative analysis of local synaptic circuits of specific inhibitory cortical neurons.

Mapeo de los circuitos neuronales inhibitorios por Laser Scanning fotoestimulación

Inhibitory neurons are crucial to cortical function. They comprise about 20% of the entire cortical neuronal population and can be further subdivided into ...

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

Optogenetic methods have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range of species. Optogenetic tools of microbial origin consist of light-sensitive membrane proteins that are able to activate (e.g., channelrhodopsin-2, ChR2) or silence (e.g., halorhodopsin, NpHR) neural activity ingenetically-defined cell types over behaviorally-relevant timescales. We first demonstrate a simple approach for adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of ChR2 and NpHR transgenes to the dorsal subiculum and prelimbic region of the prefrontal cortex in rat. Because ChR2 and NpHR are genetically targetable, we describe the use of this technology to control the electrical activity of specific populations of neurons (i.e., pyramidal neurons) embedded in heterogeneous tissue with high temporal precision. We describe herein the hardware, custom software user interface, and procedures that allow for simultaneous light delivery and electrical recording from transduced pyramidal neurons in an anesthetized in vivo preparation. These light-responsive tools provide the opportunity for identifying the causal contributions of different cell types to information processing and behavior.

A Method for High Fidelity Optogenetic Control of Individual Pyramidal Neurons In vivo

The recent development of neuroscience tools that combine genetics and optics, termed "optogenetics", enables control over neural circuit activity with an unprecedented level of spatial and temporal resolution. Here we provide a protocol for integrating in vivo recording with optogenetic manipulation of genetically-defined subsets of prefrontal cortical and subicular pyramidal neurons.

Un método para la alta fidelidad Optogenética control de un individuo neuronas piramidales<em&gt; En vivo</em

Optogenetic methods  have emerged as a powerful tool for elucidating neural circuit activity  underlying a diverse set of behaviors across a broad range ...

Whole-cell Patch-clamp Recordings from Morphologically- and Neurochemically-identified Hippocampal Interneurons

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal population (10-20%), but show a high level of physiological, morphological, and neurochemical heterogeneity, reflecting their diverse functions. Therefore, investigation of interneurons provides important insights into the organization principles and function of neuronal circuits. This, however, requires an integrated physiological and neuroanatomical approach for the selection and identification of individual interneuron types. Whole-cell patch-clamp recording from acute brain slices of transgenic animals, expressing fluorescent proteins under the promoters of interneuron-specific markers, provides an efficient method to target and electrophysiologically characterize intrinsic and synaptic properties of specific interneuron types. Combined with intracellular dye labeling, this approach can be extended with post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis, enabling systematic identification of recorded neurons. These methods can be tailored to suit a broad range of scientific questions regarding functional properties of diverse types of cortical neurons.

Cortical networks are controlled by a small, but diverse set of inhibitory interneurons. Functional investigation of interneurons therefore requires targeted recording and rigorous identification. Described here is a combined approach involving whole-cell recordings from single or synaptically-coupled pairs of neurons with intracellular labeling, post-hoc morphological and immunocytochemical analysis.

Plenario de células patch-clamp grabaciones de Morphologically- e identificados-neuroquímicamente interneuronas del hipocampo

GABAergic inhibitory interneurons play a central role within neuronal circuits of the brain. Interneurons comprise a small subset of the neuronal ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated proteins and subsequent manipulation of neural activity by light. Channelrhodopsins (ChRs) are light-gated cation-channels and when fused to a fluorescent protein their expression allows for visualization and concurrent activation of specific cell types and their axonal projections in defined areas of the brain. Via stereotactic injection of viral vectors, ChR fusion proteins can be constitutively or conditionally expressed in specific cells of a defined brain region, and their axonal projections can subsequently be studied anatomically and functionally via ex vivo optogenetic activation in brain slices. This is of particular importance when aiming to understand synaptic properties of connections that could not be addressed with conventional electrical stimulation approaches, or in identifying novel afferent and efferent connectivity that was previously poorly understood. Here, a few examples illustrate how this technique can be applied to investigate these questions to elucidating fear-related circuits in the amygdala. The amygdala is a key region for acquisition and expression of fear, and storage of fear and emotional memories. Many lines of evidence suggest that the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) participates in different aspects of fear acquisition and extinction, but its precise connectivity with the amygdala is just starting to be understood. First, it is shown how ex vivo optogenetic activation can be used to study aspects of synaptic communication between mPFC afferents and target cells in the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Furthermore, it is illustrated how this ex vivo optogenetic approach can be applied to assess novel connectivity patterns using a group of GABAergic neurons in the amygdala, the paracapsular intercalated cell cluster (mpITC), as an example.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Optogenetic approaches are widely used to manipulate neural activity and assess the consequences for brain function. Here, a technique is outlined that&#160;upon in vivo expression of the optical activator Channelrhodopsin, allows for ex vivo analysis of synaptic properties of specific long range and local neural connections in fear-related circuits.

Ex Vivo Optogenética Disección de circuitos del miedo en rodajas de cerebro

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Optogenetics Identification of a Neuronal Type with a Glass Optrode in Awake Mice

It is a major concern in neuroscience how different types of neurons work in neural circuits. Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled the identification of the neuronal type in in vivo electrophysiological experiments in broad brain regions. In optogenetics experiments, it is critical to deliver the light to the recording site. However, it is often hard to deliver the stimulation light to the deep brain regions from the brain&#39;s surface. Especially, it is difficult for the stimulation light to reach the deep brain regions when the optical transparency of the brain surface is low, as is often the case with recordings from awake animals. Here, we describe a method to record spike responses to the light from an awake mouse using a custom-made glass optrode. In this method, the light is delivered through the recording glass electrode so that it is possible to reliably stimulate the recorded neuron with light in the deep brain regions. This custom-made optrode system consists of accessible and inexpensive materials and is easy to assemble.

This work introduces a method to perform an optogenetic single-unit recording reliably from an awake mouse using a custom-made glass optrode.

Optogenetics identificación de un tipo Neuronal con un vidrio Optrode en ratones despiertos

It is a major concern in neuroscience how different types of neurons work in neural circuits. Recent advances in optogenetics have enabled the ...

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional investigation of long-range connections requires targeted recordings of single neurons combined with the specific stimulation of identified distant inputs. This is often difficult to achieve with conventional and electrical stimulation techniques, because axons from converging upstream brain areas may intermingle in the target region. The stereotaxic targeting of a specific brain region for virus-mediated expression of light-sensitive ion channels allows selective stimulation of axons originating from that region with light. Intracerebral stereotaxic injections can be used in well-delimited structures, such as the anterior thalamic nuclei, in addition to other subcortical or cortical areas throughout the brain.
Described here is a set of techniques for precise stereotaxic injection of viral vectors expressing channelrhodopsin in the mouse brain, followed by photostimulation of axon terminals in the brain slice preparation. These protocols are simple and widely applicable. In combination with whole-cell patch clamp recording from a postsynaptically connected neuron, photostimulation of axons allows the detection of functional synaptic connections, pharmacological characterization, and evaluation of their strength. In addition, biocytin filling of the recorded neuron can be used for post-hoc morphological identification of the postsynaptic neuron.

This protocol describes a set of methods to identify the cell-type specific functional connectivity of long-range inputs from distant brain regions using optogenetic stimulations in ex vivo brain slices.

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

Optogenetic Activation of Afferent Pathways in Brain Slices and Modulation of Responses by Volatile Anesthetics

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect distinct cellular and network components of these circuits remains unclear. Ex vivo brain slices provide a means by which investigators may probe discrete components of complex networks and disentangle potential mechanisms underlying the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses. To isolate potential cell type- and pathway-specific drug effects in brain slices, investigators must be able to independently activate afferent fiber pathways, identify non-overlapping populations of cells, and apply volatile anesthetics to the tissue in aqueous solution. In this protocol, methods to measure optogenetically-evoked responses to two independent afferent pathways to neocortex in ex vivo brain slices are described. Extracellular responses are recorded to assay network activity and targeted whole-cell patch clamp recordings are conducted in somatostatin- and parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Delivery of physiologically relevant concentrations of isoflurane via artificial cerebral spinal fluid to modulate cellular and network responses is described.

Ex vivo brain slices can be used to study the effects of volatile anesthetics on evoked responses to afferent inputs. Optogenetics are employed to independently activate thalamocortical and corticocortical afferents to non-primary neocortex, and synaptic and network responses are modulated with isoflurane.

Activación optogenética de vías aferentes en cortes cerebrales y modulación de respuestas por anestésicos volátiles

Anesthetics influence consciousness in part via their actions on thalamocortical circuits. However, the extent to which volatile anesthetics affect ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. Traditional in vitro electrophysiological techniques use electrical stimulation to evoke synaptic transmission. A major drawback of this method is its nonspecific nature; all axons in the region of the stimulating electrode will be activated, making it difficult to attribute an effect to a particular afferent connection. This issue can be overcome by replacing electrical stimulation with optogenetic-based stimulation. We describe a method for combining optogenetics with in vitro patch-clamp recordings. This is a powerful tool for the study of both basal synaptic transmission and synaptic plasticity of precise anatomically defined synaptic connections and is applicable to almost any pathway in the brain. Here, we describe the preparation and handling of a viral vector encoding channelrhodopsin protein for surgical injection into a pre-synaptic region of interest (medial prefrontal cortex) in the rodent brain and making of acute slices of downstream target regions (lateral entorhinal cortex). A detailed procedure for combining patch-clamp recordings with synaptic activation by light stimulation to study short- and long-term synaptic plasticity is also presented. We discuss examples of experiments that achieve pathway- and cell-specificity by combining optogenetics and Cre-dependent cell labeling. Finally, histological confirmation of the pre-synaptic region of interest is described along with biocytin labeling of the post-synaptic cell, to allow further identification of the precise location and cell type.

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Interrogation of Long-Range Synaptic Transmission and Plasticity from Medial Prefrontal Cortex to Lateral Entorhinal Cortex

Here we present a protocol describing viral transduction of discrete brain regions with optogenetic constructs to permit synapse-specific electrophysiological characterization in acute rodent brain slices.

Ex Vivo Interrogación optogenética de la transmisión sináptica de largo alcance y la plasticidad de la corteza prefrontal medial a la corteza entorrinal lateral

Studying the physiological properties of specific synapses in the brain, and how they undergo plastic changes, is a key challenge in modern neuroscience. ...

Photostimulation and Whole-Cell Patch Clamp Recordings of Neurons in Mouse Hippocampal Slices

Source: Richevaux, L., et al. <a href="https://appjove.unicartagenaproxy.elogim.com/v/59534">In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2019)
The video demonstrates a protocol to study synaptic interactions and neuronal responses in a transfected mouse hippocampal brain slice. It involves illuminating long-range sensory neurons to trigger action potentials and recording the resulting excitatory post-synaptic potentials in the recorded neuron using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique.

Fotoestimulación y registros de pinza de parche de células enteras de neuronas en cortes de hipocampo de ratón

All procedures involving animal samples have been reviewed and approved by the appropriate animal ethical review committee.
1. Solutions for acute slice ...

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